scholarly journals Cross-Linking Modification of Ammonium Polyphosphate via Ionic Exchange and Self-Assembly for Enhancing Fire Safety Properties of Polypropylene

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingtong Pan ◽  
Zhonglin Luo ◽  
Biaobing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Ionic Exchange ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Benzene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
Carbon Acid

Modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) as a novel mono-component intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was prepared via the ionic exchange between ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and piperazine sulfonate, which is synthesized by self-assembly using 1-(2-Amioethyl) piperazine (AEP) and p-amino benzene sulfonic acid (ASC) as raw materials. This all-in-one IFR integrating three functional elements (carbon, acid, and gas source) showed more efficient flame retardancy and excellent smoke suppression as well as better mechanical properties than the conventional APP. The incorporation of 22.5 wt.% MAPP into polypropylene (PP) eliminated the melt dripping phenomenon and passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. The results of the cone calorimetry test (CCT) revealed that the release of heat, smoke, and CO is significantly decreased, demonstrating that this novel IFR endows PP with excellent fire safety more effectively. For PP/MAPP composites, a possible IFR mechanism was proposed based on the analysis of the pyrolysis gas and char residues.

scholarly journals Cross-Linking Modification of Ammonium Polyphosphate via Ionic Exchange and Self-Assembly for Enhancing the Fire Safety Properties of Polypropylene

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2761
Author(s):  
Yingtong Pan ◽  
Zhonglin Luo ◽  
Biaobing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Ionic Exchange ◽  
Safety Properties ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
Carbon Acid

Modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) was prepared as a novel mono-component intumescent flame retardant (IFR) via the ionic exchange between ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and piperazine sulfonate, which is synthesized by self-assembly using 1-(2-aminoethyl) piperazine (AEP) and p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (ASC) as raw materials. This all-in-one IFR integrating three functional elements (carbon, acid, and gas source) showed more efficient flame retardancy and excellent smoke suppression as well as better mechanical properties than the conventional APP. The incorporation of 22.5 wt.% MAPP into polypropylene (PP) eliminated the melt dripping phenomenon and passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. The results of the cone calorimetry test (CCT) revealed that the release of heat, smoke, and CO is significantly decreased, demonstrating that this novel IFR endows PP with excellent fire safety more effectively. For PP/MAPP composites, a possible IFR mechanism was proposed based on the analysis of the pyrolysis gas and char residues.

scholarly journals Preparation of Mn2+ Doped Piperazine Phosphate as a Char-Forming Agent for Improving the Fire Safety of Polypropylene/Ammonium Polyphosphate Composites

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7589
Author(s):  
Fuqiang Dong ◽  
Zhonglin Luo ◽  
Biaobing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Carbon Layer ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Manganese Acetate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
High Degree

A piperazine phosphate doped with Mn2+ (HP-Mn), as a new char-forming agent for intumescent flame retardant systems (IFR), was designed and synthesized using 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, piperazine, and manganese acetate tetrahydrate as raw materials. The effect of HP-Mn and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on the fire safety and thermal stability of polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The results showed that the combined incorporation of 25 wt.% APP/HP-Mn at a ratio of 1:1 endowed the flame retardant PP (PP6) composite with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.7% and UL-94 V-0 rating. In comparison with the pure PP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), the total heat release (THR), and the smoke production rate (PSPR) of the PP6 were reduced by 74%, 30%, and 70%, respectively. SEM and Raman analysis of the char residues demonstrated that the Mn2+ displayed a catalytic cross-linking charring ability to form a continuous and compact carbon layer with a high degree of graphitization, which can effectively improve the flame retardancy of PP/APP composites. A possible flame-retardant mechanism was proposed to reveal the synergistic effect between APP and HP-Mn.

Effect of TBPF Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate on the Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer

2020 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Wei Ying Gao
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Polyurethane Elastomer ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Hard Shell ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer

In our previous work, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) microcapsule with the shell of boron modified phenolic resin (BPF) was prepared, recorded as BPFAPP. However, the compatibility and the flame retardancy of BPFAPP in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) are still not very good due to the brittle and hard shell wall. To improve the brittleness of microcapsules shell and the property reinforcements of APP in TPU, APP was encapsulated with the tung oil and boron modified phenolic resin (TBPF) in this paper, recorded as TBPFAPP. The property reinforcements of TBPFAPP in TPU were studied. The thermogravimetry, limiting oxygen index and cone calorimetry analysis showed that TPU/TBPFAPP composite had higher char yield and better flame resistance. The tensile strength and elongation at break showed that the mechanical properties were also significantly improved due to the introduction of α-Eleostearate.

scholarly journals Intumescent Biobased-Polylactide Films to Flame Retard Nonwovens

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155892500900400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Reti ◽  
Mathilde Casetta ◽  
Sophie Duquesne ◽  
René Delobel ◽  
Jérémie Soulestin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Flame Spread ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
New Process ◽  
Potential Use

The work focuses on the development of a new process to flame retard nonwovens, using films based on renewable resources. Films consist in intumescent formulations of polylactic acid (PLA), ammonium polyphosphate (APP) blended with lignin or starch and are coated on hemp or wool nonwovens. The objective of this study was to investigate the fire retardant and mechanical properties of textiles protected by FR PLA films for potential use in building applications. Horizontal and vertical flame spread tests as well as cone calorimetry tests show that flammability properties of nonwovens are significantly improved. Better mechanical properties are also obtained with coated nonwovens.

Synthesis and Characterizations of Titanium Tungstophosphate Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Ions Removal

2016 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ali Ghanem ◽  
Nezar H. Khdary ◽  
Abdullah M. Almayouf ◽  
Mabrook A. Salah
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Ionic Exchange ◽  
Characteristic Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions Removal ◽  
Metal Ions Removal

Ionic exchange of multi-components titanium tungstophosphate nanoparticles (TiWP-NPs) were prepared using sol-gel reaction of titanium isoperoxide and tungestophosphoric acid (TPA) in presence of CTAB surfactant. The X-ray, BET and TEM characterizations showed that the nanoparticles exhibit the characteristic structure of titanium tungstophosphate and a BET surface area of 74 ± 3 m2/g was achieved. The TPA has shown an effect on the self-assembly process and maintains the TPA content to minimum would be beneficial for obtaining higher surface area of TiWP nanoparticles. Metal ions adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) or Cd(II) using the resulting titanium tungstophosphate nanparticles materials is investigated and up to 95% removal percentage was achieved. Using this method, nanoparticles of ionic exchange titanium tungstophosphate can be synthesized in the form of powder and amenable to mass production.

scholarly journals Effect of Functionalized Carbon Microspheres Combined with Ammonium Polyphosphate on Fire Safety Performance of Thermoplastic Polyurethane

ACS Omega ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 6051-6061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xilei Chen ◽  
Yongxing Lai ◽  
Yuanxiang Gu ◽  
Chuanmei Jiao ◽  
Shaoxiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Safety Performance ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Carbon Microspheres

scholarly journals Development of Bioepoxy Resin Microencapsulated Ammonium-Polyphosphate for Flame Retardancy of Polylactic Acid

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 4123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kata Decsov ◽  
Katalin Bocz ◽  
Beáta Szolnoki ◽  
Serge Bourbigot ◽  
Gaëlle Fontaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate

Ammonium-polyphosphate (APP) was modified by microencapsulation with a bio-based sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPE)-type epoxy resin and used as a flame retardant additive in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The bioresin-encapsulated APP (MCAPP) particles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman mapping, particle size distribution was determined by processing of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. Interaction between the APP core and the bioresin shell was revealed by combined thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)‑FTIR spectroscopy. The APP to SPE mass ratio of 10 to 2 was found to be optimal in terms of thermal, flammability, and mechanical properties of 15 wt% additive containing biocomposites. The bioresin shell effectively promotes the charring of the APP-loaded PLA composites, as found using TGA and cone calorimetry, and eliminates the flammable dripping of the specimens during the UL-94 vertical burning tests. Thus, the V-0 rating, the increased limiting oxygen index, and the 20% reduced peak of the heat release rate was reached compared to the effects of neat APP. Furthermore, better interfacial interaction of the MCAPP with PLA was indicated by differential scanning calorimetry and SEM observation. The stiff interphase resulted in increased modulus of these composites. Besides, microencapsulation provided improved water resistance to the flame retardant biopolymer system.

scholarly journals Improving fire retardancy of cellulosic thermal insulating materials by coating with bio-based fire retardants

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Zheng ◽  
Dongfang Li ◽  
Monica Ek
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Pulp Fiber ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Insulating Materials ◽  
Mechanical Pulp ◽  
Thermal Insulating

Abstract Sustainable thermal insulating materials produced from cellulosic fibers provide a viable alternative to plastic insulation foams. Industrially available, abundant, and inexpensive mechanical pulp fiber and recycled textile fiber provide potential raw materials to produce thermal insulating materials. To improve the fire retardancy of low-density thermal insulating materials produced from recycled cotton denim and mechanical pulp fibers, bio-based fire retardants, such as sulfonated kraft lignin, kraft lignin, and nanoclays, were coated onto sustainable insulating material surfaces to enhance their fire retardancy. Microfibrillated cellulose was used as a bio-based binder in the coating formula to disperse and bond the fire-retardant particles to the underlying thermal insulating materials. The flammability of the coated thermal insulating materials was tested using a single-flame source test and cone calorimetry. The results showed that sulfonated kraft lignin-coated cellulosic thermal insulating materials had a better fire retardancy compared with that for kraft lignin with a coating weight of 0.8 kg/m2. Nanoclay-coated samples had the best fire retardancy and did not ignite under a heat flux of 25 kW/m2, as shown by cone calorimetry and single-flame source tests, respectively. These cost-efficient and bio-based fire retardants have broad applications for improving fire retardancy of sustainable thermal insulating materials.

Flame retardancy and toughening properties of epoxy composites containing ammonium polyphosphate microcapsules and expanded graphite

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1247-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da He ◽  
Chunxia Zhao ◽  
Haolan Gou ◽  
Yuntao Li ◽  
Dong Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Thermal Degradation Behavior ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Limited Oxygen

Ammonium polyphosphate microcapsules (BM (polybenzoxazine modified) APP) were prepared through the in situ ring-opening polymerization of allyl group containing benzoxazine monomers on the surfaces of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and they were significantly hydrophobic than the APP. A flame retardant system of epoxy (EP) resin was prepared with BMAPP and expanded graphite (EG). Flame retardancy, the thermal degradation behavior, a mechanical property of EP and EP/BMAPP/EG composites was investigated through limited oxygen index, vertical burning test, cone calorimetry (CONE), and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retardancy tests indicated that the EG could improve the thermal performance, promote the charring, and enhance the char quality of EP/BMAPP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to analyze the morphology and composition of the char residue formed during CONE testing, and to understand the mechanism of char formation. The results of TG-FTIR confirmed the possible mechanism of flame retardancy of EP/BMAPP/EG in the gas phase during combustion. The EG content effects on Young’s modulus, the tensile strength, and the fracture toughness ( KIC) of the EP/BMAPP composites were also investigated. The KIC of the composites containing 1% of EG and 10% of BMAPP increased by approximately 76% and 153%, respectively, compared to the neat matrix and EP/BMAPP-10%. The SEM images of the fractured surface indicated that the enhanced toughness of EP/BMAPP/EG composites mainly attributed to the debonding of the BMAPP and the subsequent plastic void growth of the matrix, as well as the crack deflection effect of the BMAPP/EG.

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