scholarly journals Electrocatalytic Degradation of Sulfameth Thiadiazole by GAC@Ni/Fe Three-Dimensional Particle Electrode

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siwen Li ◽  
Yingzi Lin ◽  
SuiYi Zhu ◽  
Gen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Direct Oxidation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Indirect Oxidation ◽  
Plate Spacing ◽  
Loading Ratio

Abstract In this work, GAC@Ni/Fe particle electrodes were prepared and employed for the degradation of Sulfamethylthiadiazole (SMT) by three-dimensional electrocatalytic technology.The effects of particle electrode bi-metal loading ratio, cell voltage, particle electrode dosage, electrode plate spacing and SMT initial concentration on SMT removal were studied.In addition, GAC@Ni/Fe particle electrode was analyzed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) to characterize . which indicated that a significant amount of Iron-nickel oxide were formed on the surface of GAC@Ni/Fe particle electrode.The results indicated that when the nickel-iron loading ratio is 1:1, the SMT removal effect is the best, and the removal rate can reach 90.89% within 30 minutes,Compared with the granular activated carbon without bimetal, the removal efficiency is increased by 37.58%. The degradation of SMT in the GAC@Ni/Fe particle three-dimensional electrode reactor is the joint result of both direct oxidation and indirect oxidation. The contribution rates of direct oxidation of anode and particle electrode and indirect oxidation of ·OH in the degradation are 32%, 27% and 41%, respectively. Based on the intermediate detected by ultra high liquid chromatography and the calculation of bond energy of SMT molecule by Gauss software，the degradation pathway of SMT in the GAC@Ni/Fe three-dimensional electrode reactor is proposed. This research provides a green, healthy and effective method for removing sulfonamide micro-polluted wastewater.

Combined technology for clomazone herbicide wastewater treatment: three-dimensional packed-bed electrochemical oxidation and biological contact degradation

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Feng ◽  
Junfeng Liu ◽  
Limin Zhu ◽  
Jinzhi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Oxidation ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Cod Removal Rate ◽  
Oxidation Reactor

The clomazone herbicide wastewater was treated using a combined technology composed of electrochemical catalytic oxidation and biological contact degradation. A new type of electrochemical reactor was fabricated and a Ti/SnO2 electrode was chosen as the anode in electrochemical-oxidation reactor and stainless steel as the cathode. Ceramic rings loaded with SnO2 were used as three-dimensional electrodes forming a packed bed. The operation parameters that might influence the degradation of organic contaminants in the clomazone wastewater were optimized. When the cell voltage was set at 30 V and the volume of particle electrodes was designed as two-thirds of the volume of the total reactor bed, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate could reach 82% after 120 min electrolysis, and the ratio of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/COD of wastewater increased from 0.12 to 0.38. After 12 h degradation with biological contact oxidation, the total COD removal rate of the combined technology reached 95%, and effluent COD was below 120 mg/L. The results demonstrated that this electrocatalytic oxidation method can be used as a pretreatment for refractory organic wastewater before biological treatment.

Studies on chitan (β-(1 → 4)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucan) fibers of the diatom Thalassiosira fluviatilis, Hustedt. III. The structure of chitan from x-ray diffraction and electron microscope observations

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1513-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Dweltz ◽  
J. Ross Colvin ◽  
A. G. McInnes
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Polymeric Chain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Screw Axis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Good Agreement

The form and crystal structure of the fibers attached to the diatom Thalassiosira fluviatilis were studied by the electron microscope and x-ray diffraction.These fibers, which were shown previously to be pure, highly crystalline β-(1 → 4) linked poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (chitan), are strap-like in cross section, 1000–2000 Å in width at their widest point close to the base, from which they taper uniformly to a very small tip at their outer extremity. Three connected filaments or microfibrils form the fiber at its widest point.The unit cell of chitan is monoclinic with the space group P21. The parameters of the unit cell are a = 4.80, b = 10.32, c = 9.83 Å, and β = 112°. The density of the chitan fibers is 1.495 g/cm3. There is only one polymeric chain per unit cell with a two-fold screw axis and therefore the chains are parallel to each other. A three-dimensional structure is proposed for chitan which is reasonable from stereochemical considerations and which is in good agreement with all observed x-ray diffraction data.

scholarly journals Erosion Behavior of a Cu-Ti3AlC2 Cathode by Multi-Electric Arc

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 2947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Huang ◽  
Yi Feng ◽  
Liang Li ◽  
Zongqun Li
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Raman Spectrometry ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Arc Erosion ◽  
Scanning Electron

A Cu-Ti3AlC2 cathode was eroded by arc discharging at 10 kV. The cross-sectional and horizontal morphologies of the eroded surface were recorded by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman spectrometry were carried out to analyze the compositions. The color-eroded surface was obtained by a three-dimensional laser scanning confocal microscope (3D LSCM). After 100 times of arc erosion, the Cu-Ti3AlC2 melted and resolidified. An eroded layer about 10 μm thick was formed, covered with pits, protrusions, and pores. The breakdown current was kept between 37 to 43 A. Under the action of a high temperature arc, Cu-Ti3AlC2 was oxidized to CuO and TiO2, accompanying the evaporation of the Al element.

scholarly journals Investigation of a novel pyrolusite particle electrode effects in the chlorine-containing wastewater

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 1427-1437
Author(s):  
Liang Hong ◽  
Qiu Yang ◽  
Zhao Liying ◽  
Chen Yingyan ◽  
Wang Bing
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrode System ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Plate Electrode ◽  
X Ray

Abstract Research on three-dimensional electrode system mainly focuses on the material of plate electrode and catalytic activity, and minimal attention is provided to particle electrode. Pyrolusite was prepared as a novel particle electrode with high active chlorine (ACl) yield. The particle electrode was characterised by scanning electrode microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and electrochemical properties. Results show that the intended pyrolusite particle electrode was prepared successfully. These pyrolusite particle electrodes were applied to degrade sulphonated phenolic resin in chlorine-containing wastewater and displayed an excellent catalytic activity. A total of 68.76 mg/L ACl was produced, and the CODCr removal rate was 49.55%. These results indicated that pyrolusite particle electrode is much more effective than the reference material, that is, granular activated carbon. Furthermore, the product of electrolytic process was characterised by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultraviolet visible spectrometry (UV-vis). The enhanced mechanism was proposed that the high degradation efficiency could be ascribed to the increase of ACl.

Description of Ore Particles from X-Ray Microtomography (XMT) Images, Supported by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)-Based Image Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orkun Furat ◽  
Thomas Leißner ◽  
Ralf Ditscherlein ◽  
Ondřej Šedivý ◽  
Matthias Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Particle Systems ◽  
3D Image ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractIn this paper, three-dimensional (3D) image data of ore particle systems is investigated. By combining X-ray microtomography with scanning electron microscope (SEM)-based image analysis, additional information about the mineralogical composition from certain planar sections can be gained. For the analysis of tomographic images of particle systems the extraction of single particles is essential. This is performed with a marker-based watershed algorithm and a post-processing step utilizing a neural network to reduce oversegmentation. The results are validated by comparing the 3D particle-wise segmentation empirically with 2D SEM images, which have been obtained with a different imaging process and segmentation algorithm. Finally, a stereological application is shown, in which planar SEM images are embedded into the tomographic 3D image. This allows the estimation of local X-ray attenuation coefficients, which are material-specific quantities, in the entire tomographic image.

Preparation and Properties Study of Porous Carbon Template Based on SLA

2011 ◽  
Vol 474-476 ◽  
pp. 320-324
Author(s):  
Jie Jin ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Shen Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Porous Carbon ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pore System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Carbon Template ◽  
Scanning Electron

Prototypes with micro-pore structure were manufactured by stereolithography technology. The prototypes were injected with mixture of wood flour as porogen and thermosetting phenolic resin as raw, then were pyrolysed after curing and prepared porous carbon templates. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope were employed to analyze the phase and microstructures of the carbon templates. The pyrolysis reaction is analyzed, and the causes of the three-dimensional pore system in porous carbon template are given.

scholarly journals Preparation of TiO2/Activated Carbon Composites for Photocatalytic Degradation of RhB under UV Light Irradiation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baolin Xing ◽  
Changliang Shi ◽  
Chuanxiang Zhang ◽  
Guiyun Yi ◽  
Lunjian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Light Irradiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Uv Light Irradiation ◽  
Loading Amount

Photocatalysts comprising nanosized TiO2particles on activated carbon (AC) were prepared by a sol-gel method. The TiO2/AC composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Their photocatalytic activities were studied through the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in photocatalytic reactor at room temperature under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation and the effect of loading cycles of TiO2on the structural properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO2/AC composites was also investigated. The results indicate that the anatase TiO2particles with a crystal size of 10–20 nm can be deposited homogeneously on the AC surface under calcination at 500°C. The loading cycle plays an important role in controlling the loading amount of TiO2and morphological structure and photocatalytic activity of TiO2/AC composites. The porosity parameters of these composite photocatalysts such as specific surface area and total pore volume decrease whereas the loading amount of TiO2increases. The TiO2/AC composite synthesized at 2 loading cycles exhibits a high photocatalytic activity in terms of the loading amount of TiO2and as high as 93.2% removal rate for RhB from the 400 mL solution at initial concentration of 2 × 10−5 mol/L under UV light irradiation.

scholarly journals John Thomas Finch. 28 February 1930—5 December 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 183-199
Author(s):  
R. A. Crowther ◽  
K. C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Embedded Particles ◽  
Team Player

John Finch was a gifted experimentalist who used X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy to elucidate the structures of important biological assemblies, particularly viruses and chromatin. When he started research in the 1950s, little was known about the structure of viruses, and the methods for investigating them were fairly limited. His early work on crystals of viruses was important in establishing their symmetry, and later with the electron microscope he mapped out the molecular structure of many virus coats. His observations on negatively stained preparations demonstrated that images of particles prepared in this way represented projections of fully stained embedded particles, not merely one-sided footprints. This was very relevant to the development of methods for making three-dimensional maps of specimens from electron micrographs. Later, besides further studies of viruses, he worked on many other systems, including chromatin, nucleosomes and tRNA. John was very much a team player and held an important place as the key experimentalist in many influential collaborations, investigating a diverse range of biological specimens.

Electrolytic removal of ammonia from aqueous phase by Pt/Ti anode

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2451-2457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Li ◽  
Yuanxing Huang ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Yangyang Li
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Direct Oxidation ◽  
Indirect Oxidation ◽  
Zero Order Kinetics ◽  
Secondary Clarifier

This study investigated the mechanism and kinetic modeling of electrolytic degradation of ammonia with Pt/Ti anode. The results show that ammonia oxidation from direct oxidation or indirect oxidation with hydroxyl radicals was slow but can be observed under pH 9 and high initial ammonia concentration of 1,050 mg N L−1. Indirect oxidation with HOCl was the mechanism for the chloride-mediated electrolytic removal of ammonia. In this process, pH between 3 and 9 had little effect on the ammonia removal rate, but current density (j) and chloride concentration ([Cl−]) showed a linear relationship with ammonia removal rate within the range of 3.8–15.4 mA cm−2 and 30–300 mg L−1, respectively. The ammonia removal could be described by a pseudo-zero order kinetics with a mathematic equation of k = 0.0003 × [Cl−] × j − 0.076. Treatment of the actual wastewater effluent from a secondary clarifier in a local wastewater treatment plant showed an ammonia removal rate of 0.8 mg N L−1 h−1 and energy cost of 14 kJ per mg N ammonia.

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