scholarly journals Coronavirus ORF1ab Polyprotein Associated Nsp16 Protein is a RlmE Methyltransferase and May Methylate 21S Mitochondrial rRNA of Most Mells Inhibiting Protein Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASIT KUMAR CHAKRABORTY
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Mitochondrial Rrna ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Strong Homology ◽  
Na Ions ◽  
Percent Similarity ◽  
Corona Viruses ◽  
Bat Coronavirus

Covid-19 infections are rapidly spreading worldwide with more than 100000 death and thus understanding the molecular mechanism of tropism of human cells is an urgent need for drug design. We have described here a bioinformatics approach to predict the functional aspects of non-structural nsp16 protein of Corona virus. The covid-19 7098 AA large polyprotein was degraded into sixteen proteins and last nsp16 protein was found an RlmE type rRNA methyltransferase. Nsp16 has no similarity to bacterial RlmABCD but has 25 percent similarity to the bacterial RlmE protein which methylates the U2551 2-hydroxy group of Ribose. The nsp16 proteins of different corona viruses like covid-19, bat-coronavirus, SARS and MERS have strong homology. Mrm2 and Dim1 like yeast and mammalian rRNA methyltransferases have 26-33 percent homologies but not with 2-O-capping MTase as reported previously. Rrp8 MTases also has no similarity to nsp16. We postulated that mitochondrial rRNA methylation of bronchial cells were mediated by the nsp16 protein causing inhibition of protein synthesis due to poor assembly of aminoacyl-tRNA or mRNA and peptidyl transferase at the PTC. This is one of the new molecular mechanism of corona virus cellular tropism and different than ACE-2 mediated blockage of cellular signalling to inhibit aldesterone biosynthesis with abnormal Na+ ions in cells. We also designed primers based on nsp16 cDNA sequence (nt 20659-21552, accession no MT121215) specific for Covid-19 diagnosis by RT-PCR.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial nucleoids maintain genetic autonomy but allow for functional complementation

2008 ◽  
Vol 181 (7) ◽  
pp. 1117-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Gilkerson ◽  
Eric A. Schon ◽  
Evelyn Hernandez ◽  
Mercy M. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Functional Complementation ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Assemblies ◽  
Mtdna Mutations ◽  
Mitochondrial Nucleoids

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is packaged into DNA-protein assemblies called nucleoids, but the mode of mtDNA propagation via the nucleoid remains controversial. Two mechanisms have been proposed: nucleoids may consistently maintain their mtDNA content faithfully, or nucleoids may exchange mtDNAs dynamically. To test these models directly, two cell lines were fused, each homoplasmic for a partially deleted mtDNA in which the deletions were nonoverlapping and each deficient in mitochondrial protein synthesis, thus allowing the first unequivocal visualization of two mtDNAs at the nucleoid level. The two mtDNAs transcomplemented to restore mitochondrial protein synthesis but were consistently maintained in discrete nucleoids that did not intermix stably. These results indicate that mitochondrial nucleoids tightly regulate their genetic content rather than freely exchanging mtDNAs. This genetic autonomy provides a molecular mechanism to explain patterns of mitochondrial genetic inheritance, in addition to facilitating therapeutic methods to eliminate deleterious mtDNA mutations.

scholarly journals Research on the Neurobiology of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 245 ◽  
pp. 03045
Author(s):  
Yilun Tong
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Neurologic Manifestations ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Nervous System ◽  
Different Parts

More studies have shown the neurological manifestations of the novel corona virus (COVID-19) and have inferred the molecular mechanism by which it invades the nervous system. The neurological aspect of the COVID-19 pandemic has been differently interpreted and dealt with in different parts of the world. To review the neurological manifestations and the neurovirulent mechanism by which CoV attacks the human nervous system and to examine different perspectives on this very same topic, the research on PubMed and ScienceDirect is conducted. The mechanisms that CoV enter and attack the nervous system and the subsequent neurologic manifestations have been proposed and now seems quite clear. However, more studies have to be done directly on the effect of COVID-19 on the CNS as well as the PNS.

Perspectives for Potential Therapies for SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Preeti Suman Saxena ◽  
Kirti Singh ◽  
Poonam Jangir ◽  
Manish Nath Tripathi ◽  
Vimal Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Current Treatment Strategy ◽  
Ongoing Development ◽  
Corona Viruses

The current pandemic, novel corona virus 19 disease (COVID-19), has created havoc across the world. Now a third wave is possible, and we have already crossed two waves. The current review article presents recent reports about the COVID-19, the ways of treatments, and prevention. In view of the potential threats of a pandemic, various scientists have been trying to understand the pathophysiology of this disease to uncover possible treatment regimens and discover effective therapeutic agents and vaccines. To add further information to support the ongoing current research and development against SARS-CoV-2, the authors have provided the basics of pathophysiology, possible targets, and current treatment strategy for corona viruses. The current review highlights the antiviral strategies involving small molecules and different biological targets involved in corona virus infection and replication. The information included in this article provides a strong intellectual foundation for the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and vaccines.

Effect of a novel coronavirus in human and its clinical diagnosis and implications by students of community pharmacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1140
Author(s):  
Kanamala Arun Chand Roby ◽  
Singamala Lakshmi Bhargavi ◽  
Gali Devi Sri ◽  
Avula Madhuri ◽  
Sannadi Kamakshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract Illnesses ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Corona Viruses

Coronavirus are coming under a broad family of virus that can cause respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, according to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). They are usual in many different species of animals, including camels and bats. Unusually, these corona viruses can evolve and infect humans and then spread between humans. Recent examples of this include SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. 2019 Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) is a virus identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. In some cases, the viruses can cause lower-respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. In human corona viruses are currently classified into seven types that are HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, HKU1, MERS-CoV and 2019-nCoV. These two types of corona virus (MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV) are more dangerous. Some of corona viruses like HCoV-229E, HCo-OC43, HCoNL63 and HKU1 that are continuously circulate in the population of human and cause respiratory infections in human either may children and adults world-wide. They are generally transmitted between animals and humans through sneezing, coughing, touching or shaking hands and making contact with a surface or object. The symptoms of corona virus are sneezing, cough, fatigue, runny nose, sore throat, breathing difficulty and exacerbated. In more severe cases SARS, kidney failure, pneumonia and even death. Diagnosis can be carried out by healthcare provider in laboratory test on respiratory specimens and serum to detect human corona virus. For this virus no specific treatment like vaccines and antiviral drugs but symptoms can be treated.

scholarly journals Seasonality of non-SARS, non-MERS Corona viruses and the impact of meteorological factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olympia E Anastasiou ◽  
Anika Huesing ◽  
Johannes Korth ◽  
Fotis Theodoropoulos ◽  
Christian Taube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Corona Viruses

Background: Seasonality is a characteristic of some respiratory viruses. The aim of our study was to evaluate the seasonality and the potential effects of different meteorological factors on the detection rate of the non-SARS Corona Virus detection by PCR. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 12763 respiratory tract sample results (288 positive and 12475 negative) for non-SARS, non-MERS Corona viruses (NL63, 229E, OC43, HKU1). The effect of seven single weather factors on the Corona virus detection rate was fitted in a logistic regression model with and without adjusting for other weather factors. Results: Corona virus infections followed a seasonal pattern peaking from December to March and plunging from July to September. The seasonal effect was less pronounced in immunosuppressed patients compared to immunocompetent. Different automatic variable selection processes agreed to select the predictors temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover and precipitation as remaining predictors in the multivariable logistic regression model including all weather factors, with low ambient temperature, low relative humidity, high cloud cover and high precipitation being linked to increased Corona virus detection rates. Conclusions: Corona virus infections followed a seasonal pattern, which was more pronounced in immunocompetent patients compared to immunosuppressed. Several meteorological factors were associated with the Corona virus detection rate. However, when mutually adjusting for all weather factors, only temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and cloud cover contributed independently to predicting the Corona virus detection rate.

scholarly journals The history and epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha M. Al-Osail ◽  
Marwan J. Al-Wazzah
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Corona Viruses

Corona viruses cause common cold, and infections caused by corona viruses are generally self-resolving. During the last 4 years, corona viruses have become the most important viruses worldwide because of the occurrence of several recent deaths caused by corona viruses in Saudi Arabia. Spread of the infection occurred worldwide; however, most cases of mortality have occurred in the Middle East. Owing to the predominance of outbreaks in the Middle Eastern countries, the virus was renamed a Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) by the Corona virus Study Group. The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention and World Health Organization maintain a website that is updated frequently with new cases of MERS-CoV infection. In this review, we describe the history and epidemiology of this novel virus. Studies of the genetics and molecular mechanisms of this virus are expected to facilitate the development of vaccines in the future.

scholarly journals Novel Remedial Approaches Against Virulent Corona Viruses

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Group I ◽  
The World ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Corona Viruses

Novel Corona virus disease (COVID-19) was first identified in China, which eventually became a major global health concern due to its pathogenicity and widespread distribution around the world. In the mid-sixties of the previous century, the first two human Corona viruses (HCoV) were identified: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. These two human Corona viruses were studied extensively from approximately 1965 to the mid-1980s. HCoV-229E is a member of the group I Corona viruses, and HCoV-OC43 is a member of group II. 1Besides the human Corona viruses, there are several group I and group II animal corona viruses that infect cattle, pigs, cats, dogs, mice, and other animals. There is one additional branch, the group III Corona viruses, which are found exclusively in birds. By infecting healthy volunteers, researchers learned that infection with HCoV-229E or HCoV-OC43 results in a common cold, and since then, HCoVs have been considered to be relatively harmless respiratory pathogens. This image was roughly disturbed when severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV was introduced into the human population in the winter of 2002 to 2003 in China. SARS-CoV causes a severe respiratory illness with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, the Novel Corona Virus disease COVID 19 spreads around the world, killing people and turning them into corpses. The best way to do this in India, that is what it is there are many types of alkaloids in our Indian Medicinal Plants, which kill the virus of any kind and dispose of it. The alkaloids – Piperine, Curcumin, Allicin, Alliin, Allylsulfide, Allyldisulfide, Citric Acid, Acorbic Acid, Menthol, Gingerols, Shogaols, zingerone, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, eugenol, carvacrol, linalool, β-caryophyllene etc., the alkaloids that are mentioned are not only killing the virus but also stimulate, and activate the immune system in the body and at the same develops human energy to fight against COVID 19. The preparation and methodologies of simple medicine briefly explained in the topic Novel Remedial Approaches against Virulent Corona Viruses.

Clinical Manifestation and Epidemiological Impacts of Pandemic Zoonotic Disease of the Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Firew Admasu Hailu ◽  
◽  
Tsion Admasu Hailu ◽  
Rodas Firew Admasu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Zoonotic Disease ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Common ◽  
Transmission Prevention ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Corona Viruses

This study used to address the most organized information about clinical demonstration and epidemiological impacts and the new pandemic zoonotic disease called corona virus. Background: The new respiratory virus known as corona (COVID-19) first originated in China at Wuhan, and rapidly spreading to all worldwide continents. The common cold, SARS, MERS and COVID-19 are types of corona viruses, and most people get infected with one or more of these viruses at some point in their lives. COVID-19 is viruses known for containing strains of lethal diseases in mammals and birds, its infections rate is doubling at every six days, infecting large number of people, its name is given from the protrude spikes surfaces, infect the respiratory tract of animals and human, transmit via droplets and contact. Objectives: The objectives of this study is to address scientific information’s about zoonotic disease called COVID-19, its clinical display like symptoms, ways of transmission, prevention methods, epidemiology and complications. Methods: Observing what is happening in the world, and collecting epidemiological data from WHO about COVID-19, organizing and rewrite in scientific methods. Results and Conclusion: Zoonotic diseases are diseases first transmit from infected animal to humans, animals such as bat, rat, pig, insects, fish, etc. The novel COVID-19 have been first originated in Wuhan from seafood sale market of sells fish, bats, snakes and pangolins and highly spreading globally. It is a pandemic zoonotic disease, infecting every individual of human being at any age, sex, race, religions, lifestyle, educational level, etc. Its similar symptoms with other corona viruses type such as strong fever, high elevated body temperature, dry cough, muscle fatigue, breathing difficulties, etc and also less common symptoms includes coughing mucus or blood, headaches, diarrhea, and kidney failure. In addition, as the disease progresses, patients approach with pneumonia, inflames the lungs and causes alveoli to fill with fluid and this can be detected by an X-ray. Its primary ways of transmission includes respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing of fluid produced by infected individuals, touching contaminated surfaces, hands and objects with our hands then our mouth, nose and eye. Based on worldwide epidemiological data, more than 2.8 million people were infected, of which about 200,000 were died within 100 days, whereas, about 25 million people were infected, of which more than 846,000 were died within 220 days and also it creates negative economic impacts especially in developing countries. However, till now there is no recognized therapeutic against corona viruses, therefore advisable prevention methods are washing our hands regularly with soap, use hand sanitizer properly, during coughing and sneezing use inside of our elbow, stop handshaking with anyone, stay at home to limit social co

scholarly journals Isolation of active polyribosomes from the cytoplasm, mitochondria and chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis

1972 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Avadhani ◽  
D. E. Buetow
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Ribonuclease Activity ◽  
Ribosomal Subunits ◽  
Mitochondrial Rrna

1. A procedure is described for the isolation of intact polyribosomes from the cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria of Euglena gracilis. 2. All three polyribosomal preparations incorporated labelled amino acids in a system in vitro. The cytoplasmic system was inhibited by chcloheximide but not by chloramphenicol. Both the chloroplast and the mitochondrial systems, however, were inhibited by chloramphenicol but not by cycloheximide. It is shown that mitochondrial polyribosomes, like the polyribosomes from cytoplasm and chloroplasts, can participate directly in protein synthesis without supplementary mRNA being added to the synthesizing system, as in previously reported instances. 3. Sedimentation coefficients were measured for the ribosomes, ribosomal subunits, and rRNA of the cytoplasm, chloroplasts and mitochondria. 4. The G+C content was 55% for cytoplasmic rRNA, 50% for chloroplast rRNA, and 29% for mitochondrial rRNA. 5. The cytoplasmic ribosomal subunits contained a ribonuclease activity that was inhibited by heparin.

scholarly journals Dependence of nucleus-directed rRNA synthesis upon mitochondrial protein synthesis in Tetrahymena.

1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 508-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Ruben ◽  
A B Hooper
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Rrna Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Rrna ◽  
Polyadenylated Rna ◽  
Nuclear Rna

The antibiotic chloramphenicol selectively inhibited mitochondrial protein synthesis in the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis GL. Secondary to the inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis was an inhibition of nuclear RNA synthesis at a time before inhibition of cellular protein and DNA synthesis. Of the stable non-polyadenylated RNA species in Tetrahymena, the addition of chloramphenicol resulted specifically in the inhibition of synthesis of 28S + 17S and 5S rRNA transcripts. By contrast, syntheses of 4S tRNA and 21S mitochondrial rRNA were not as extensively inhibited. The addition of 60 microM hemin before the addition of chloramphenicol partially protected against the inhibition of RNA synthesis. These data indicate that continued synthesis of nucleus-directed rRNA is linked to the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins in Tetrahymena.

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