scholarly journals The phytochemical and pharmacological screening of three crude extracts of Desmodium canum (strong back)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby Lisa Alexander-Lindo ◽  
Roy Barrington Reynolds Porter ◽  
Chuckwuemeka Rapheal Nwokocha ◽  
Kemmoy Godfrey Lattibeaudiere
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Haemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Dpph Method

Abstract Introduction Desmodium canum (Strong Back) is deemed a versatile traditional medicine, where it is used to treat diabetes, hypertension, asthma and erectile dysfunction. Aim To identify the various phytochemicals present within extracts of D. canum, their antioxidant capabilities and their effects on blood glucose levels, haemodynamic parameters and testosterone levels in healthy Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats. Method Crude extracts were obtained using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. These were analysed for various phytochemicals and their antioxidant potential assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The extracts were investigated for hypoglycaemic potential using the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), where extracts were administered intravenously (50 mg/kg BW) to fasted rats and their blood glucose readings monitored at 30 min intervals. The hypotensive effect of the extracts were also investigated where rats were administered intravenously at 50 mg/kg BW. These haemodynamic parameters were monitored using the CODA 6 machine at 5 min intervals for a total of 20 min. Additionally, the effect on testosterone level was investigated in male rats where extracts were administered daily by oral gavage. Serum testosterone levels were then determined using an ELISA kit. Results The different extracts showed varying phytochemical and pharmacological properties. The methanol extract showed antioxidant capabilities, while the ethyl acetate extract showed significant hypoglycaemic and hypotensive effects when compared with the control. The hexane extract showed significant activity in increasing the testosterone when compared with the control. Conclusion D. canum extracts showed significant pharmacological activities in normal Sprague- Dawley rats.

scholarly journals The Isolation of Hypoglycaemic Compounds from Desmodium canum and Their Synergistic Effect on Blood Glucose Levels in Euglycaemic Sprague Dawley Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kemmoy Lattibeaudiere ◽  
Roy Porter ◽  
Ruby Lisa Alexander-Lindo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Hypoglycaemic Activity

Desmodium canum (Strong back) commonly consumed as a tea or tonic is believed to possess hypoglycaemic activity. This paper sets out to isolate potential hypoglycaemic compounds present within the plant and investigate their synergistic effects on blood glucose levels in euglycaemic Sprague Dawley rats. The milled plant was sequentially extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The ethyl acetate extract was subjected to column chromatography yielding seven major fractions and were subsequently bioassayed using the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Further chromatographic separation and analysis using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy enabled the identification of two hypoglycaemic compounds, oleic acid (OA) and succinic acid (SA). These were bioassayed individually and as a cocktail to determine the synergistic effects using OGTT. Intravenous administration of these compounds individually indicated both are very potent in retarding blood glucose levels. However, the most significant activity was observed on synergistic administration. The cocktail (1 : 1) displayed significant hypoglycaemic activity throughout the entire study. It also significantly differed from OA at the 120 min interval (3.43 ± 0.22 mmol/L vs. 4.98 ± 0.19 mmol/L, resp., p = 4.29 × 10 − 7 ) and significantly differed from SA at 30 min (3.95 ± 0.43 mmol/L vs. 5.17 ± 0.32 mmol/L, resp., p = 0.003 ), 90 min (4.35 ± 0.36 mmol/L vs. 5.49 ± 0.69 mmol/L, resp., p = 0.04 ), and 120 min intervals (3.43 ± 0.22 mmol/L vs. 4.94 ± 0.31, resp., p = 1.54 × 10 − 5 ). Oral administration of the cocktail showed comparable potency to that of metformin ( p > 0.05 ) throughout the OGTT curve. The synergistic effects of the naturally isolated compounds yielded higher potency levels than individual administration and when administered orally, the hypoglycaemic effect was similar to that of metformin. This may assist in paving a way to attempt a novel method in approaching antidiabetic therapy.

scholarly journals Pengaruh suplementasi β-carotene terhadap kadar glukosa darah dan kadar malondialdehida pada tikus sprague dawley yang diinduksi Streptozotocin

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Elida Soviana ◽  
Banundari Rachmawati ◽  
Nyoman Suci Widyastiti
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Decrease Blood Glucose ◽  
Β Carotene

Background : Hyperglycemia on diabetes mellitus can cause increasing of free radicals production. Free radicals caused lipid peroxidation reaction by forming malondialdehyde (MDA). β-carotene has antioxidant activity may inhibit the formation of ROS.Objective : To prove the effect of multilevel doses β-carotene 1 mg/kg BW, 20 mg/kg BW and 20 mg/kg BW on alternate days within 30 days orally supplementation on blood glucose level and MDA level on Sprague Dawley male rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Methods : Thirty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: X1=Negative control/diabetic, X2 (STZ 40 mg/kg BW + BC 1 mg/kg BW), X3 (STZ 40 mg/kg BW + BC 10mg/kg BW), X4 (STZ 40 mg/kg BW + BC 20 mg/kg BW), X5 (technic control/non diabetic). β-Carotene supplementation was given by nasogastric tube on alternate days within thirty days. Blood glucose level was measured by GOD-PAP and MDA level by ELISA with TBARS methods. Data was analized using paired t-test, wilcoxon, one way anova and post hoc bonferroni. Results : there was a significant difference of blood glucose level (p = 0,0001) and MDA level (p = 0,0001) after suplementation β-carotene on alternate days within 30 days orally. β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW was the most effective and efficient dose to lowering blood glucose, while 20 mg/kg BW to lowering MDA level. Conclusion : The multilevel doses β-carotene (1 mg/kg BW, 10 mg/kg BW and 20 mg/kg BW) on alternate days within 30 days orally supplementation can decrease blood glucose and MDA level. β-carotene 10 mg/kg BW is the most effecetive and efficient to decrease blood glucose and β-carotene 20 mg/kg BW to decrease MDA level.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant potential of Euphorbia cotinifolia linn. leaf extracts

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jayalakshmi ◽  
K.A. Raveesha ◽  
K.N. Amruthesh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Ic50 Values

Antibacterial activity of aqueous and solvent extracts of E. cotinifolia leaves were tested against some human pathogenic bacteria viz. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus by agar cup diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Antioxidant properties were evaluated for different solvent extracts by diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide methods and IC50 values were calculated and compared with the standard ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole. Among the aqueous and organic solvent extracts, methanol and ethyl acetate, showed significant activity against B. subtilis and E. aerogenes which recorded a maximum inhibition zone of 17.25 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts for different bacteria ranged from 0.3- 1.25 mg/mL. In DPPH method, IC50 values of chloroform, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol were found to be 15, 17, 18 and 19 mg/mL, respectively, lesser than the standard, ascorbic acid (25 mg/mL). Phytochemical analysis of aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanol extract showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and steroids. Further work is in progress to isolate the active compound(s).

scholarly journals The Production of Testosterone and Gene Expression in Neonatal Testes of Rats Exposed to Diisoheptyl Phthalate During Pregnancy is Inhibited

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Ji ◽  
Zina Wen ◽  
Chaobo Ni ◽  
Qiqi Zhu ◽  
Yiyan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cell ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Gestational Exposure ◽  
Phthalate Plasticizer ◽  
Neonatal Testis

Background: Diisoheptyl phthalate (DIHP) is a phthalate plasticizer, which is a branched phthalate. Here, we reported the effects of gestational exposure to DIHP on testis development in male rats.Methods: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were orally fed with vehicle (corn oil, control) or DIHP (10, 100, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg) from gestational day (GD) 12–21. At GD21, serum testosterone levels, the number and distribution of fetal Leydig cells, and testicular mRNA and protein levels, the incidence of multinucleated gonocytes, and focal testicular hypoplasia in the neonatal testis were measured.Results: DIHP increased the fetal Leydig cell cluster size and decreased the fetal Leydig cell size with LOAEL of 10 mg/kg. DIHP did not affect the fetal Leydig cell number. DIHP significantly lowered serum testosterone levels, down-regulated the expression of steroidogenesis-related genes (Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3) and testis descent-related gene (Insl3) as well as protein levels of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) and insulin-like 3 (INSL3). DIHP dose-dependently increased the percentage of multinucleated gonocytes with the low observed adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of 100 mg/kg. DIHP induced focal testicular hypoplasia.Conclusion: Gestational exposure to DIHP causes testis dysgenesis in rats.

scholarly journals Myrmecodia platytyrea Methanol Tuber Extract Ameliorates Hyperglycemia In STZ-Induced Diabetic Sprague-Dawley Male Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 338-348
Author(s):  
Mizaton Hazizul Hasan ◽  
Hasbullani Zakaria ◽  
Ibtisam Abdul Wahab ◽  
Thellie Ponto ◽  
Aishah Adam
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Tuber Extract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the main non-communicable chronic diseases that has many complications that compromise the quality of life. Hence, the need to find alternatives to replace the current therapy or as an adjuvant. Tubers of Myrmecodia platytytrea (Rubiaceae) has been used traditionally as an alternative therapy for the management of cancer and other inflammatory-related disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the potency of M. platytytrea methanolic tuber extract (MPMTE) as an antihyperglycemic agent, in vivo. :The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were treated orally with MPMTE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and metformin (positive control, 100 mg/kg) daily for 14 days. Blood glucose level and other biochemistry analysis were conducted including histological examination on liver, kidney and pancreas.  The STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with MPMTE (200 and 400 mg/kg) had significant decreased (p<0.05) in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with no significant changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to STZ-induced untreated diabetic rats. Liver, kidney and pancreas were devoid of any damage caused by STZ.  MPMTE had strong antihyperglycaemic activity and was protective against any STZ-induced organ damage. Thus, MPMTE can be further developed into an adjuvant therapy for diabetic patients.

Morphological analysis of the hindbrain glucose sensor-hypothalamic neural pathway activated by hindbrain glucoprivation

Endocrinology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marimo Sato ◽  
Shiori Minabe ◽  
Takahiro Sakono ◽  
Fumie Magata ◽  
Sho Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Sensor ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Neural Pathway ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Glucose Availability

Abstract Lowered glucose availability, sensed by the hindbrain, has been suggested to enhance gluconeogenesis and food intake as well as suppress reproductive function. In fact, our previous histological and in vitro studies suggest that hindbrain ependymal cells function as a glucose sensor. The present study aimed to clarify the hindbrain glucose sensor-hypothalamic neural pathway activated in response to hindbrain glucoprivation to mediate counterregulatory physiological responses. Administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), an inhibitor of glucose utilization, into the fourth ventricle (4V) of male rats for 0.5 h induced mRNA expression of c-fos, a marker for cellular activation, in ependymal cells in the 4V, but not in the lateral ventricle, the third ventricle or the central canal without a significant change in blood glucose and testosterone levels. Administration of 2DG into the 4V for 1 h significantly increased blood glucose levels, food intake, and decreased blood testosterone levels. Simultaneously, the expression of c-Fos protein was detected in the 4V ependymal cells; dopamine β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells in the C1, C2, and A6 regions; neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA-positive cells in the C2; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA-positive cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN); and NPY mRNA-positive cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Taken together, these results suggest that lowered glucose availability, sensed by 4V ependymal cells, activates hindbrain catecholaminergic and/or NPY neurons followed by CRH neurons in the PVN and NPY neurons in the ARC, thereby leading to counterregulatory responses, such as an enhancement of gluconeogenesis, increased food intake, and suppression of sex steroid secretion.

Selective breeding for diet-induced obesity and resistance in Sprague-Dawley rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (2) ◽  
pp. R725-R730 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Levin ◽  
A. A. Dunn-Meynell ◽  
B. Balkan ◽  
R. E. Keesey
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

In outbred Sprague-Dawley rats, about one-half develop diet-induced obesity (DIO) on a diet relatively high in fat and energy (HE diet). The rest are diet resistant (DR), gaining weight and fat at the same rate as chow-fed controls. Here we selectively bred for high (DIO) and low (DR) weight gainers after 2 wk on HE diet. By the F5 generation, both male and female inbred DIO rats gained > 90% more weight than inbred DR rats on HE diets. Even on low-fat chow diet, DIO males were 31% and females were 22% heavier than their respective DR rats. Full metabolic characterization in male rats showed that weight-matched, chow-fed DIO-prone rats had similar energy intakes and feed efficiency [body weight (kg0.75)/energy intake (kcal)] but 44% more carcass fat than comparable DR-prone rats. Their basal plasma insulin and glucose levels in the fed state were 70 and 14% higher, respectively. But, when fasted, DIO-prone oral glucose tolerance results were comparable to DR-prone rats. Chow-fed DIO-prone males also had 42% greater 24-h urine norepinephrine levels than DR-prone males. During 2 wk on HE diet, DIO rats ate 25% more, gained 115% more weight, had 36% more carcass fat, and were 42% more feed efficient than comparable DR rats. Fasted HE diet-fed DIO rats developed frank glucose intolerance during a glucose tolerance test with 55 and 158% greater insulin and glucose areas under the curve, respectively. Thus the DIO and DR traits in the outbred Sprague-Dawley population appear to be due to a polygenic pattern of inheritance.

scholarly journals The Effects of Chronic Ingestion of Mercuric Chloride on Fertility and Testosterone Levels in Male Sprague Dawley Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Heath ◽  
Y. Abdelmageed ◽  
Tim D. Braden ◽  
Hari O. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Mercury Compounds ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Sperm Counts

Although male infertility is well researched, the effects of inorganic mercury on male reproduction and fertility are less well known. Studies pertaining to mercury and male fertility identified reduced concentration of testosterone in the serum of male workers, a toxic influence on fertility of organic mercury compounds within concentrations at the workplace, and increased days to pregnancy. We evaluated the effect of chronic mercuric chloride (HgCl2) exposure in male rats on reproductive endpoints. Thirty-day old male Sprague Dawley rats (n=31) were exposed to 0.0, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg/day of HgCl2via gavage. After 60 days exposure, they were housed with nonexposed females for 21 days. A survivor analysis revealed the exposed animals took longer to impregnate the females and had a lower rate of impregnation. Further statistical analysis revealed a lower correlation between testicular testosterone levels and days to impregnate, and also lower sperm counts in the epididymis head and body of the exposed males. The results indicate that HgCl2exposure had significant adverse effects on male rat reproduction endpoints including fertility at a dose that was not clinically toxic.

scholarly journals Effect of shell as natural testosterone boosters in Sprague Dawley rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1677-1681
Author(s):  
Pudji Astuti ◽  
Claude Mona Airin ◽  
Sarmin Sarmin ◽  
Alfarisa Nururrozi ◽  
Sri Harimurti
Keyword(s):  
Testosterone Level ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Green Mussel ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Blood Clam ◽  
Conch Shell

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of shell supplementation on the regulation of male reproduction in rats. Materials and Methods: The zinc (Zn) level of shell from blood clam (Anadara granosa), green mussel (Perna viridis), and conch shell (Telescopium telescopium) was analyzed. The highest Zn content shell was fed to male Sprague Dawley rats for 0, 9, 30, and 50 days at the dose of either 0.09 mg/200 g BW or 0.18 mg/200 g BW. To determine the testosterone levels, blood was collected through the infraorbitalis sinus just before the rat was sacrificed. Testicular and brain were also collected for Cyp19 aromatase receptor analysis. Results: The Zn level in the shell of blood clam, green mussel, and conch shell 61.55 mg/kg, 2.78 mg/kg, and 3.93 mg/kg, respectively. The testosterone level of T1 group receiving 0.18 mg/200 g BW for 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 1.42±0.59, 2.15±1.58, 2.98±2.53, and 8.11±2.03 ng/mL, respectively. The testosterone level of T2 group receiving 0.09 mg/200 g BW for 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 2.50±0.32, 1.25±0.60, 3.87±3.27, and 3.54±0.23 ng/mL, respectively. The T3 group receiving Na-CMC showed the level of testosterone at days 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 0.77±0.22, 1.99±1.65, 4.12±0.07, and 2.19±1.30 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the T4 group receiving Zn showed testosterone levels at days 0, 9, 30, and 50 days was 0.51±0.58, 2.24±3.16, 4.58±1.97, and 2.89±0.20 ng/mL, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the T1 group compared to the other groups. However, the absence of expression of Cyp19 aromatase both in Leydig cells and the brain indicated no conversion of testosterone to estradiol. To add, this finding showed the potential use of the shell to boost the testosterone level in male rats. Conclusion: Shell acted as an aromatase blocker to boost the testosterone level in male rats. This also indicates its promising application in birds to manipulate the quality of song and feather.

scholarly journals Eurycoma longifolia Root Aqueous Extract Augments the Testosterone Level and Spermatogenesis in Adult Male Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamoud H. Al-Faqeh ◽  
Mohammed Imad AMM
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Testosterone Level ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Eurycoma Longifolia ◽  
Healthy Adult Male

Introduction The Eurycoma longifolia (EL) root aqueous extract has long been used as an enhancer of male sexual performance. However, data from previous studies in both human males and experimental male animals on the testosterone level in those given the EL extract orally were at best insufficiently conclusive. Materials and Method Sixty-four healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were acclimatized, and randomized into six test groups and one control group. All rats where given either the aqueous EL extract or distilled water via metal gavage needle. The first three test groups received the low (50mg/kg bw), medium (100mg/ kg bw) and high (200mg/kg bw) doses respectively of the EL daily for 15 days only. The second three test groups continued receiving the same daily treatment doses for 30 days. The controls were given distilled water only. At the end of each of the study period, blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture and the rats were euthanized. The testicles were obtained, weighed, and processed for histological examination. Results The sera testosterone levels were higher in animals which received the medium and high doses for both treatment duration. Rats which received medium and high oral doses of EL showed an increase of spermatogenesis and mature spermatozoa. Conclusion The optimal enhancing effect on sera testosterone levels and testicular spermatogenesis of EL treatment in adult male rats was observed with the medium dose of 100mg/kg bw given once daily for both 15 and 30 days.

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