scholarly journals Plant Responses to Salt Stress: Adaptive Mechanisms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Ramón Acosta-Motos ◽  
Maria Fernanda Ortuño ◽  
Agustina Bernal-Vicente ◽  
Pedro Diaz-Vivancos ◽  
Maria Jesus Sanchez-Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Photosynthetic Machinery ◽  
Subcellular Level ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Antioxidant Machinery

This review deals with the adaptive mechanisms that plants can implement to cope with the challenge of salt stress. Plants tolerant to NaCl implement a series of adaptations to acclimate to salinity, including morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. These changes include increases in the root/canopy ratio and in the chlorophyll content in addition to changes in the leaf anatomy that ultimately lead to preventing leaf ion toxicity, thus maintaining the water status in order to limit water loss and protect the photosynthesis process. Furthermore, we deal with the effect of salt stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence and some of the mechanisms thought to protect the photosynthetic machinery, including the xanthophyll cycle, photorespiration pathway and water-water cycle. Finally, we also provide an updated discussion on salt-induced oxidative stress at the subcellular level and its effect on the antioxidant machinery in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plants. The aim is to extend our understanding of how salinity may affect the physiological characteristics of plants.

scholarly journals Plant Responses to Salt Stress: Adaptive Mechanisms

Agronomy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Acosta-Motos ◽  
Maria Ortuño ◽  
Agustina Bernal-Vicente ◽  
Pedro Diaz-Vivancos ◽  
Maria Sanchez-Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Photosynthetic Machinery ◽  
Subcellular Level ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Antioxidant Machinery

This review deals with the adaptive mechanisms that plants can implement to cope with the challenge of salt stress. Plants tolerant to NaCl implement a series of adaptations to acclimate to salinity, including morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. These changes include increases in the root/canopy ratio and in the chlorophyll content in addition to changes in the leaf anatomy that ultimately lead to preventing leaf ion toxicity, thus maintaining the water status in order to limit water loss and protect the photosynthesis process. Furthermore, we deal with the effect of salt stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence and some of the mechanisms thought to protect the photosynthetic machinery, including the xanthophyll cycle, photorespiration pathway, and water-water cycle. Finally, we also provide an updated discussion on salt-induced oxidative stress at the subcellular level and its effect on the antioxidant machinery in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plants. The aim is to extend our understanding of how salinity may affect the physiological characteristics of plants.

scholarly journals Morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to NaCl-induced salt stress in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 10936
Author(s):  
Ganesh D. MANKAR ◽  
Uttam R. WAYASE ◽  
Deepak B. SHELKE ◽  
Tukaram D. NIKAM ◽  
Rajkumar B. BARMUKH
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Growth Attributes ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Seventeen mungbean varieties [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] were subjected to 100-400 mM salinity stress at the germination stage, and the indices of seed germination and early seedling growth were analysed. With the increasing salinity, seed germination and seedling growth attributes were affected in all varieties. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of varietal responses on the germination and seeding growth attributes at 400 mM NaCl separated seventeen varieties into four distinct clusters. Principal component analysis at lower salt stress levels indicated that the attributes of germination and early seedling growth are reliable to identify salt-tolerant mungbean varieties. In contrast, only germination attributes are reliable at higher salinity levels. Two salt-susceptible and salt-tolerant varieties were further assessed for NaCl-induced physiological and biochemical changes. Levels of proteins, secondary metabolites, osmolyte, and antioxidants were increased at lower salt concentrations but reduced at higher salt concentrations. Photosynthetic pigments decreased and membrane damage increased under salinity. Varieties that showed tolerance to salt stress can be used in salinity-affected agriculture fields after validating their salt tolerance in field experiments.

scholarly journals Characterization of interactions between the soybean plasma membrane- intrinsic proteins GmPIP1s and GmPIP2s responding to salt stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weicong Qi ◽  
Jia Liu ◽  
Dayong Zhang ◽  
Haiying Lu ◽  
Hongbo Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Plasma Membrane Intrinsic Proteins ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Salt And Osmotic Stress

Abstract Background: Salt tolerance is a key trait in soybean breeding and plant responses to salt stress include physiological and biochemical changes that affect the movement of water across the plasma membrane. In this study, we report the interactions of a set of aquaporins, soybean (Glycine max) plasma membrane-intrinsic proteins (GmPIPs), in response to salt stress. Results: GmPIP1;5 and GmPIP1;6 formed hetero-tetramers with GmPIP2;4, GmPIP2;6, GmPIP2;8, GmPIP2;9, GmPIP2;11, and GmPIP2;13. We detected interactions between GmPIP1;6 and GmPIP1;7, but not between GmPIP1;6 and GmPIP1;5. Furthermore, GmPIP2;9 formed homo-tetramers, and this interaction was strengthened under salt and osmotic stress. Expression analysis indicated complex and unique responses to salt stress depending on the duration of the stress. For example, GmPIP2;8, encoding one of the heteromer-forming PIP proteins, was highly up-regulated under early salt stress.Conclusions: Our study highlights the vital role of hetero- and homo-tetramers, in salt tolerance; and improves understanding of the mechanisms by which soybean aquaporin isoforms respond to abiotic stress.

scholarly journals Silicon-induced Salinity Tolerance Improves Photosynthesis, Leaf Water Status, Membrane Stability, and Growth in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1820-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozlem Altuntas ◽  
H. Yildiz Dasgan ◽  
Yelderem Akhoundnejad
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Membrane Stability ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Leaf Water Status ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
Salt Tolerant Cultivars

Salt stress is a major problem worldwide because it decreases yields of many important agricultural crops. Silicon is the second-most abundant element in soil and has numerous beneficial effects on plants, particularly in alleviating stress-related impacts. Pepper is an important crop in the Mediterranean region, but pepper varieties differ in their salinity tolerances. The objective of this research was to test the ability of silicon to mitigate effects of salt stress in both salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant cultivars. Salt damage was evaluated by measuring biomass, photosynthetic-related variables, leaf water potential, and membrane damage. We found that the addition of silicon solute to a growth medium was highly effective in improving plant growth by enhancing photosynthesis, stomatal conductance (gS), leaf water status, and membrane stability, which in turn led to higher biomass production in salt-stressed pepper plants, especially in a salt-sensitive cultivar. From an agronomic viewpoint, application of Si may provide economically relevant productivity improvements for salt-sensitive pepper genotypes grown under moderate salinity conditions and for salt-tolerant genotype grown under higher-salinity conditions.

scholarly journals Integrated Physiological, Biochemical, Anatomical and Molecular Studies Reveals Salt Stress Responsive Mechanism Associated with Popular Rice Land-Races in Eastern Part of India

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-353
Author(s):  
Pushpalatha Ganesh ◽  
Pavan Kumar Ganduri ◽  
Ramya Sri Pondala ◽  
Venkat Reddy Marthala ◽  
Sridevi Gedala
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Biochemical Traits ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Rice Landraces ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

The present study aims towards examining physiological, biochemical, anatomical and molecular traits in the high-yielding rice landraces of the eastern part of India at germination and seedling stage for low-to-moderate salinity stress tolerance. The germination percentages of 12 high-yielding varieties were analyzed under seven different concentrations of salt (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM). Although, Lalat performed very well with 63.66 % germination rate at 300 mM salt stress conditions, higher levels of salinity exhibited detrimental effects on other varieties. Hence, the salt concentrations 150 mM and 250 mM were optimally selected to screen the varieties for physiological and biochemical traits. The high-yielding varieties Lalat, Vamsi and Pratiksha exhibited lowest and similar trend of reduction over control (ROC) with relative water content (RWC) for 250 mM salt concentrations. The level of proline, increased with increasing concentrations of NaCl among most of the varieties and significantly high content was found in Vamsi. The chlorophyll content was high in Lalat as well as Pratiksha and reduction over control was highest in Vamsi under 150 mM salt concentrations. Interestingly, Lalat emerged as the most salt-tolerant landrace for physiological and biochemical traits. It was compared with salt-sensitive MTU7029 for anatomical changes on adaxial surface of the leaf blade and noticed out to be with less widened and few number of stomatal pores in response to salt stress. Further, expression analysis of salt-specific genes OsHKT1;5 and OsNHX1 resulted in identification of novel salt-stress responsive alleles/motifs like W-boxes, Box-W1, E2Fb and MBS in Lalat (salt-tolerant). Thus, the study disclosed the anatomical changes in adaxial surface of leaf and association of potential cis-acting regulatory elements (CARE) in regulation of salt-stress responsiveness in these two-contrasting rice landraces in the eastern part of India. Further, the study laid a foundation to explore transcriptional gene regulation to open-up the pathway towards crop improvement for salt-stress tolerance.

Genetic Potential for Salt Tolerance During Germination in Lycopersicon Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Foolad ◽  
G.Y. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Wild Accession ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Stress Levels

Seed of 42 wild accessions (Plant Introductions) of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Jusl., 11 cultigens (cultivated accessions) of L. esculentum Mill., and three control genotypes [LA716 (a salt-tolerant wild accession of L. pennellii Corr.), PI 174263 (a salt-tolerant cultigen), and UCT5 (a salt-sensitive breeding line)] were evaluated for germination in either 0 mm (control) or 100 mm synthetic sea salt (SSS, Na+/Ca2+ molar ratio equal to 5). Germination time increased in response to salt-stress in all genotypes, however, genotypic variation was observed. One accession of L. pimpinellifolium, LA1578, germinated as rapidly as LA716, and both germinated more rapidly than any other genotype under salt-stress. Ten accessions of L. pimpinellifolium germinated more rapidly than PI 174263 and 35 accessions germinated more rapidly than UCT5 under salt-stress. The results indicate a strong genetic potential for salt tolerance during germination within L. pimpinellifolium. Across genotypes, germination under salt-stress was positively correlated (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) with germination in the control treatment. The stability of germination response at diverse salt-stress levels was determined by evaluating germination of a subset of wild, cultivated accessions and the three control genotypes at 75, 150, and 200 mm SSS. Seeds that germinated rapidly at 75 mm also germinated rapidly at 150 mm salt. A strong correlation (r = 0.90, P < 0.01) existed between the speed of germination at these two salt-stress levels. At 200 mm salt, most accessions (76%) did not reach 50% germination by 38 days, demonstrating limited genetic potential within Lycopersicon for salt tolerance during germination at this high salinity.

scholarly journals Characterization of Interactions between the Soybean Salt-Stress Responsive Membrane-Intrinsic Proteins GmPIP1 and GmPIP2

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1312
Author(s):  
Jia Liu ◽  
Weicong Qi ◽  
Haiying Lu ◽  
Hongbo Shao ◽  
Dayong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Constitutive Overexpression ◽  
Important Trait

Salt tolerance is an important trait in soybean cultivation and breeding. Plant responses to salt stress include physiological and biochemical changes that affect the movement of water across the plasma membrane. Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) localize to the plasma membrane and regulate the water and solutes flow. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR and yeast two-hybridization were engaged to analyze the early gene expression profiles and interactions of a set of soybean PIPs (GmPIPs) in response to salt stress. A total of 20 GmPIPs-encoding genes had varied expression profiles after salt stress. Among them, 13 genes exhibited a downregulated expression pattern, including GmPIP1;6, the constitutive overexpression of which could improve soybean salt tolerance, and its close homologs GmPIP1;7 and 1;5. Three genes showed upregulated patterns, including the GmPIP1;6 close homolog GmPIP1;4, when four genes with earlier increased and then decreased expression patterns. GmPIP1;5 and GmPIP1;6 could both physically interact strongly with GmPIP2;2, GmPIP2;4, GmPIP2;6, GmPIP2;8, GmPIP2;9, GmPIP2;11, and GmPIP2;13. Definite interactions between GmPIP1;6 and GmPIP1;7 were detected and GmPIP2;9 performed homo-interaction. The interactions of GmPIP1;5 with GmPIP2;11 and 2;13, GmPIP1;6 with GmPIP2;9, 2;11 and GmPIP2;13, and GmPIP2;9 with itself were strengthened upon salt stress rather than osmotic stress. Taken together, we inferred that GmPIP1 type and GmPIP2 type could associate with each other to synergistically function in the plant cell; a salt-stress environment could promote part of their interactions. This result provided new clues to further understand the soybean PIP–isoform interactions, which lead to potentially functional homo- and heterotetramers for salt tolerance.

scholarly journals Salinity Stress in Potato: Understanding Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Responses

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Kumar Nishant Chourasia ◽  
Milan Kumar Lal ◽  
Rahul Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Devanshu Dev ◽  
Hemant Balasaheb Kardile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Molecular Responses

Among abiotic stresses, salinity is a major global threat to agriculture, causing severe damage to crop production and productivity. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is regarded as a future food crop by FAO to ensure food security, which is severely affected by salinity. The growth of the potato plant is inhibited under salt stress due to osmotic stress-induced ion toxicity. Salinity-mediated osmotic stress leads to physiological changes in the plant, including nutrient imbalance, impairment in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane damage, and reduced photosynthetic activities. Several physiological and biochemical phenomena, such as the maintenance of plant water status, transpiration, respiration, water use efficiency, hormonal balance, leaf area, germination, and antioxidants production are adversely affected. The ROS under salinity stress leads to the increased plasma membrane permeability and extravasations of substances, which causes water imbalance and plasmolysis. However, potato plants cope with salinity mediated oxidative stress conditions by enhancing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. The osmoprotectants, such as proline, polyols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, and maltitol), and quaternary ammonium compound (glycine betaine) are synthesized to overcome the adverse effect of salinity. The salinity response and tolerance include complex and multifaceted mechanisms that are controlled by multiple proteins and their interactions. This review aims to redraw the attention of researchers to explore the current physiological, biochemical and molecular responses and subsequently develop potential mitigation strategies against salt stress in potatoes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Indigenous Olive Biocontrol Rhizobacteria as Protectants against Drought and Salt Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1209
Author(s):  
Nuria Montes-Osuna ◽  
Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás ◽  
Antonio Valverde-Corredor ◽  
Garikoitz Legarda ◽  
Pilar Prieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Acds Gene ◽  
Drought And Salt Stress ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Stress caused by drought and salinity may compromise growth and productivity of olive (Olea europaea L.) tree crops. Several studies have reported the use of beneficial rhizobacteria to alleviate symptoms produced by these stresses, which is attributed in some cases to the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACD). A collection of beneficial olive rhizobacteria was in vitro screened for ACD activity. Pseudomonas sp. PICF6 displayed this phenotype and sequencing of its genome confirmed the presence of an acdS gene. In contrast, the well-known root endophyte and biocontrol agent Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 was defective in ACD activity, even though the presence of an ACD-coding gene was earlier predicted in its genome. In this study, an unidentified deaminase was confirmed instead. Greenhouse experiments with olive ‘Picual’ plants inoculated either with PICF6 or PICF7, or co-inoculated with both strains, and subjected to drought or salt stress were carried out. Several physiological and biochemical parameters increased in stressed plants (i.e., stomatal conductance and flavonoids content), regardless of whether or not they were previously bacterized. Results showed that neither PICF6 (ACD positive) nor PICF7 (ACD negative) lessened the negative effects caused by the abiotic stresses tested, at least under our experimental conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document