The Effect of Weeding and Planting Distance on Growth and Production of Shallots (Allium Cepa.L)

Nabatia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Planting Distance

Effect of Four Training Systems on Growth and Productivity of `Cortland'/M.9 EMLA Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 451e-451
Author(s):  
J.R. Schupp ◽  
S.I. Koller
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Planting Distance

`Cortland'/M.9 EMLA trees were planted in 1991 at 1.8 ×4.2-m spacing. The trees were trained to one of four systems: 1) Vertical Axis; 2) Y trellis; 3) Solen; or 4) Palmette trellis. Tree survival was 86% for Palmette trees and approached 100% for the other three systems. Annual yield and cumulative yield per tree of Vertical Axis and Y trellis was twice that of Solen or Palmette. Tree vigor was sub-optimal relative to planting distance in this study. Trunk cross-sectional area of Vertical Axis trees was larger than that of trees trained to Solen or Palmette, while trees trained to Y trellis were intermediate in trunk growth. Canopy volumes of Vertical Axis and Y trellis trees were similar, and greater than that of Solen or Palmette trees. Fruit size on Solen and Palmette trees was larger than that of Y trellis trees in 1995 and 1996, while fruit size on Vertical Axis trees was intermediate. Cumulative yield per cubic meter of canopy volume was the same for all four systems, suggesting that differences in productivity among systems were attributable to the effects of tree training practices on tree size, not to differences among systems in precocity or efficiency. The low heading cut needed to establish the lowest tier of branches on the Palmette system reduced tree vigor and in some cases, resulted in mortality. The horizontal training of the primary branches of the Solen severely reduced tree vigor. In this study, where tree vigor was sub-optimal due to rootstock selection, the additional restrictions in tree growth resulting from restrictive training methods resulted in a significant loss in productivity.

Near infrared spectroscopy of Eucalyptus pellita for foliar nutrients and the potential for real-time monitoring of trees in fertiliser trial plots

2021 ◽  
pp. 096703352110079
Author(s):  
Agustan Alwi ◽  
Roger Meder ◽  
Yani Japarudin ◽  
Hazandy A Hamid ◽  
Ruzana Sanusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Eucalyptus Pellita ◽  
Operational Decision Making ◽  
Fertiliser Application ◽  
Planting Distance

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. has become an important tree species in the forest plantations of SE Asia, and in Malaysian Borneo in particular, to replace thousands of hectares of Acacia mangium Willd. which has suffered significant loss caused by Ceratocystis manginecans infection in Sabah, Malaysia. Since its first introduction at a commercial scale in 2012, E. pellita has been planted in many areas in the region. The species replacement requires new silvicultural practices to induce the adaptability of E. pellita to grow in the region and this includes relevant research to optimise such regimes as planting distance, pruning, weeding practices and nutrition regimes. In this present study, the nutritional status of the foliage was investigated with the aim to develop near infrared spectroscopic calibrations that can be used to monitor and quantify nutrient status, particularly total foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the field. Spectra acquired on fresh foliage in situ on the tree could be used to predict N and P with accuracy suitable for operational decision-making regards fertiliser application. If greater accuracy is required, spectra acquired on dry, milled foliage could be used to predict N and P within a relative error of 10% (R2c, r2CV, RMSEP, RPD = 0.77, 0.71, 0.02 g 100/g, 1.9 for foliar P and = 0.90, 0.88, 0.21 g 100/g, 3.0 for foliar N on dry, milled foliage). The ultimate application of this is in situ nutrient monitoring, particularly to aid longitudinal studies in fertiliser trial plots and forest operations, as the non-destructive nature of NIR spectroscopy would enable regular monitoring of individual leaves over time without the need to destructively sample them. This would aid the temporal and spatial analysis of field data.

scholarly journals PENGARUH JARAK TANAM PADA SISTEM TANAM JAJAR LEGOWO TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKTIVITAS DAN PENDAPATAN PETANI PADI SAWAH DI KABUPATEN SRAGEN JAWA TENGAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Tota Suhendrata
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Financial Feasibility ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Planting Distance ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Planting System ◽  
Padi Rice

<p>Abstract : One of the efforts to increase the productivity of paddy rice by setting the<br />right spacing. At this time,  developing technology engine planting of rice seedlings<br />(rice transplanter) which introducing plant spacing ranging from narrow spacing to<br />large plant spacing both on legowo row planting system and tile planting system. With<br />regard to the introduction of these technologies, further research is needed in the<br />effect of plant spacing on growth, productivity (grain yield) and income of paddy rice<br />farmers. The assessment was carried out on the wetland of farmer group of Rukun<br />Tani Sulur  Blimbing Village of Sragen Regency on July – October 2014. The<br />assessment consisted of 3 planting distance treatment of legowo row 2: 1 planting<br />system, ie 20 x 10 x 40 cm, 20 x 13 x 15 cm and 20 x 15 x 40 cm, each treatment<br />repeated 7 times. The area of each treatment is about 0.33 ha. The assessment<br />involves 7 farmers, each farmer carrying out 3 treatment. The seedlings using legowo<br />2:1planting system of rice transplanter. This rice transplanter has 3 combination of<br />plant distance, that is 20 x 10 x 40 cm, 20 x 13 x 15 cm and 20 x 15 x 40 cm. The data<br />collected includes the number of productive tillers, productivity, input and output of<br />farming. Data analysis to compare between 3 treatment by using paired t test. While<br />the analysis of financial feasibility of paddy farming technology using partial budget<br />analysis. The results of this assessment showed that a legowo row 2:1 planting system<br />with plant distance 20 x 15 x 40 cm resulted in highest productive tillers, productivity<br />and income compared to the legowo 2:1 with a narrower plant distance 20 x 10 x 40<br />cm and 20 x 13 x 40 cm.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak: Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan produktivitas padi sawah melalui<br />pengaturan jarak tanam yang tepat. Pada saat ini, berkembang teknologi mesin tanam<br />bibit padi (rice transplanter) yang mengintroduksikan jarak tanam mulai dari jarak<br />tanam sempit sampai dengan jarak tanam lebar baik pada sistem tanam jajar legowo<br />maupun sistem tanam tegel. Berkenaan dengan introduksi teknologi tersebut perlu<br />dilakukan penelitian lebih dalam pengaruh jarak tanam terhadap pertumbuhan,<br />produktivitas (hasil gabah) dan pendapatan petani padi sawah. Pengkajian<br />dilaksanakan pada lahan sawah kelompok tani Rukun Tani Sulur  Desa Blimbing Kec.<br />Sambirejo Kab. Sragen Jawa Tengah pada MT-3 2014. Pengkajian terdiri dari 3<br />perlakuan jarak tanam pada sistem tanam jajar legowo 2:1, yaitu  20 x 10 x 40 cm, 20<br />x 13 x 15 cm dan 20 x 15 x 40 cm dengan 7 kali ulangan. Luas masing-masing<br />perlakuan sekitar 0,33 ha.  Pengkajian melibatkan 7 orang petani, setiap petani<br />melaksanakan 3 perlakuan. Tanam bibit padi menggunakan mesin tanam bibit padi  4<br />baris sistem tanam jajar legowo 2:1. Mesin tanam ini mempunyai 3 kombinasi  jarak<br />tanam, yaitu  20 x 10 x 40 cm, 20 x 13 x 15 cm dan 20 x 15 x 40 cm.  Data yang<br />dikumpulkan meliputi jumlah anakan produktif, produktivitas, input dan output<br />usahatani.  Analisis data untuk membandingkan antara 3 perlakuan jarak tanam dilakukan uji t berpasangan dengan menggunakan software SPSS Statistics 17.0. <br />Sedangkan analisis kelayakan finansial teknologi usahatani padi sawah menggunakan<br />analisis anggaran parsial.  Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan bahwa sistem tanam jajar<br />legowo 2:1 dengan jarak tanam lebar (20 x 15 x 40 cm) menghasilkan jumlah anakan<br />produktif,  produktivitas dan pendapatan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan sistem tanam<br />jajar legowo 2:1 dengan jarak tanam yang lebih sempit (20 x 10 x 40 cm dan 20 x 13 x<br />40 cm).</p>

scholarly journals PENGARUH JARAK TANAM PADA PENGGUNAAN METODE BUDIDAYA RAKIT TALI TERHADAP BERAT RUMPUT LAUT (Eucheuma cottonii) DI DUSUN TOISAPU KECAMATAN LEITIMUR SELATAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Etnah Garpenassy ◽  
H Tuaputty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Preparation Phase ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Planting Distance ◽  
Cultivation Techniques ◽  
Implementation Stage ◽  
Eucheuma Cottonii

Background: Toisapu village is one of village in Ambon Island which have potential to develop seaweed. Prospects Seaweed cultivation is very beneficial if growth and quality can be developed as a base for the production of various purposes in the industrial world. However, cultivation techniques undertaken by the local community have not fully had good planting quality. Method: The study includes the preparation phase, the implementation stage, and the observation stage. The parameters measured were the growth rate of Eucheuma cottonii seaweed is weight in the form of gram, using Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with 4 treatment levels and 6 replications. Results: The results of this study show that at a distance of 30 cm seaweed growth experienced a better growth rate when compared with other growth spacing, with wet weight for 45 days was 218 grams. Conclusion: Plant spacing affects the weight of seaweed, a good planting distance for seaweed growth is 30 cm at sea ebb and sea level with average wet weight for 45 days (6 weeks) is 218 grams.

scholarly journals Researces Regarding the Interaction Between Cultivating Variety – Fertilized – Planting Distance Between Rows at the Oilseed Rape

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel GROSZ ◽  
Ioan BORCEAN ◽  
Valeriu TABARA ◽  
Florin IMBREA ◽  
Florin MARIAN
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Reference Area ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Planting Distance ◽  
Significant Distance

The research was made for quantification the interaction between cultivating variety –fertilized-planting distance between rows at the oilseed rape in the favorable pedoclimatic conditions for rape on the Vest Plain where can be obtained the highest productions. In this way, was studied to the influence of the fertilization upon the productions, at an assortment of seven rape varieties. The researched biological material was formed of seven rape varieties new for the reference area, as follows: Valesca, Orkane, Ader, Potomac, LG, Belini, Milena. To point the negative effect of the nitrogen fertilization, to optimize the doses upon the productions, was accounted the agrofond dose, in domain N0-N225. The research was made on a fund of P80 K80, so that varieties can expose their productive potential and the specific oil content. The results obtained accentuated the fact that the seven rape varieties studied, in the fertilization domain N0-N225, In average on the 4 agrofonds and the two distances between the rows, it resulted that in the researched area the most appropriate is Valesca variety, on which the harvest exceeded 2800 kg/ha. Varieties Milena, Potomac and Orkane registered harvests of over 2200 kg/ha. Yield increases obtained for the varieties fertilized with nitrogen at all doses level, are very significant. Distance between rows, represents a technological element studied in all the countries that cultivates autumn rapeseed. The results obtained in the experimental cycle, regarding this aspect, leads to the conclusion that for the studied varieties, a distance between 12,5 and 25 cm, ensures an harvest increase the exceeds 300 kg/ha. The researches results are important for the growers, because they increase the possibility to obtain productions higher than 3700 kg/ha.

scholarly journals Effects of Ornamental Plant Density and Mineral/Plastic Media on the Removal of Domestic Wastewater Pollutants by Home Wetlands Technology

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 5273
Author(s):  
Luis Carlos Sandoval-Herazo ◽  
Alejandro Alvarado-Lassman ◽  
María Cristina López-Méndez ◽  
Albino Martínez-Sibaja ◽  
Alberto A. Aguilar-Lasserre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
High Density ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Optimal Material ◽  
Planting Distance ◽  
Wastewater Pollutants

Wastewater treatment (WWT) is a priority around the world; conventional treatments are not widely used in rural areas owing to the high operating and maintenance costs. In Mexico, for instance, only 40% of wastewater is treated. One sustainable option for WWT is through the use of constructed wetlands (CWs) technology, which may remove pollutants using cells filled with porous material and vegetation that works as a natural filter. Knowing the optimal material and density of plants used per square meter in CWs would allow improving their WWT effect. In this study, the effect of material media (plastic/mineral) and plant density on the removal of organic/inorganic pollutants was evaluated. Low (three plants), medium (six plants) and high (nine plants) densities were compared in a surface area of 0.3 m2 of ornamental plants (Alpinia purpurata, Canna hybrids and Hedychium coronarium) used in polycultures at the mesocosm level of household wetlands, planted on the two different substrates. Regarding the removal of contaminants, no significant differences were found between substrates (p ≥ 0.05), indicating the use of plastic residues (reusable) is an economical option compared to typical mineral materials. However, differences (p = 0.001) in removal of pollutants were found between different plant densities. For both substrates, the high density planted CWs were able to remove COD in a range of 86–90%, PO4-P 22–33%, NH4-N in 84–90%, NO3-N 25–28% and NO2-N 38–42%. At medium density, removals of 79–81%, 26–32, 80–82%, 24–26%, and 39–41%, were observed, whereas in CWs with low density, the detected removals were 65–68%, 20–26%, 79–80%, 24–26% and 31–40%, respectively. These results revealed that higher COD and ammonia were removed at high plant density than at medium or low densities. Other pollutants were removed similarly in all plant densities (22–42%), indicating the necessity of hybrid CWs to increase the elimination of PO4-P, NO3-N and NO2-N. Moreover, high density favored 10 to 20% more the removal of pollutants than other plant densities. In addition, in cells with high density of plants and smaller planting distance, the development of new plant shoots was limited. Thus, it is suggested that the appropriate distance for this type of polyculture plants should be from 40 to 50 cm in expansion to real-scale systems in order to take advantage of the harvesting of species in these and allow species of greater foliage, favoring its growth and new shoots with the appropriate distance to compensate, in the short time, the removal of nutrients.

RESPONSE OF CIGAR TOBACCO TO DIFFERENT DATES OF PLANTING AND SPACING

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-308
Author(s):  
V. KOZUMPLIK ◽  
P. P. LUKOSEVICIUS
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Planting Distance ◽  
Grade Index

Response of cigar tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in morphological, agronomic and chemical characteristics to date of planting and planting distance was studied during 1971–73. A cultivar and a breeding line of cigar tobacco were transplanted outdoors on 26 May, 9 (or 12) June and 23 June. The tobacco was spaced 36, 41 and 46 cm in rows that were 97 cm apart. The best results were obtained when cigar tobacco was transplanted not later than 9 June, and the plants were spaced 41 cm in the rows that were 97 cm apart. The highest number of leaves per plant, cured-leaf yield, percentage of nicotine and total alkaloids were obtained from the tobacco transplanted on the first or second date in 3 yr. In 2 yr, the later tobacco had the tallest plants, the largest leaves, the highest percent filler leaf, grade and crop index. Earlier-transplanted tobacco was harvested earlier, although the period to flower decreased with later date of planting. On the average, the tobacco spaced 41 cm was taller and had a shorter period to flower, and higher yield and crop index than that spaced 36 cm or 46 cm. Grade index, percent filler leaf, nicotine and total alkaloids were affected significantly by the distance in 1 yr only.

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