scholarly journals Radiosensitivitas Kalus Embriogenik Kopi Robusta Bp 436 Terhadap Iradiasi Sinar Gamma

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Meynarti Sari Dewi Ibrahim ◽  
Enny Randriani ◽  
Laela Sari ◽  
Anne Nuraini
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation

<p><em>High genetic diversity is one factor that determines the success of plant breeding. Mutation induction by gamma ray irradiation is one method to improve plant genetic diversity. This study aimed to 1) obtain growth regulators composition suitable in inducing embryogenic callus, 2) determine the effect of gamma ray irradiation on the growth and development of somatic embryos, and 3) obtain lethal dose (LD) <sub>20</sub> and <sub>50</sub> values in Robusta coffee  BP 436. The study was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute,  from May 2017 to December 2018. Explants used were young leaves of Robusta coffee BP 436. Callus induction used ½ MS media with 2,4-D (4.52 μM) and 2-iP (0.00; 4.93; 9.86; 14.79; and 19.72 μM) treatment. Mutation induction was performed using gamma radiation dosed at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 Gy treatments. The regeneration media was ½ MS containing GA<sub>3</sub> (0 and 1 mg/l). The study used a complete randomized design with 10 replications. The results showed the best combination of plant growth regulator to induce the callus was 2.4-D 4.52 μM + 2-iP 19.72 μM. The fresh weight of cultures was inhibited above 30 Gy, whereas the number of somatic embryos decreased at doses above 10 Gy. Addition of GA<sub>3</sub> 1 mg/l in regeneration media increased the number of somatic embryos in torpedo phase, but not in gamma irradiation exposed calluses. The LD<sub>20</sub> and LD<sub>50</sub> of Robusta coffee BP 436 are 16.81 and 28.52 Gy, respectively.</em></p>

scholarly journals Induksi Mutasi Kara Benguk (Mucuna pruriens L.) Menggunakan Iradiasi Sinar Gamma

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Siti Hartati Yusida Saragih ◽  
Khairul Rizal ◽  
Kamsia Dorliana Sitanggang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation ◽  
Number Of Leaves

<p>Breeding kara benguk with mutation induction techniques using gamma ray radiation is expected to produce genetic diversity. The purpose of the study is to determine the value of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) and obtain the genetic diversity of the kara benguk plant. The research was conducted at PAIR BATAN and Agrotechnology experiment, Universitas Labuhanbatu from May-July 2020. The planting material used was kara benguk seeds. The method used was Randomized Complete Group Design (RCGD) with one factor which was dose of irradiation with six levels (0, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 Gy) and three replications. Each replication consisted of 20 plants, so there are a total of 360 experimental plants. The results showed that the value of LD50 kara benguk in 3 weeks after planting was 281,472 Gy. Gamma ray irradiation increases the high genetic diversity of plants and the number of leaves at a dose of 350 Gy.</p>

scholarly journals Improving Performance of Coleus through Mutation Induction by Gamma Ray Irradiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Syarifah Iis Aisyah ◽  
Yodi Marthin ◽  
M. Rizal M. Damanik
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Coleus Blumei ◽  
Irradiation Treatment ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Short Time

The objective of this study is to study the effect of gamma ray irradiation (15, 30, 45, and 60 gray (Gy) to determine Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) values, and to obtain new Coleus variances in a relatively short time. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at Cikabayan experimental field, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga, Bogor in May to July 2013. Gamma irradiation treatment significantly affected height, number of leaves, and number of nodes. Increasing the dose level of gamma irradiation tend to inhibit plant growth. LD50 for yellow/green, green/brown, variegated green/brown of Coleus blumei, and Coleus amboinicus Lour were 48.66, 65.2, 52.81, and 37.62 Gy respectively. C. amboinicus  irradiated at a dose level of 45 Gy had different leaf shapes compared to control. Keywords:  Coleus, gamma ray irradiation, LD50 values, ornamental plant, torbangun

scholarly journals EVALUATION AND SELECTION FENOTYPE OF GARUT PLANT (Maranta arundinacea L.) WITH GAMMA RAY RADIATION TREATMENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Puspita Deswina ◽  
Sri Indrayani ◽  
Ambar Yuswi Perdani ◽  
Enung S Mulyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Radiation Treatments

ABSTRACT Garut (Maranta arundinaceae L.) is one crop a potential alternative source of carbohydrate that has enormous potential to be developed. Food made from arrowroot flour has the advantage that is easy to digest up to very good for health. These plants are generally propagated vegetative, so it has a narrow genetic diversity. To increase the genetic diversity of arrowroot plants, gamma ray irradiation was performed at the Center for Radiation and Isotopes, BATAN, at a dose of 10 to 140 Gy with intervals of 10.  Analysis of morphological changes and the selection was done by observing the characteristic changes of the plant began generating plant shoots up to a maximum plant growth or plant produces flowers. The research objective was to determine the optimal dose of irradiation in determining the LD 50 for expanding the arrowroot plant genetic diversity. The method used was completely randomized design with 15 treatments and two replications. Based on the results revealed that the radiation could be affect to the morphological characteristics of plants such as leaves, number of shoots, plant height and tubers production. Key words: gamma ray radiation, alternative food, Garut plant (Maranta arundinaceae L).

scholarly journals Pengaruh Iradiasi Sinar Gamma terhadap Pertumbuhan Stek Tunas Apikal dan Aksilar Kopi Arabika

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Meynarti Sari Dewi Ibrahim ◽  
Enny Randriani
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Apical Shoot ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation ◽  
Ld50 Value

<p><em>The Arabica coffee is predominantly self-pollinated plants thereby contributing to low genetic diversity. The effort to increase the genetic diversity of Arabica coffee through crossing strategy is time-consuming, and induce mutation is necessary to enhance the rate of genetic variation. The aims of this study were to observe the effect of gamma-ray irradiation on the growth of apical and axillary bud cuttings and to determine the value of LD<sub>50</sub> on apical cuttings and Arabica coffee axillaries. The study was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute, from January to December in 2018.. The planting material that was irradiated was Arabica coffee plantlets resulting from somatic embryogenesis propagation. Irradiation is carried out at the National Nuclear Energy Agency. The irradiated plantlets were cut and subcultured onto MS medium without growth regulators, 30 g L<sup>-1</sup> sucrose, and 2.5 g L<sup>-1</sup> phytagel were added. The design used a completely randomized design with 10 replications. The treatments tested were the dose of gamma-ray irradiation (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 Gy). The results showed that gamma-ray irradiation had an effect on all observed parameters. The mortality percentage of apical shoot cuttings began to be found at 30 Gy, while axillary cuttings at 20 Gy increased with an increasing dose of gamma-ray irradiation. The number of shoots and leaves varied between irradiation doses on both apical and axillary cuttings. The LD50 value of apical shoot cuttings was 36.80 Gy, while axillary cuttings were 22.24 Gy</em></p>

scholarly journals Keragaan Anggrek Persilangan ♀ Vanda Celebica X ♂ Vanda Dearei Hasil Iradiasi Sinar Gamma

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Sri Hartati ◽  
Ahmad Yunus ◽  
Fajar Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Dose Irradiation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Irradiation Treatment ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation

<p>Variation on orchid is an advantage that allows plant as breeding material. Orchid in plant breeding has a target to increase plant genetic diversity character who favored by the consumer. Efforts to increase genetic diversity among others by artificial mutation using gamma ray irradiation. This research aims to study the influence of gamma ray irradiation dose against the performance of morphology and growth of crossbred orchids ♀Vanda celebica x ♂Vanda dearei. Research using completely randomized design single factor that is dose gamma ray irradiation 0 Gray, 10 Gray, 20 Gray, 30 Gray, 40 Gray and 50 Gray. Data were analyzed descriptively, compared plant irradiation treatments with control plants to determine the effect of irradiation on morphology and growth plant. The results showed dose irradiation treatment increased the diversity of plant height, leaf amount, leaf length, leaf color changes, the amount and length of roots. 10 Gray dose irradiation increases as height and length plant leave. 30 Gray dose irradiation increase in the number of leaves. Leaf color change occurs at 20 irradiation treatments Gray and 50 Gray.</p>

scholarly journals ANALISIS KERAGAMAN DAN KEKERABATAN KACANG TUNGGAK (Vigna unguiculata L) GENERASI M2

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Yukarie Ayu Wulandari ◽  
Sobir Sobir ◽  
Syarifah Iis Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Kinship Analysis ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Cowpea Seeds ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation ◽  
Putative Mutant ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Cowpea (V. unguiculata L) has great potential as a nutritious food as a substitute for soybeans because it contains sufficient protein and low fat content. The diversity of cowpea is low so that need to increase diversity through the mutation induction of gamma ray irradiation. The study was carried out in the experimental garden of Pasir Kuda PKHT of IPB in February - May 2018 using a design of augmented in the Complete Group Design in a Randomized. The study was carried out using 90 putative mutant genotypes of M2 generation as the test genotype and KM4 genotype as a comparison which was repeated 10 times. The results showed that the M2 generation putative mutants showed diversity in the qualitative and quantitative characters of cowpea. High genetic diversity is shown in the character of plant height, harvest period, number of seeds / pods and weight of cowpea seeds / plants and high broad mean heritability values obtained on the character of stem length, flowering age, number of seeds / pods and weight of beans / plant nuts arrears. The result of kinship analysis showed thirteen different putative mutant genotypes with KM4 genotypes, namely T6599P, T8028P, T7525P, T7551P, T7520P, T6574P, T6533P, T7058P, T6577P, T6591P, T7062P, T7069P and T6561.

scholarly journals Induksi Mutasi Kalus Embriogenik Gandum (Triticum aestivum L.) melalui Iradiasi Sinar Gamma untuk Toleransi Suhu Tinggi

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Budi Setiawan ◽  
Nurul Khumaida ◽  
Diny Dinarti
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation

Mutation techniques through gamma ray irradiation is useful to support breeding programs for genetic improvement of wheat. Genetic improvement on tolerance to high temperatures is necessary for development of wheat in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of radiosensitivity to be used as the basis for the induction of mutations by gamma ray irradiation on embryogenic callus to obtain putative mutants with high temperature tolerance. Explants used were embryogenic callus cultured on MS medium containing 30 g L-1 sukrosa, 2 g L-1 gelrite, 2 mg L-1 2.4D and 1 mg L-1 picloram. Culture incubated for 6 weeks with temperature 20±4 oC in the room culture. Five irradiation doses (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Gy) were used in radiosensitivity testing. A factorial, completely randomized design was applied to the experiment. The first factor was selection temperature with three levels (25, 30 and 35 oC), and the second factor was doses of gamma ray iradiation with three levels (10, 20, and 30 Gy). The result showed that radiosensitivity levels varied among varieties, LD20: 7.79 to 18.96 Gy and LD50: 24.29-33.63 Gy. Selayar variety which has highest sensitivity value compared with Dewata and Nias. Increasing doses of iradiation and temperature decrease survival of embryogenic callus, number of embryos, and percentage of germinated plantlets. Based on in vitro selection using high temperature (25, 30, and 35 oC), the obtained 19 putative mutants were derived from embryos that appear on the surface of embryogenic callus survival after irradiation and high temperature selection.<br />Keywords: in vitro selection, putative mutant, radiosensitivity, somatic embryo

scholarly journals PENGARUH IRADIASI SINAR GAMMA [60Co] TERHADAP BACTROCERA CARAMBOLAE DREW & HANCOCK IN VITRO DAN IN VIVO

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Endang Sri Ratna ◽  
Kemas Usman ◽  
Indah Arastuti ◽  
Dadan Hindayana
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Bactrocera Carambolae ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation

Effect of gamma irradiation [60Co] against Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock in vitro and in vivo. Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock is one of the most important pests on guava fruit. According to a quarantine regulation in export-import commodities, irradiation treatment is a suitable methods for eradicating infested organism, which is relatively safe for the environment. The aim of this research was to determine mortality doses and an effective dose of [60Co] gamma ray irradiation for the eradication purpose, and its implication on the survival of fruit fly B. carambolae. Two irradiation methods of in vitro dan in vivo were carried out, by exposing egg and 3rd instar larvae of B. carambolae obtained from the laboratory reared insect. Eleven doses of gamma ray irradiation of 0, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 300, 450, and 600 Gy were applied, respectively. The level of 99% fruit fly mortality was estimated by the value of LD99 using probit analysis and the number of larvae, pupae and adult survival were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the means compared by Tukey’s test, at 5% of significance level. These result showed that the effective lethal dose (LD99) of irradiation that could be successful to eradicate eggs and 3rd instar larvae in vitro were 2225 and 2343 Gy and in vivo were 3165 dan 3177 Gy, respectively. Almost all of the treated larvae survived and developed to pupae, therefore only the minimum irradiation dose of 30 Gy allowed the pupae to develop into adults.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Keragaman Genetik Mutan Harapan Generasi MV1 Jeruk Keprok SoE (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Berdasarkan Penanda Morfologi dan ISSR

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Indriati Husain ◽  
Agus Purwito ◽  
Ali Husni ◽  
Kikin H. Mutaqin ◽  
Slamet Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Irradiation Dose ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation

<p class="Abstrak"><em>ABSTRACT</em><em></em></p><p><em>Mandarin’s SoE is national <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:54"></del>variety originated <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:55"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:55"></ins>from Mount of Mutis, Sub District of SoE, of Timur Tengah Selatan (TTS) District, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). The genetic diversity of citrus can be induced by gamma ray irradiation on embryogenic callus cells thus producing new mutants. <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:55"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:55"></ins><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:55"></ins><del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:56"></del>Genetic diversity detection can be <ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:56"></ins>based on morphological and ISSR markers. The aim of this research was <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:56"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:56"></ins>to obtain information on the genetic diversity <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:56"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:56"></ins>on putative mutants<ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:56"></ins> mandarin SoE induced by <ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:57"></ins>gamma ray irradiation <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:57"></del>based on morphology and markers ISSR. ISSR markers used are ISSR 1, 4, 6 and 8. Analysis of morphological diversity produced <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:57"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:57"></ins>a dendrogram with the level of similarity between individuals each irradiation dose 83-95% with <del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:57"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:57"></ins>5-17% genetic distance. Dendrogram analysis based on the genetic diversity ISSR markers showed high levels of 51-100% similarity and genetic distance 0-49%. Individuals<del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:57"></del> samples obtained from<del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:58"></del><del cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:58"></del><ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:58"></ins> gamma irradiation, based <ins cite="mailto:Windows%207" datetime="2016-10-31T15:58"></ins>both morphological and ISSR markers, was different from individual's genetic make up before irradiation.</em></p><p class="Abstrak"><em>Keywords</em><em>:</em><em> cluster, </em><em>gamma ray</em><em>, genetic distance, genetic diversity</em><em>s, </em><em>similarity</em></p><p class="Abstrak"> </p><p class="Abstrak">ABSTRAK</p><p>Jeruk keprok SoE adalah jeruk varietas unggul nasional yang berasal dari Pegunungan Mutis, Kecamatan SoE, Kabupaten Timur Tengah Selatan (TTS), Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Keragaman genetik jeruk ini dapat diinduksi dengan iradiasi sinar gamma pada sel-sel kalus embriogenik untuk menghasilkan mutan yang solid. Deteksi keragaman genetik yang terbentuk dapat dilakukan secara morfologi maupun molekuler dengan marka ISSR. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai keragaman genetik yang terjadi pada mutan harapan jeruk keprok SoE hasil iradiasi sinar gamma berdasarkan morfologi dan marka ISSR. Marka ISSR yang digunakan adalah ISSR 1, 4, 6 dan 8 pada beberapa mutan harapan jeruk keprok SoE. Analisis keragaman secara morfologi menghasilkan dendrogram dengan tingkat kemiripan antar individu masing-masing dosis iradiasi 83-95% dengan jarak genetik 5-17%. Dendrogram analisis keragaman genetik berdasar marka ISSR memperlihatkan tingkat kemiripan 51-100% dan jarak genetik 0-49%. Individu-individu sampel yang diuji hasil iradiasi gamma, baik secara morfologi dan marka ISSR, telah memiliki susunan genetik yang berbeda dari susunan genetik individu sebelum diiradiasi.</p><p>Kata kunci: grup, jarak genetik, kemiripan, keragaman, sinar gamma</p>

scholarly journals Morphological, Pomological, and Specific Molecular Marker Resources for Genetic Diversity Analyses in Fig (Ficus carica L.)

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1299-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader R. Abdelsalam ◽  
Rehab M. Awad ◽  
Hayssam M. Ali ◽  
Mohamed Z.M. Salem ◽  
Kamal F. Abdellatif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
The North ◽  
Young Leaves

Fig (Ficus carica L.) considers the original cultivated fruit trees and currently has become extinct. Such genetic resources should be identified, documented, and conserved. Morphology, pomology, and molecular markers are successful tools in assessing genetic diversity and classifying fig accessions. Twenty-one cultivated fig (F. carica L.) accessions were collected from Egypt and Libya. In Egypt, fig accessions are dispersed from Sinai in the east to El-Saloom in the west and from Alexandria in the north to Aswan in the south, whereas Libyan accessions were collected from Tubryq, Bengazi, and AlKufrah. Seventeen morphological, pomological, and fruit traits were used to characterize the fig accessions. Moreover, frozen young leaves were used to extract genomic DNA; 13 expressed sequence tag (EST) common fig primer pairs with 12 intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR)-anchored primers were used to detect the genetic diversity. Analysis of variance for fig accessions showed highly significant differences concerning morphological traits, i.e., the leaf length (centimeters) and width (centimeters) ranged from 5.4 and 6 cm to 23 and 23.5 cm, for Komesrey-El-Hammam, Abodey-Giza, and Black_Mission accessions, respectively. Also, fig accessions showed different shapes of leaf edge and fruits; they were categorized into four groups: straight, waved, zigzag, and serrated. The number of leaf lobes data ranged from one lobe for the ‘Green-yellow’, ‘Sultani Red Siwa’, and ‘Sultany Red Amria’ accessions to 10 lobes in the Aswany accession. The two-way hierarchical morphological cluster analysis distributed fig accessions into two main groups. The results detected high genetic diversity for the fig accessions that could be useful in the future breeding programs. Concerning molecular data, the EST markers showed highly polymorphism and informative (r = 0.61; 90.0%), with a total number of identified alleles of 78. We proved that a relatively greater number of alleles per locus characterizes the targeted loci among fig accessions, for which only one and two alleles per locus have been revealed, respectively, although ISSR showed a clear pattern and bands of the primers UBC807, UBC811, UBC812, UBC814, UBC815, UBC817, UBC818, and UBC823. In conclusion, a great range of variability was detected within the fig accessions. This diversification could enrich the genetic base of this genus, and more experiments are needed to reach its full potential.

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