scholarly journals Pengaruh Politik Agraria Terhadap Perubahan Pola Penguasaan Tanah dan Struktur Pedesaan di Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
NFN Syahyuti
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
New Order ◽  
Control Rights ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

<p><strong>English<br /></strong>Land ownership and control have been major issues in land reform policies in Indonesia over the life of several governments. Land has been a political tool for those in power. From a historical point of view, from the precolonial period until the New Order era (Orde Baru), control of the land by the government has always put farmers into a position of sub ordinance and dependence. This happened because the government has the control rights over the land, while the farmers have user rights only. The social structure in rural areas has changed to follow changes in the land ownership pattern, because for an agrarian community, land is the main livelihood resource.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian<br /></strong>Aspek penguasaan tanah di Indonesia adalah bagian utama politik agraria dari satu masa ke masa pemerintahaan, dimana tanah selalu dijadikan alat politik bagi pihak penguasa. dari tinjauan historis terlihat bahwa mulai dari zaman kerajaan sampai dengan Orde Baru, penguasaan sumber daya tanah oleh pemerintah telah menjadikan petani selalu berada posisi subordinat dan tergantung. Hal ini di sebabkan karena pemerintahan memegang hak penguasaan tanah,sedangkan petani menjadi penggarap. Petani belum diberi hak penguasaan yang secukupnya agar dapat menjadi pengelola penuh dalam usahataninya. Struktur sosial masyarakat pedesaan juga berubah mengikuti perubaha pola penguasaan tanah tersebut, karena bagi komunitas agraris tanah adalah sumber daya utama kehidupannya.</p>

scholarly journals HARMONISASI REGULASI KEPEMILIKAN TANAH PERTANIAN SECARA ABSENTEE BAGI PEGAWAI NEGERI DALAM PROGRAM LANDREFORM

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Yunizar Wahyu Tristanto
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Start Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
Legal Subjects ◽  
And Control

Peoples needs can not be separated from the need of land . Once the importance of soil functions for society , need to be regulated in order to ensure the mastery and utilization at the same time in order to create legal certainty for the public . The problem that then arises since the start time of independence is disproportionate land ownership . In order to overcome these problems , the government has enacted Law No. 5 of 1960 About the Agrarian and the Reformation has been set TAP MPR No. IX / MPR / 2001 on Agrarian Reform and Natural Resources Management . One important aspect of the law with the enactment of the UUPA is a program of Landreform in Indonesia . Landreform became one of the alternatives for agrarian justice to resolve agrarian disputes and conflicts . one of the land reform program is the prohibition of absentee ownership of agricultural land. The problem that then occurs is the existence of exceptions in absentee land ownership . The problems regarding the permissibility of absentee ownership of agricultural land by the Servants . The exception contained in Article 3 Paragraph (4) of Government Regulation No. 224 of 1961 on the implementation of Land Distribution and Provision of Compensation. Ownership and control of agricultural soils in absentee in Article 10 Paragraph (1) UUPA is basically prohibited, but in Article 3 Paragraph (4) PP No. 224 years 1961, the government granted an exemption absentee ownership of agricultural land to some legal subjects of the Servant , retired civil servants , widows and widows of civil servants retired civil servants.

scholarly journals The Social Structure of District School Students in the Kazan Governorate during the First Half of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
G.V. Ibneyeva ◽  
◽  
A.I. Shakirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, changes that took place in the social structure of district school students in the Kazan governorate during the first half of the 19th century were analyzed. It was shown that the social representation of district school students in the region under consideration changed under the influence of the government policy on education. With the help of numerous archival clerical documents, a complex study was performed to reconstruct the social image of a typical student attending any of the district schools in the Kazan governorate of that time. Based on the results of the comparative analysis of the available archival sources, a percentage ratio of students from different social classes was determined. Changes in the size of each social class were determined using mathematical methods. It was concluded that district schools of the Kazan governorate during the first half of the 19th century saw a gradual increase in the number of students representing various social classes (lower middle class, merchants, and peasants) from both urban and rural areas. At the same time, a rise in the number of students coming from the privileged social classes was also detected.

scholarly journals Kendala Pelaksanaan Landreform di Indonesia: Analisa terhadap Kondisi dan Perkembangan Berbagai Faktor Prasyarat Pelaksanaan Reforma Agraria

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
NFN Syahyuti
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Complete Data ◽  
New Order ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Reform Program ◽  
The Government

<strong>English</strong><br />Land reform program was once successful in Indonesia in 1960’s although it included only land area and limited number of receiving farmers. The New Order government never carried out land reform program explicitly, but it was substituted with programs of certification, transmigration, and Nucleus Estate Smallholders development. All of those programs aimed at enhancing people’s access to land ownership. The governments in the reform era improve some regulations related with agrarian reform but no real program of land reform. Theoretically, there are four imperative factors as prerequisites for land reform program, namely political will of the government, solid farmers’ organization, complete data, and sufficient budget. At present, all of those factors are still difficult to realize and, thus, land reform in Indonesia is hard to be implemented simultaneously. <br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Program landreform pernah dicoba diimplementasikan di Indonesia pada era tahun 1960-an, meskipun hanya mencakup luasan tanah dan petani penerima dalam jumlah yang sangat terbatas. Kemudian, sepanjang pemerintahan Orde Baru, landreform tidak pernah lagi diprogramkan secara terbuka, namun diganti dengan program pensertifikatan, transmigrasi, dan pengembangan Perkebunan Inti Rakyat, yang pada hakekatnya bertujuan untuk memperbaiki akses masyarakat terhadap tanah. Sepanjang pemerintahan dalam era reformasi, telah dicapai beberapa perbaikan dalam hukum dan perundang-undangan keagrariaan, namun tetap belum dijumpai program nyata tentang landreform. Secara teoritis, ada empat faktor penting sebagai prasyarat pelaksanaan landreform, yaitu kesadaran dan kemauan dari elit politik, organisasi petani yang kuat, ketersediaan data yang lengkap, serta dukungan anggaran yang memadai. Saat ini, kondisi keempat faktor tersebut masih dalam kondisi lemah, sehingga dapat dikatakan implementasi landreform secara serentak dan menyeluruh di Indonesia masih sulit diwujudkan.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF RECREATIONAL RESOURCES OF LIUDVINAVAS TO MEET SOCIAL AND CULTURAL NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Marija Beržanskienė ◽  
Vida Jakštienė ◽  
Nijolė Koncevičienė ◽  
Raminta Bakelytė ◽  
Laimutė Kaušikienė
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Local Form ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Government ◽  
Recreational Resources ◽  
The Town

Research background. Recreation as a phenomenon is gaining more and more attention from the government, scientists and other researchers. It is becoming more and more important to preserve population’s dynamic activity, energy and health because of a faster pace of life and increased workload. Any chosen form of recreation allows a person to get some rest, regain peace, relax from tension and worries, and experience new things, etc. This article examines the theoretical point of view of recreation and the need for it. The purpose of the conducted study was to determine the application of recreational resources of Liudvinavas to satisfy the needs of its residents. The problem of the research. Only little research has been conducted in rural areas, including Liudvinavas recreational environmental studies, its application for recreation. The purpose of the research. To analyse the application of recreational resources of Liudvinavas to satisfy the social and cultural needs of the community. Methods of the research. Quantitative and qualitative. Results and conclusions. Recreational potential in Liudvinavas is quite big but it requires detailed research to be done. Recreational potential in leisure, forests, cognitive and sports (active) recreation can be used without requiring big investments. Employing a recreational specialist in Liudvinavas who would be in charge of organising leisure (recreation) activities would help to meet the needs of local residents as well as those visiting the town. In the future it can be used to promote entrepreneurship. Usually a passive and local form of recreation is chosen, but the potential of Liudvinavas nature is great for the active forms of recreation as well. Respondents usually prefer recreational resources of nature such as forests, water and coastlines, natural heritage objects that are suitable for people’s leisure and entertainment. Therefore it is important to adapt all those resources of nature to be suitable to satisfy the recreational needs. Both younger and older residents of Liudvinavas would like to have more organised gatherings and activities, more recreation of sports and wellness, and the majority would prefer a lake shore that is nicely arranged and adapted for leisure. Keywords: recreation, globalization, recreational resources, natural resources.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN LARANGAN PEMILIKAN TANAH PERTANIAN SECARA ABSENTEE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Chandra Dewangga Marditya Putra
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Reform Program ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

Untuk menjadikan masyarakat tani yang adil dan makmur maka pemerintah melalui program landreform yang meliputi perombakan mengenai kepemilikan dan penguasaan tanah serta hubungan-hubungan hukum yang bersangkutan dengan penguasaan tanah. Sesuai dengan Pasal 10 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria telah mengamanahkan terkait larangan kepemilikan atas tanah pertanian secara absentee. Dengan adanya ketentuan tersebut diharapkan para pemegang hak atas tanah pertanian dapat mengusahakan atau mengerjakan sendiri tanah yang dimilikinya sehingga tanah-tanah pertanian memang menjadi produktif dan tidak terdapat tanah pertanian yang di biarkan atau absentee. Tujuan larangan absentee agar hasil yang diperoleh dari pengusahaan tanah sebagian besar dapat dinikmati oleh masyarakat desa tempat letak tanah. Fenomena larangan tanah absentee/guntai secara nyata terjadi, tetapi tidak dilakukan sanksi yang tegas.Kata kunci: absentee, kepemilikan hak atas tanah, pertanian, sanksi. To make a fair and prosperous farming community, the government through a Land Reform program which includes a reshuffle of land ownership and control as well as legal relations concerned with land tenure. In accordance with Article 10 paragraph (1) the Basic Agrarian Law mandates Absentee prohibitions on ownership of agricultural land. With the existence of these provisions it is expected that holders of agricultural land can cultivate or work on their own land so that agricultural lands are indeed productive and there is no agricultural land that is left or Absentee. The purpose of the Absentee ban is that the results obtained from the cultivation of land can be enjoyed mostly by rural communities where the land is located. The phenomenon of the prohibition of Absentee / guntai land actually occurred, but no strict sanctions were made.Keywords: absentee,ownership of rights to land, agriculture, sanctions.

“Thinking the Unthinkable”: The Prospect of Compulsory Sterilization in India

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Minkler
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Policy Statement ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Compulsory Sterilization ◽  
The Government ◽  
Demographic Impact ◽  
Medical Infrastructure

The National Population Policy Statement adopted by the Government of India in April 1976 gave states the mandate to adopt coercive and compulsory sterilization measures toward the end of bringing under control the nation's massive population growth. Many states have since adopted stringent measures which penalize couples having three or more children, and four states additionally have proposed legislation for compulsory sterilization. While the demographic impact of compulsory sterilization after the third child is undisputed, the administrative feasibility of such an undertaking has been widely questioned, particularly in light of the inadequacy of India's medical infrastructure in the rural areas. Critics further have raised questions concerning the social and ethical implications of compulsory sterilization and of measures which penalize the poor through means which may have adverse effects on their health and welfare. Finally, opponents of the new sterilization measures have suggested that they divert attention from the need for more basic changes in the nation's economic and social structure. While the need for bringing down India's continued high birth rate is widely recognized, alternative population measures—e.g. increased abortion facilities and an enforcement of the raised age at marriage-have been advocated in lieu of the compulsory sterilization measures currently being proposed.

Embassy of the Russian Empire in Berlin on the Socialist Movement in Germany in 1890–1898

2021 ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Anna Matveeva
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Democratic Movement ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Government ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
The Russian Empire

The study focuses on assessing the representativeness and relevance of diplomatic documents for the study of key aspects of German domestic politics. Three issues are central to the analysis of the documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire: the completeness of the indicated sources for understanding the factors of the German Empire’s inner policy; the assessment of the subjectivity of the author of diplomatic dispatches, i.e. how much the ambassador&apos;s personality determined the content of the dispatches that he sent to the ministry; the relevance of highlighting key issues of internal life in Germany from the point of view of Russian diplomats. Among constantly present in the messages, the most important was the problem of the socialist movement and the Social-Democratic Party’s activities. The socialists were mentioned for significant reasons: the repeal of the Law against the Socialists, the Berlin Conference on the Labor Protection (1890); elections to the Reichstag (1893, 1898); the Reichstag votes on issues important for Russia. The measures of counteraction to the socialists, discussed by the emperor and the government, also aroused interest. The study of archival documents (1890–1898) allows the author to draw the following conclusions. The dispatches adequately reflect the main trends in the socialist movement and the tactics of the SPD, therefore they can be used to study many internal problems faced by Germany in the course of its political evolution. The development of the social-democratic movement was rightly interpreted by Russian diplomats as one of the fundamental reasons for the internal instability of the German state during the reign of Wilhelm II. At the same time, the conclusion drawn by the diplomats can be primarily explained by the Russian imperial regime and its substantial characteristics, rather than the political realities within Germany itself. They considered parliamentarism, limiting the monarch actions (the state interests), to be the main reason for the high popularity and the broadest electoral support of the SPD. The key factor preventing the monarch from defeating the “coup parties” was defined as the activities of liberal political parties, which demanded the unconditional observance of the freedoms prescribed in the Сonstitution of 1871, as well as the prevention of the introduction of Exceptional Laws and other measures of an extraordinary nature.

Parental/Guardian Subsidization of Extra Tuition and the Marginalization of the Poor in Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
pp. 1459-1478
Author(s):  
David Makwerere ◽  
Donwell Dube
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Secondary School Education ◽  
The Government ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Historical Developments

This chapter focused on the issues of social exclusion in the education sector in Zimbabwe. The primary focus was on the primary and secondary school education systems in the country. Using the lenses of the social exclusion concepts, the chapter looked at how the inequalities are informed by a chain of historical developments including colonialism, the effects of the Structural Adjustment Programmes of the 1990s, and the effects of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme, as well as the Indigenization and Economic Empowerment acts. The chapter submits that the children in urban high-density areas, farming, and rural areas are victims of structural inequalities that have led to social exclusion in the education sector. There is the need for the Government of Zimbabwe to address these inequalities as a matter of urgency.

scholarly journals Design of a Development Index for Spanish Municipalities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8910
Author(s):  
Ana Nieto Masot ◽  
Gema Cárdenas Alonso ◽  
Ángela Engelmo Moriche
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Diversity ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Variables

Currently, the demographic vacuum and poor development suffered by most areas of Spain are some of the most worrying issues from a territorial point of view, which is why this study is necessary. In this paper, the objective is to create a Development Index with which to study the different realities of rural and urban spaces through demographic and socioeconomic variables of the Spanish municipalities. Principal Component Analysis is carried out, with whose results the index has been prepared. This is then explored with a Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis. The results show that most developed Spanish municipalities and most of the population are concentrated in coastal areas and in the main cities of the country. In opposition, there are interior rural areas with less developed municipalities at risk of disappearance due to their increasing ages and levels of depopulation. Thus, in this paper, new variables and methods are used in the study of the social and economic diversity of rural and urban areas, verifying the inequality that still exists between both.

scholarly journals The Challenges Saudi Women Face at Work

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lama Hakem
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Saudi Women ◽  
Government Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

While women have all the rights to work and be in charge of powerful positions, in some countries women continue to struggle to be accepted as empowered and productive individuals. In Saudi Arabia, women are facing many challenges with regard to formal political and social participation including their participation in the labor sector.  The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate the obstacles and the impediments that Saudi working women face in order to succeed.  This study examines the role of Saudi women in the labor sector and the job market taking into account the social barriers, the religious point of view, the government role, and cultural complexities. 

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