scholarly journals Ketoprofen as an Add-on Treatment to Sertraline for Drug-Naïve Major Depressed Patients: Normalization of Plasma Levels of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Association with Pro-Inflammatory and Immune Regulatory Cytokines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Al-Hakeim ◽  
Ahmed Jasim Twayej ◽  
Arafat Hussein Al-Dujaili ◽  
Michael Maes
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Normal Controls

Major Depression Disorder (MDD) is accompanied by an immune response characterized by increased levels of pro-inflammatory and immune-regulatory cytokines and cytokine-induced stimulation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). There is also some evidence that anti-inflammatory drugs may have a clinical efficacy in MDD.The aim of this study is to examine the clinical effects of an eight-week combinatorial treatment of ketoprofen (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) combined or not with sertraline, on serum levels of IDO, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in association with changes in the Beck-Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The study included 140 MDD patients and 40 normal controls. The pre-treatment serum levels of IDO, IFN-γ, TGF-β1 and IL-4 were significantly higher in MDD patients compared with the control group. Treatment with sertraline with or without ketoprofen significantly reduced the increased baseline production of all 4 biomarkers to levels which were similar as those of normal controls. Ketoprofen add-on had a significantly greater effect on IDO and BDI-II as compared with placebo. The reductions in IDO, IL-4 and TGF-β1 during treatment were significantly associated with those in the BDI-II.In conclusion, the clinical efficacy of both sertraline + ketoprofen may be ascribed at least in part to attenuated IDO levels and immune-inflammatory responses in MDD. Moreover, add-on treatment with ketoprofen may augment the efficacy of sertraline by attenuating IDO. However, these treatments may also significantly reduce the more beneficial properties of T helper-2 and T regulatory (Treg) immune subsets. Future research should develop immune treatments that target the immune-inflammatory response in MDD, while enhancing the compensatory immune-regulatory system (CIRS).

scholarly journals Lowered Zinc and Copper Levels in Drug-Naïve patients with Major Depression: Effects of Antidepressants, Ketoprofen and Immune Activation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Jasim Twayej ◽  
Hussein Al-Hakeim ◽  
Arafat Hussein Al-Dujaili ◽  
Michael Maes
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarker ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

There is now evidence that major depression is accompanied by lowered serum zinc, an immune-inflammatory biomarker. However, the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs as adjuvant to antidepressants on serum zinc and copper in relation to pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are not studied. The aim of the present work is to examine the effects of treatment with sertraline with and without ketoprofen on serum levels of zinc and copper in association with immune-inflammatory biomarkers in drug-naïve major depressed patients. We measured serum zinc and copper, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-18, interferon (IFN)-γ, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in 40 controls and 133 depressed patients. The clinical efficacy of the treatment was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) at baseline and 8 weeks later. In drug-naïve major depressed patients we found significantly reduced baseline levels of serum zinc and copper in association with upregulation of all cytokines, indicating activation of the immune-inflammatory responses system (IRS) as well as the compensatory immune regulatory system (CIRS). Treatment with sertraline significantly increased zinc and decreased copper levels, while ketoprofen did not have a significant add-on effect on zinc but attenuated the suppressant effects of sertraline on copper levels. During treatment, there was a significant inverse association between serum zinc and activation of the IRS/CIRS. The improvement in the BDI-II during treatment was significantly associated with increments in serum zinc coupled with attenuation of the IRS/CIRS. In conclusion, lower serum zinc is a hallmark of depression, while increments in serum zinc and attenuation of the immune-inflammatory response during treatment appear to play a role in the clinical efficacy of sertraline. Intertwined changes in zinc levels and the immune response play a role in the pathophysiology of major depression and participate in the mechanisms underpinning the clinical efficacy of antidepressants.

scholarly journals Comparison of Host Cytokine Response in Piglets Infected With Toxigenic and Non-toxigenic Staphylococcus hyicus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Hongchao Gou ◽  
Pinpin Chu ◽  
Kunli Zhang ◽  
Zhiyong Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cytokine Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Toxigenic Strain ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Staphylococcus hyicus is the most common causative agent of exudative epidermitis (EE) in piglets. Staphylococcus hyicus can be grouped into toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains based on its ability to cause EE in pigs. However, the inflammatory response of piglets infected with toxigenic and non-toxigenic S. hyicus has not been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the serum cytokine profile in piglets inoculated with toxigenic and non-toxigenic S. hyicus strains and recorded the clinical signs in piglets. Fifteen piglets were divided into three groups (n = 5) and inoculated with a toxigenic strain (ZC-4), a non-toxigenic strain (CF-1), and PBS (control), respectively. The changes in serum levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, transforming growth factor-β1, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were evaluated using a cytokine array at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h post inoculation. The results showed that piglets infected with the toxigenic strain exhibited more severe clinical signs and higher mortality than those infected with the non-toxigenic strain. The serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β were significantly increased in toxigenic-and non-toxigenic-strain-infected piglets compared to those in the control group (p < 0.05), while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly up-regulated only in toxigenic group than in control group (p < 0.05). These results indicated that piglets infected with toxigenic and non-toxigenic S. hyicus showed differential infection status and inflammatory responses. Both toxigenic- and non-toxigenic- S. hyicus infection could induce a pro-inflammatory reaction in piglets. In addition, the toxigenic strain induced a strong anti-inflammatory response in piglets as indicated by the increased serum level of IL-10, which may be associated with the severe clinical signs and increased mortality and may be the key cytokine response responsible for pathogenic mechanisms of S. hyicus.

Plasma Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) is Increased in Drug-Naï ve Major Depressed Patients and Treatment with Sertraline and Ketoprofen Normalizes IDO in Association with Pro-Inflammatory and Immune- Regulatory Cytokines

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim ◽  
Ahmed Jasim Twayej ◽  
Arafat Hussein Al-Dujaili ◽  
Michael Maes
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Antiinflammatory Drug ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Tgf Β1

Background: Major Depression Disorder (MDD) is accompanied by an immune response characterized by increased levels of inflammatory and immune-regulatory cytokines and stimulation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). There is also evidence that anti-inflammatory drugs may have clinical efficacy in MDD. Objective: This study examined a) IDO in association with interferon (IFN)-γ, Interleukin (IL)-4 and Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1 in 140 drug-naïve MDD patients and 40 normal controls; and b) the effects of an eight-week treatment of sertraline with or without ketoprofen (a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug) on the same biomarkers in 44 MDD patients. Results: Baseline IDO, IFN-γ, TGF-β1 and IL-4 were significantly higher in MDD patients as compared with controls. Treatment with sertraline with or without ketoprofen significantly reduced the baseline levels of all biomarkers to levels which were in the normal range (IDO, TGF-β1, and IL-4) or still somewhat higher than in controls (IFN-γ). Ketoprofen add-on had a significantly greater effect on IDO as compared with placebo. The reductions in IDO, IL-4, and TGF-β1 during treatment were significantly associated with those in the BDI-II Conclusion: MDD is accompanied by activated immune-inflammatory pathways (including IDO) and the Compensatory Immune-Regulatory System (CIRS). The clinical efficacy of antidepressant treatment may be ascribed at least in part to decrements in IDO and the immune-inflammatory response. These treatments also significantly reduce the more beneficial properties of T helper-2 and T regulatory (Treg) subsets. Future research should develop immune treatments that target the immune-inflammatory response in MDD while enhancing the CIRS.

scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of KMUP-1 and in Vivo Analysis of Its Therapeutic Potential in Osteoarthritis

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
Shang-En Huang ◽  
Erna Sulistyowati ◽  
Yu-Ying Chao ◽  
Bin-Nan Wu ◽  
Zen-Kong Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative arthropathy that is mainly characterized by dysregulation of inflammatory responses. KMUP-1, a derived chemical synthetic of xanthine, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Here, we aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo anti-osteoarthritis effects of KMUP-1. Protein and gene expressions of inflammation markers were determined by ELISA, Western blotting and microarray, respectively. RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were cultured and pretreated with KMUP-1 (1, 5, 10 μM). The productions of TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-2 and MMP- 9 were reduced by KMUP-1 pretreatment in LPS-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 cells. The expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, COX-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also inhibited by KMUP-1 pretreatment. The gene expression levels of TNF and COX families were also downregulated. In addition, KMUP-1 suppressed the activations of ERK, JNK and p38 as well as phosphorylation of IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, SIRT1 inhibitor attenuated the inhibitory effect of KMUP-1 in LPS-induced NF-κB activation. In vivo study showed that KMUP-1 reduced mechanical hyperalgesia in monoiodoacetic acid (MIA)-induced rats OA. Additionally, KMUP-1 pretreatment reduced the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in MIA-injected rats. Moreover, macroscopic and histological observation showed that KMUP-1 reduced articular cartilage erosion in rats. Our results demonstrated that KMUP-1 inhibited the inflammatory responses and restored SIRT1 in vitro, alleviated joint-related pain and cartilage destruction in vivo. Taken together, KMUP-1 has the potential to improve MIA-induced articular cartilage degradation by inhibiting the levels and expression of inflammatory mediators suggesting that KMUP-1 might be a potential therapeutic agent for OA.

scholarly journals Clinical Significance of Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-1 Levels in Assessing Disease Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Rania Naguib ◽  
Wafaa Mohamed El-Shikh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Hepatocyte Growth Factor ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Hepatocyte Growth

Background. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are inflammatory cytokines which function as key regulators of immunological homeostasis and inflammatory responses. They have been linked to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In this study, we aim to assess the levels of TGF-β and HGF and other inflammatory markers in patients with IBD and correlate them with the disease activity. Study Design. A cross-sectional study involving 100 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 100 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 50 control subjects. TGF-β and HGF levels were measured and correlated with disease activity. Results and Conclusion. Serum levels of TGF-β and HGF were significantly higher in IBD patients compared with the control group. In the UC group, the levels of HGF and TGF-β were significantly higher than in the CD group. Levels of TGF-β and HGF correlate with the activity of IBD.

scholarly journals 13 Lipocalin 2 exerts protective activity by alleviating inflammatory responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Shuhui Li
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Lipocalin 2 ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Arginase 1 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an essential component of the innate immune system and exerts significant immunomodulatory effects in vitro. The aim of current study was to investigate the expression profile of Lcn2 during inflammatory process and explore the role of Lcn2 in the anti-inflammatory responses. Western blot, real-time quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence (IF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were employed. Firstly, we evaluated the temporospatial expression of Lcn2 of mice after inflammatory stimuli by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In vivo, LPS induced both mRNA and protein levels of Lcn2 significantly (P < 0.01) in liver, jejunum and ileum. Lcn2 exhibited a continuous increase by 8 h and peaked by 24 h post challenges. Secondly, we challenged Lcn2-deficient (Lcn2-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) mice with peripheral LPS and determined effects on inflammation. In contrast to WT mice, Lcn2-/- mice showed distinct inflammatory injury in liver, jejunum, ileum and spleen with significantly elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Thirdly, we isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from Lcn2-/- mice and WT mice to evaluate their functions. After LPS challenge, Lcn2-/- BMDM showed aggravated inflammatory reaction as pro-inflammatory factors tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-1b and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increased (P < 0.05) while anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and arginase-1(Arg-1) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with WT BMDM. This phenomenon could be relieved when adding recombinant Lcn2 (P < 0.05). The exogenous addition of Lcn2 on mice RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by LPS also conformed this point. These findings demonstrated that Lcn2 served as a potent protective factor in response to systemic inflammation, and elevated Lcn2 expression during inflammatory conditions was presumed to play an effective role in alleviating inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals Vitamin e-loaded membrane dialyzers reduce hemodialysis inflammaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Sepe ◽  
Marilena Gregorini ◽  
Teresa Rampino ◽  
Pasquale Esposito ◽  
Rosanna Coppo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Oxide Formation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Nitric Oxide Formation

Abstract Background Inflammaging is a persistent, low−grade, sterile, nonresolving inflammatory state, associated with the senescence of the immune system. Such condition downregulates both innate and adaptive immune responses during chronic disorders as type II diabetes, cancer and hemodialysis, accounting for their susceptibility to infections, malignancy and resistance to vaccination. Aim of this study was to investigate hemodialysis inflammaging, by evaluating changes of several hemodialysis treatments on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 activity and nitric oxide formation. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled observational crossover trial. Eighteen hemodialysis patients were treated with 3 different hemodialysis procedures respectively: 1) Low−flux bicarbonate hemodialysis, 2) Low−flux bicarbonate hemodialysis with vitamin E − loaded dialyzers, and 3) Hemodialfitration. The control group consisted of 14 hospital staff healthy volunteers. Blood samples were collected from all 18 hemodialysis patients just after the long interdialytic interval, at the end of each hemodialysis treatment period. Results Hemodialysis kynurenine and kynurenine/L − tryptophan blood ratio levels were significantly higher, when compared to the control group, indicating an increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 activity in hemodialysis patients. At the end of the low−flux bicarbonate hemodialysis with vitamin E − loaded dialyzers period, L − tryptophan serum levels remained unchanged vs both low−flux bicarbonate hemodialysis and hemodialfitration. Kynurenine levels instead decreased, resulting in a significant reduction of kynurenine/L − tryptophan blood ratio and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 activity, when matched to both low−flux bicarbonate hemodialysis and HDF respectively. Serum nitric oxide control group levels, were significantly lower when compared to all hemodialysis patient groups. Interestingly, low−flux bicarbonate hemodialysis with vitamin E − loaded dialyzers nitric oxide serum levels from venous line blood samples taken 60 min after starting the hemodialysis session were significantly lower vs serum taken simultaneously from the arterial blood line. Conclusions The treatment with more biocompatible hemodialysis procedure as low−flux bicarbonate hemodialysis with vitamin E − loaded dialyzers, reduced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 activity and nitric oxide formation when compared to both low−flux bicarbonate hemodialysis and hemodialfitration. These data suggest that low−flux bicarbonate hemodialysis with vitamin E − loaded dialyzers lowering hemodialysis inflammaging, could be associated to changes of proinflammatory signalling a regulated molecular level. Trial registration NCT Number: NCT02981992; Other Study ID Numbers: 20100014090. First submitted: November 26, 2016. First posted: December 5, 2016. Last Update Posted: December 5, 2016.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Inflammatory Responses by Centella asiatica via Suppression of IRAK1-TAK1 in Mouse Macrophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (05) ◽  
pp. 1103-1120
Author(s):  
Young-Chang Cho ◽  
Huong Lan Vuong ◽  
Jain Ha ◽  
Sewoong Lee ◽  
Jiyoung Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Methanol Fraction ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Inflammatory Mechanism ◽  
Mouse Macrophages ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (C. asiatica) has been widely treated for inflammation-related diseases in China for thousands of years. While C. asiatica showed relevant effects as traditional medicine, the mechanism of C. asiatica suppressing inflammation has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study was conducted to reveal the anti-inflammatory mechanism of methanol fraction from C. asiatica (MCA) at the molecular level in murine macrophages. Levels of inflammation-related mediators were observed with treatment of MCA. MCA significantly suppressed nitric oxide production and iNOS expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Prostaglandin E2 production was alleviated by MCA via the downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2. MCA treatment also reduced pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] and interleukin (IL)-6 levels. LPS/D-GalN-induced acute hepatitis in mouse was alleviated by MCA treatment. In addition, MCA decreased the phosphorylation of inhibitory [Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] (I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text]) at Ser32/36 and thereby blocked I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] degradation. TXY motif phosphorylation in the activation loops of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was also suppressed by MCA treatment. Further investigation revealed that MCA inhibited transforming growth factor-[Formula: see text]-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) phosphorylation and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK1) degradation, the upstream kinases activating nuclear factor [Formula: see text]B and MAPKs. Taken together, MCA exhibited anti-inflammatory properties via the downregulation of IRAK1-TAK1 signaling pathways.

Expression of C-type lectin receptors and Toll-like receptors in decidua of patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Xu ◽  
Tian Qiu ◽  
Yudong Wang ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Weiwei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Spontaneous Abortion ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion ◽  
Normal Controls

In the present study, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) were explored. The protein and mRNA expression of two C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs), namely dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) and mannose receptor (MR), and two Toll-like receptors (TLRs), namely TLR2 and TLR4, in the decidua and dendritic cells (DCs) was compared between URSA patients and normal controls. URSA patients had significantly lower protein and mRNA expression of DC-SIGN and significantly higher expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in decidual tissues compared with normal controls. In addition, URSA patients had significantly higher levels of the T helper (Th) 1 cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-γ, and significantly lower levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor β1 in decidual tissues compared with the control group. The TLR2 agonist synthetic triacylated lipoprotein (Pam3CSK4) and the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide were used to demonstrate that TLR2 and TLR4 modulate Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance in DC–T cell cocultures. The results suggest that the balance between CLRs and TLRs was tilted towards a TLR-dominant response in URSA patients, which may disrupt maternal–fetal immune tolerance, resulting in spontaneous abortion.

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory response of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 193-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donato Torre ◽  
Roberto Tambini ◽  
Silvana Aristodemo ◽  
Giovanna Gavazzeni ◽  
Antonio Goglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an inflammatory process seen in association with a large number of clinical infective and noninfective conditions.The aim of this study was to investigate the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin–4 (IL–4), interleukin–10 (IL–10), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Serum levels of IL–4, IL–10 and TGF-β were determined in 45 patients with SIRS: 38 patients had SIRS of infectious origin, whereas seven patients had non-infectious SIRS. Twenty healthy subjects were used as controls.Serum levels of IL–4, IL–10 and TGFg were determined by an immunoenzyme assay. A significant increase of IL–4 was observed in these patients at the time of diagnosis and 5 days later. In contrast, serum levels of IL–10 were not increased at the time of diagnosis, but a slight decrease was noted after 5 days. Serum levels of TGF-β were not increased at time of diagnosis, and a slight increase was observed after 5 days. Serum levels of IL–4 were significantly higher in patients with infectious SIRS at the time of diagnosis, whereas no significant difference between infectious and non-infectious SIRS was noted for serum levels of IL–10 and TGF-β at the time of diagnosis and 5 days later.During SIRS, serum levels of IL–4 were significantly increased with a significant correlation between IL–4 and mortality, and only levels of IL–4 were significantly increased in the SIRS caused by infectious stimuli.

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