scholarly journals THE PROFILE OF SUPEROXIDA DISMUTASE AND MALONDIALDEYDE LEVEL IN THE LIVER TISSUE OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC RATS TREATED WITH Holothuria nobilis POLYSACCHARIDE

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitrah Asma Ulhusna ◽  
Adi Winarto ◽  
Tutik Wresdiyati
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Cholesterol Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Immunohistochemical Technique ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Liver Tissues

The aim of this research was to analyze the profile of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) on the liver tissue of hypercholesterolemic rats which were given Holothuria nobilis polysaccharides (HNP). A total of 15 male rats strain Sprague Dawley were divided into prevention and curative groups. Prevention group consisted of negative/non-hypercholesterolemic group (K-), positive/hypercholesterolemic group (K+), and hypercholesterolemic prevention group which were given 1% cholesterol diet and HNP at dose of 400 mg/kg bw (PCh). The treatments were given for 28 days. The curative group was consisted of the hypercholesterolemic group, which was given 1% cholesterol diet for 28 days, then followed by standard diet for 28 days (Ch), and the hypercholesterolemia curative group which was given 1% cholesterol diet for 28 days, then followed by 400 mg/kg bw HNP for 28 days (ChP). The antioxidant activity of HNP was analyzed by DPPH method. At the end of study the liver tissue was collected and analyzed for MDA, SOD while Cu,Zn-SOD was analyzed by immunohistochemical technique. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of HNP was weak. The MDA level (µg/g) in K-, K+, PCh, Ch, and ChP groups were 1.19±0.6; 3.37±0.79; 0.29±0.14; 9.11±0.72; and 3.14±1.06, respectively. The SOD activities (U/g) in K-, K+, PCh, Ch, and ChP groups were 2141.11±83.88; 1541±211.69; 2096.67±166.66; 1063.33±88.19; 1685.55±167.77, respectively. The immuno reactivity of Cu,Zn-SOD showed that HNP could increase Cu,Zn-SOD in the liver tissues of both groups. This study concluded that the HNP increased SOD activity, Cu,Zn-SOD antioxidant content, and decreased MDA levels in the liver tissues of hypercholesterolemic rats in both preventive and curative groups.

The effect of hypercaloric diet and Quercetin on the full-transcriptome liver tissue profile of Zucker-LEPRfa rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 371-382
Author(s):  
Nikita V. Trusov ◽  
Sergey A. Apryatin ◽  
Aleksey Yu. Gorbachev ◽  
Vladimir A. Naumov ◽  
Kristina V. Mzhelskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Expression Of Genes

BACKGROUND: The peptidic hormone leptin (Lep) occupies a central place in the control of energy homeostasis and body weight in mammals. A convenient model for studying the role of impaired Lep reception is the Zucker-LEPRfa rats, which carry a mutation in the homozygote of the LEPR gene. Quercetin (Q; 3.3 ‘, 4’, 5.7-pentahydroxyflavone) is currently being considered as one of the promising biologically active substances, which allows to correct metabolic disorders in obesity and metabolic syndrome. AIM: to study changes in the expression of genes in liver tissue of rats with impaired receptivity of Lep under the influence of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet (HFCR) or/and Q supplementation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 4 groups of six male Zucker-LEPRfa male rats were used in experiment. Within 61 days the animals of the 1st group (control) received a balanced semi-synthetic diet, the second group received the same diet with the addition of quercetin in a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight, the third group — the HFCR (30% fat by dry weight and 20% fructose instead of water), the 4th group is the same diet and supplement of quercetin. Full transcriptional profiling of liver tissue was performed on microchips from the Gene Expression Hybridization Kit (Agilent Technologies), a real-time polymerase chain reaction combined with reverse transcription (RT-PCR) was performed for liver transcripts of Crot, FTO, NpY, Prdx1, Prom1, Ugt2b37 and GAPDH genes contained in liver tissue. RESULTS: It was shown that feeding of Zucker-LEPRfa rats with Q and/or HFCR led to significant changes in the level of transcription of 1604 genes in liver tissue, from which the effect of quercetin proper was manifested for 1396 genes. Changes were more pronounced in the transcriptome of liver tissue caused by HFCR, than caused by the addition of Q against the background of a standard diet. Q influenced the expression of genes responsible for xenobiotic detoxification processes (UGT2b37), redox homeostasis (Prdx1), beta-oxidation of fatty acids (Crot), and central mechanisms affecting hunger and satiety (NpY), and potentiated, or abolished the effects of HFCR against a number of other functionally important genes. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the influence of HFCR and/or Q on 23 metabolic pathways (KEGGS), of which 7 (the metabolism of steroids, arachidonic and linoleic acids, retinoids, drugs and xenobiotics (due to cytochrome P-450), bile secretion) were affected in all experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the transcriptome of the liver of Zucker-LEPRfa rats, caused by consumption of HFCR and/or Q, were consistent with experimental data on changes in short-term memory, anxiety and mineral metabolism in these animals.

scholarly journals Diet-Dependent Changes of the DNA Methylome Using a Göttingen Minipig Model for Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Feng ◽  
S. Cirera ◽  
E. Taşöz ◽  
Y. Liu ◽  
L. H. Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Differential Methylation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Cholesterol Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Differentially Methylated Genes

Objective: Environmental factors can influence obesity by epigenetic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate obesity-related epigenetic changes and the potential for reversal of these changes in the liver of Göttingen minipigs subjected to diet interventions.Methods: High-throughput liquid hybridization capture-based bisulfite sequencing (LHC-BS) was used to quantify the methylation status of gene promotor regions in liver tissue in three groups of male castrated Göttingen minipigs: a standard chow group (SD, N = 7); a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet (FFC, N = 10) and a group fed high fat/fructose/cholesterol diet during 7 months and reversed to standard diet for 6 months (FFC/SD, N = 12). Expression profiling by qPCR of selected metabolically relevant genes was performed in liver tissue from all pigs.Results: The pigs in the FFC diet group became morbidly obese. The FFC/SD diet did not result in a complete reversal of the body weight to the same weight as in the SD group, but it resulted in reversal of all lipid related metabolic parameters. Here we identified widespread differences in the patterning of cytosine methylation of promoters between the different feeding groups. By combining detection of differentially methylated genes with a rank-based hypergeometric overlap algorithm, we identified 160 genes showing differential methylation in corresponding promoter regions in the FFC diet group when comparing with both the SD and FFC/SD groups. As expected, this differential methylation under FFC diet intervention induced de-regulation of several metabolically-related genes involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism, inflammatory response and fibrosis generation. Moreover, five genes, of which one is a fibrosis-related gene (MMP9), were still perturbed after diet reversion.Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potential of exploring diet-epigenome interactions for treatment of obesity.

scholarly journals Tualang honey improves non alcoholic steatohepatitis animal model

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azril Shahreez Abdul Ghani ◽  
Nor Zamzila Abdullah ◽  
Siti Aesah @ Naznin Muhammad ◽  
Roslina Abdul Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Cholesterol Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Alcoholic Steatohepatitis ◽  
Tualang Honey

Introduction: Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is an emerging chronic liver disease with limited therapy available. Studies utilizing animal models induced with cholesterol diet ranging from 1-2% are hampered by inconsistent yield of NASH features. Therefore, we aimed to establish a NASH animal model utilizing 12% cholesterol diet (CD) and to investigate the effects of Tualang honey (TH) known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties in this model. Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups (12% CD and standard diet) and were fed for 6 weeks. Following the establishment of NASH, the rats in the 12% CD group were subsequently divided into 3 groups. The first group was continued with only 12% CD. In the other 2 groups in addition to the 12% CD they were given TH treatment at different concentrations (1.2 and 2.4 g/kg/day) for 4 weeks. Blood biochemical analysis and histological assessment of liver were subsequently performed. Results: The liver histological sections of the rats fed with 12% CD showed macrovesicular steatosis, ballooning degeneration with lobular and portal inflammation. They also had increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Meanwhile, the TH treatment groups exhibited significant improvement in both the NASH grading and activity scores. The ALT, LDL-C, TC, triglyceride (TG), fasting insulin and HOMA-IR levels were reduced significantly. Conclusions: The 12% CD was able to induce NASH in the animal model. Tualang honey improved insulin sensitivity, dyslipidaemia, steatohepatitis.

scholarly journals Integrated evaluation of oxidation-reduction processes in rat liver tissues on the background of a mechanical eye injury

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
О. N. Pavlova ◽  
O. N. Gulenko ◽  
E. S. Korovina ◽  
V. V. Zaytsev
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Integral Assessment ◽  
Liver Tissues

As a result of mechanical trauma to the eye and damage to the blood-ophthalmic barrier, an inflammatory process occurs and, as a result, oxidative stress is a state of the body that develops against the background of an overproduction of free radicals, with a violation of the effectiveness of antioxidant protection. The aim of the study was to study the dynamics of oxidative stress coefficients for the integral assessment of the antioxidant status of rat liver tissues under oxidative stress induced by mechanical eye trauma. The study was carried out on outbred white sexually mature healthy male rats of six months of age, weighing 220–240 g in the amount of 150 pieces. For the integral assessment of oxidative homeostasis in rats, the coefficients of oxidative stress were used: a coefficient expressing the ratio of catalase activity to SOD activity; antioxidant-prooxidant index (API), which expresses the ratio of catalase activity to MDA concentration; the coefficient of the ratio of the concentration of MDA to the concentration of DC and the local antioxidant index (LAI), which is the ratio of the product of the activities of catalase and SOD to the concentration of MDA. The study found that the antioxidant status of rat liver tissue under oxidative stress caused by mechanical trauma of the eye is most effectively stabilized by standard therapy of mechanical trauma of the eye with the addition of quercetin in the form of injections. 

Hypercholesterolemia Inhibits Angiogenesis in Response to Hindlimb Ischemia

Circulation ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 102 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junli Duan ◽  
Toyoaki Murohara ◽  
Hisao Ikeda ◽  
Atsushi Katoh ◽  
Satoshi Shintani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
High Cholesterol Diet ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Cholesterol Diet ◽  
Hindlimb Ischemia ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Arginine Supplementation

Background —Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO) plays an important role in the regulation of angiogenesis, whereas hypercholesterolemia (HC) impairs EDNO release. We examined the hypothesis that HC may inhibit ischemia-induced angiogenesis by inhibition of EDNO in a rat model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia and that oral l -arginine supplementation, a substrate for NO synthase, may prevent HC-related impairment of angiogenesis. Methods and Results —Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed (A) standard diet (control), (B) 2% high-cholesterol diet (HC group), or (C) high-cholesterol diet with oral l -arginine (2.25% in drinking water) (HC+L-arg group). At 2 weeks of the dietary intervention, unilateral limb ischemia was surgically induced in all animals. Dietary HC groups (B and C) revealed elevated total and LDL cholesterol levels compared with control animals. Laser Doppler blood flow analyses showed significant decreases in the ischemic/normal limb blood flow ratio in the HC group compared with controls ( P <0.05) when followed up until 4 weeks after surgery. Selective angiography and immunohistochemical analyses in the ischemic limb at postoperative day 14 revealed significantly lower angiographic scores ( P <0.01) and capillary densities ( P <0.01) in the HC group than controls, which were associated with decreased tissue contents of NO x and cGMP. Oral l -arginine supplementation (HC+L-arg) significantly improved all parameters of the laser Doppler blood perfusion ratio, angiographic scores, and capillary densities ( P <0.01 versus HC group), which were accompanied by significant elevations in serum l -arginine levels and tissue NO x and cGMP contents. Conclusions —Collateral vessel formation and angiogenesis in response to hindlimb ischemia were significantly attenuated in rats with dietary HC. The mechanism may be related to the reduced NO bioactivity in the ischemic tissues. Augmentation of the tissue NO activity by oral l -arginine supplementation restored the impaired angiogenesis in HC.

scholarly journals The Effect of Rat Strain, Diet Composition and Feeding Period on the Development of a Nutritional Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats

2011 ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. KUČERA ◽  
T. GARNOL ◽  
H. LOTKOVÁ ◽  
P. STAŇKOVÁ ◽  
Y. MAZUROVÁ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. The aim of this work was to establish and characterize a nutritional model of NAFLD in rats. Wistar or Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed ad libitum a standard diet (ST-1, 10 % kcal fat), a medium-fat gelled diet (MFGD, 35 % kcal fat) and a high-fat gelled diet (HFGD, 71 % kcal fat) for 3 or 6 weeks. We examined the serum biochemistry, the hepatic malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH) and cytokine concentration, the respiration of liver mitochondria, the expression of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) mRNA in the liver and histopathological samples. Feeding with MFGD and HFGD in Wistar rats or HFGD in Sprague-Dawley rats induced small-droplet or mixed steatosis without focal inflammation or necrosis. Compared to the standard diet, there were no significant differences in serum biochemical parameters, except lower concentrations of triacylglycerols in HFGD and MFGD groups. Liver GSH was decreased in rats fed HFGD for 3 weeks in comparison with ST-1. Higher hepatic malondialdehyde was found in both strains of rats fed HFGD for 6 weeks and in Sprague-Dawley groups using MFGD or HFGD for 3 weeks vs. the standard diet. Expression of UCP-2 mRNA was increased in Wistar rats fed MFGD and HFGD for 6 weeks and in Sprague-Dawley rats using HFGD for 6 weeks compared to ST-1. The present study showed that male Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats fed by HFGD developed comparable simple steatosis without signs of progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis under our experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Long-term consequences of under-nutrition during suckling on glucose tolerance and lipoprotein profile in female and male rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1030-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliana López-Soldado ◽  
Maria Angeles Munilla ◽  
Emilio Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Epididymal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Β Cell Function

To determine the effect of under-nutrition during suckling in adults, at delivery female Sprague Dawley rats were allowed to lactate litters of either eight (controls) or sixteen pups each (large litter, LL). The amount of milk taken by LL pups was less than the controls and the concentration of triacylglycerols (TG) in the milk of the former was lower. The increase of both body weight and length in LL was lower than in the controls during suckling. At weaning, pups were allowed to eat ad libitum a standard diet and whereas at 20 months female body weight did not differ between LL and control rats, LL males weighed less than controls. Plasma NEFA were lower in male LL than in controls at 10 months, leptin at 10 and 16 months and TG and VLDL-TG at 20 months, with no differences in females. When 20 months old, lumbar and epididymal adipose tissue weights were lower in male LL than in controls, but not in females. The increase in plasma insulin after oral glucose load was lower in LL than in controls, both in males and females at 4 and 16 months, and only in males at 10 months, whereas the change in plasma glucose remained constant between the groups. Results indicate that both the pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue metabolism are independently programmed as a consequence of under-nutrition during suckling, the effect being more manifest for males than for females.

The effect of bee pollen on reproductive and biochemical parameters in methotrexate-induced testicular damage in adult rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozlem Saral ◽  
Eda Dokumacioglu ◽  
Sinan Saral ◽  
Aysegul Sumer ◽  
Ozgur Bulmus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Testosterone Level ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Testicular Damage ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Bee Pollen ◽  
Testicular Injury

AbstractObjectivesMethotrexate (MTX) is an anticancer drug used in chemotherapy. MTX was known for its toxic effects involving most of the organs including testis. Bee pollen is healthy food for human and has antioxidant effect. We intended to determine protective effect of bee pollen against testicular injury caused by MTX in rats.MethodsThirty-two adult Sprague Dawley male rats were used, and 4 groups were formed: control, MTX, pollen, and MTX + pollen. Rats were given pollen at a dose of 400 mg/kg with intragastric gavage for 10 days. On day 7, MTX was administered a single dose of 30 mg/kg ip. Serum testosterone and LH, tissue MDA level, and SOD and CAT enzyme activities were examined. In addition, spermatological parameters were evaluated.ResultsMDA level and SOD activity increased while testosterone level decreased significantly in the MTX group compared to the control group. In the MTX + pollen group, MDA level and SOD activity decreased while testosterone level increased. There was no significant change in CAT activity and LH values. Abnormal sperm ratio decreased in the MTX + pollen group compared to the MTX group.ConclusionsOur results suggest that bee pollen has a healing effect on reproductive parameters in testicular damage caused by MTX.

scholarly journals The phytochemical and pharmacological screening of three crude extracts of Desmodium canum (strong back)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby Lisa Alexander-Lindo ◽  
Roy Barrington Reynolds Porter ◽  
Chuckwuemeka Rapheal Nwokocha ◽  
Kemmoy Godfrey Lattibeaudiere
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Haemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Dpph Method

Abstract Introduction Desmodium canum (Strong Back) is deemed a versatile traditional medicine, where it is used to treat diabetes, hypertension, asthma and erectile dysfunction. Aim To identify the various phytochemicals present within extracts of D. canum, their antioxidant capabilities and their effects on blood glucose levels, haemodynamic parameters and testosterone levels in healthy Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats. Method Crude extracts were obtained using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. These were analysed for various phytochemicals and their antioxidant potential assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The extracts were investigated for hypoglycaemic potential using the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), where extracts were administered intravenously (50 mg/kg BW) to fasted rats and their blood glucose readings monitored at 30 min intervals. The hypotensive effect of the extracts were also investigated where rats were administered intravenously at 50 mg/kg BW. These haemodynamic parameters were monitored using the CODA 6 machine at 5 min intervals for a total of 20 min. Additionally, the effect on testosterone level was investigated in male rats where extracts were administered daily by oral gavage. Serum testosterone levels were then determined using an ELISA kit. Results The different extracts showed varying phytochemical and pharmacological properties. The methanol extract showed antioxidant capabilities, while the ethyl acetate extract showed significant hypoglycaemic and hypotensive effects when compared with the control. The hexane extract showed significant activity in increasing the testosterone when compared with the control. Conclusion D. canum extracts showed significant pharmacological activities in normal Sprague- Dawley rats.

scholarly journals Estrogen Deficiency Potentiates Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Sprague-Dawley Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Hee Lee ◽  
Ji Yeon Son ◽  
Kyeong Seok Kim ◽  
Yoo Jung Park ◽  
Hae Ri Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Fibrosis ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Estrogen Deficiency ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by persistent deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and occurs in chronic liver diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether estrogen deficiency (ED) potentiates hepatic fibrosis in a thioacetamide (TAA)-treated rat model. Fibrosis was induced via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of TAA (150 mg/kg/day) for four weeks in ovariectomized (OVX) female, sham-operated female, or male rats. In TAA-treated OVX rats, the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were significantly increased compared to those in TAA-treated sham-operated OVX rats or TAA-treated male rats. Furthermore, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was significantly increased compared to that in TAA-treated sham-operated rats. This was accompanied by the appearance of fibrosis biomarkers including vimentin, collagen-I, and hydroxyproline, in the liver of TAA-treated OVX rats. In addition, ED markedly reduced total glutathione (GSH) levels, as well as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in TAA-treated OVX rats. In contrast, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were elevated in TAA-treated OVX rats. Apoptosis significantly increased in TAA-treated OVX rats, as reflected by elevated p53, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase 3 levels. Significant increases in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were exhibited in TAA-treated OVX rats, and this further aggravated fibrosis through the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad pathway. Our data suggest that ED potentiates TAA-induced oxidative damage in the liver, suggesting that ED may enhance the severity of hepatic fibrosis in menopausal women.

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