scholarly journals Sublethal Effects of The Toxic Alga Karlodinium Veneficum On Fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Llanos-Rivera ◽  
Katia Álvarez-Muñoz ◽  
Allisson Astuya-Villalón ◽  
Lorezo López-Rosales ◽  
Francisco García-Camacho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Karlodinium Veneficum ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cultured Fish ◽  
Nw Mediterranean ◽  
Great Relevance

Abstract Dinoflagellates of the genus Karlodinium are ichthyotoxic species that produce karlotoxins. Karlotoxins show hemolytic and cytotoxic activities and have been associated with fish mortality. This study evaluated the effect of toxins released into the environment of Karlodinium veneficum strain K10 (Ebro Delta, NW Mediterranean) on the early stages of Danio rerio (zebrafish). Extracts of supernatant of K10 contained KmTx-10, -11, -12, -13, and a sulfated form of KmTx-10. Total egg mortality was observed for karlotoxins concentration higher than 2.69 µg L−1 and the 1.35 µg L−1, 87% of development anomalies were evidenced (concentrations expressed as KmTx-2 equivalent). Larvae of 8 days post-fertilization exposed to 1.35 µg L−1 presented epithelial damage with 80% of cells in the early apoptotic stage. Our results indicate that supernatants with low concentration of KmTxs produce both lethal and sublethal effects in early fish stages. Moreover, apoptosis was induced at concentrations as low as 0.01 µg L−1. This is of great relevance since detrimental long-term effects due to exposure to low concentrations of these substances could affect wild and cultured fish.

The composition and functioning of benthic ecosystems in relation to the assessment of long-term effects of oil pollution

1982 ◽  
Vol 297 (1087) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Benthic Ecosystems

The assessment of long-term effects of oil pollution is ultimately a matter of field responses and ecological interpretation. Chronic conditions present much greater interpretative problems than the aftermath of a severe spill because the detection of subtle effects has to be made against the usually unknown scales of natural changes taking place. Examples from various coastal benthic communities illustrate types of biological interactions, different types and degrees of biological stability and the sometimes unpredictable timescales involved. Special attention is drawn to the significance of natural fluctuations in recruitment and to the geographical scales on which these may occur. Have such matters been taken into account in the past? For the future the extreme difficulty that may be involved in detecting subtle deterioration necessitates both a considerable increase in ecological awareness and the directing of work on sublethal effects to those species most am enable to ecological study.

scholarly journals Ecotoxicity of Wastewater from Medical Facilities: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
A. Cidlinová ◽  
Z. Wittlingerová ◽  
M. Zimová ◽  
T. Chrobáková ◽  
A. Petruželková
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Health It ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Medical Facilities

Abstract Wastewater from medical facilities contains a wide range of chemicals (in particular pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, heavy metals, contrast media, and radionuclides) and pathogens, therefore it constitutes a risk to the environment and human health. Many micropollutants are not efficiently eliminated during wastewater treatment and contaminate both surface water and groundwater. As we lack information about the long-term effects of low concentrations of micropollutants in the aquatic environment, it is not possible to rule out their adverse effects on aquatic organisms and human health. It is, therefore, necessary to focus on the evaluation of chronic toxicity in particular when assessing the environmental and health risks and to develop standards for the regulation of hazardous substances in wastewater from medical facilities on the basis of collected data. Wastewater from medical facilities is a complex mixture of many compounds that may have synergetic, antagonistic or additive effects on organisms. To evaluate the influence of a wide range of pollutants contained in the effluents from medical facilities on aquatic ecosystems, it is necessary to determine their ecotoxicity.

Hydrogen sulfide exposure without loss of consciousness: chronic effects in four cases

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Functional Problems

Adverse effects of acute exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) are well documented, but long-term effects of occupational exposure to low levels of the gas are not. To evaluate effects of such exposure we performed physical, neurologic, psychiatric, and chemosensory (smell and taste) examinations of four workers who were present but did not lose consciousness when the gas was accidentally released at a construction site. None of the four workers tested positive for functional problems, but all met diagnostic criteria for at least three, and up to eight, H 2S-induced neuropsychiatric clinical disorders and from zero to two subclinical disorders. All four had abnormal P300 evoked responses (electrical neurophysiologic tests of brain waves). Our data indicate that exposures to even relatively low concentrations of H2S are hazardous. A rigorous epidemiologic investigation of persons who work with H2S is warranted.

Lack of long-term sublethal effects of reduced freshwater pH alone on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts subsequently transferred to seawater

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sveinung Fivelstad ◽  
Anne Berit Olsen ◽  
Sigurd Stefansson ◽  
Sigurd Handeland ◽  
Rune Waagbø ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts (mean start weight 42 g) in soft freshwater were exposed to three pH ranges (two replicates in each group) for 35 days: pH 6.5–6.8 (control group), pH 5.9–6.3 (medium-pH group), and pH 5.4–5.9 (low-pH group). All exposures had citrate added to remove labile, toxic Al from the water. On day 35, all groups were transferred to 34‰ seawater and kept there for 100 days. H+ was the main stressor in the exposures because labile Al was <6 µg·L–1 and the gill Al was lower than 27 µg·g dry weight–1 (highest in the medium group). The exposure environments did not cause any significant changes to gill tissue structures, gill Na+,-K+-ATPase activity, mortality, and growth parameters during the freshwater period. However, haematocrit was significantly increased and mean plasma chloride was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the low-pH group compared with the control group. This study indicated that the H+ concentrations in the pH range 5.4–5.9 in water containing no to little gill-reactive Al do not impact salmon growth and physiology during smoltification. However, the reduction in blood haematocrit in the low-pH group 3 months after seawater transfer may imply long-term effects of the treatment.

Pharmaceutical Mixtures: Still A Concern for Human and Environmental Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgeta M. Simu ◽  
Jeanne Atchana ◽  
Codruta M. Soica ◽  
Dorina E. Coricovac ◽  
Sebastian C. Simu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Human Use

In the present work, recent data on the sources, occurrence and fate of human-use pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in the aquatic environment have been reviewed. Since PhACs and their metabolites are usually present as mixtures in the environment at very low concentrations, a particular emphasis was placed onto the PhACs mixtures, as well as on their short-term and long-term effects against human and environmental health. Moreover, a general overview of the main conventional as well as of the latest trends in wastewaters decontaminant technologies was outlined. Advantages and disadvantages of current processes were also pointed out. It appears that numerous gaps still exist in the current knowledge related to this field of interest, and further studies should be conducted at the global level in order to ensure a more efficient monitorisation of the presence of PhACs and their metabolites into the aquatic environment and to develop new mitigation measures.

scholarly journals Long Term Effects of Low-Level Sarin Inhalation Exposure on the Spatial Memory of Rats in a T-Maze

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Kassa ◽  
Marie Koupilová ◽  
Josef Vachek
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Appetitive Motivation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Short Time

To study the influence of low-level sarin exposure on cognitive functions, male albino Wistar rats were exposed to three various low concentrations of sarin (LEVEL 1–3) for 60 minutes in the inhalation chamber. Testing of cognitive functions was carried out using the T-maze evaluating learning and spatial memory. The behavior of sarin-exposed rats in the T-maze was tested several times within five weeks following sarin inhalation exposure to look for any cognitive impairments. The alteration of cognition was evaluated by using a method studying memory elicitation in response to appetitive motivation in a multiple T-maze. 2. Statistically significant, short-term deficiency in the T-maze performance was observed in rats exposed to symptomatic (LEVEL 3) as well as clinically asymptomatic concentration (LEVEL 2) of sarin. The repeated exposure of rats to clinically asymptomatic dose of sarin (LEVEL 2R) did not change the effect of lowlevel sarin exposure on spatial memory compared to the single exposure to the same dose of sarin. 3. Thus, sarin is able to influence the cognitive functions (e.g. spatial memory) even at low doses that do not cause clinically manifested intoxication following the inhalation exposure. Nevetheless, the alteration of spatial memory lasts for a short time only, in contrast with the severe sarin poisoning.

scholarly journals Ibuprophen Removal from Synthetic Effluents Using Electrocoagulation-Peroxidation (ECP)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Behling ◽  
Vilson Conrado da Luz ◽  
Gean Delise Leal Pasquali ◽  
Suzana Fátima Bazoti ◽  
Clarissa Dalla Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Electrocoagulation Process ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Scrap Iron ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Abstract Concerning water resources, several ordinances and legislation determine standards and conditions for the discharge of effluents into water bodies. However, several contaminants are not covered by these guidelines because they are found in low concentrations and due to little knowledge of their long-term effects. These contaminants are called emergents, and this category includes drugs, such as anti-inflammatory drugs. The electrocoagulation process associated with advanced oxidation comes up as an alternative to conventional effluent treatment processes, and the objective of this work was to evaluate this process using scrap iron as sacrificial electrodes in the treatment of synthetic effluents containing Ibuprofen. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the drug in synthetic effluents. The CCRD 24 was used in an experimental design, having as independent variables evaluated the concentration of contaminants, applied current, the concentration of the primary oxidizing agent H2O2 and the reaction time. The optimized conditions determined by statistical analysis were drug concentration of 5 mg.L-1, H2O2 concentration of 200 mg.L-1, current of 5 A and 150 min. The removals obtained under these conditions were higher than 92% in the aqueous phase, showing that ECP technique has the potential to treat contaminants such as drugs present in effluents and waters.

Presence and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in surface water and drinking water

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2143-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
State Of The Science

Trace amounts of pharmaceuticals have been detected in surface waters in the nano- to microgram per liter range, and in drinking water in the nanogram/L range. The environmental risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters have been evaluated and generally found to be low if the wastewater is treated before release to the environment. The human health risks of trace amounts of pharmaceuticals in drinking water have however not been evaluated in any great depth. Preliminary screening level assessments suggest risk to be low – but the public and decision-makers are concerned and would like the matter investigated more thoroughly, especially with regards to mixture effects, chronic long-term effects and sensitive sub-populations. The World Health Organization is currently evaluating the need for credible health based guidance associated with low concentrations of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. The aim of this paper is to summarize the state-of-the-science and the ongoing international debate on the topic.

Long-term effects of low concentrations of an oil-spill remover (‘detergent’): studies with the larvae of Sabellaria spinulosa

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas P. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Solvent Fraction

The ‘detergent’ BP 1002 at concentrations of 1 ppm was detected immediately by the larvae of Sabellaria spinulosa which were intensely irritated by it. In loosely covered vessels, allowing the solvent fraction to evaporate, larvae seemed at first to recover but died several weeks later, the control larvae remaining active and normal. The surfactant and stabilizer fractions at concentrations of 2·5 ppm killed the larvae within a day or two.

Some Short-term Indicators of Sublethal Effects of Copper on Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Drummond ◽  
W. A. Spoor ◽  
G. F. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cough Frequency

Changes in cough frequency, locomotor activity, and feeding behavior of yearling brook trout appeared within 2–24 hr at copper concentrations as low as 6–15 μg/liter. Each of these responses appears to be useful for predicting the concentration range of copper likely to have no long-term effects on the species.

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