scholarly journals Effect of Commercial Slow-Release Urea Product on in Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Ruminal Microbial Community Using RUSITEC Technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongmei Guo ◽  
Ling Xiao ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Sumei Yan ◽  
Dongyan Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Slow Release Urea ◽  
Microbial N

Abstract Background The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of commercial slow-release urea (SRU) on in vitro fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, gas production, microbial protein synthesis and bacterial community using rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC). The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications of each treatment. Treatments were: control diet (no SRU addition), control diet plus 0.28% SRU (U28), or plus 0.56% SRU (U56), and control diet that was modified for substituting with 0.35% SRU for equavelant soybean protein (MU35; dry matter [DM] basis). The experiment consisted of 8 days of adaptation and 7 days of data and sample collection. Rumen inoculum was obtained from three ruminally fistulated Angus cows fed the same diet to the substrate incubated. Results Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), fibre and starch was not affected, but daily production of gas (P < 0.07) and methane (P < 0.05) was quadratically changed with increasing SRU supplementation. The increase of SRU addition did not affect fermentation pH and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, whereas linearly (P < 0.01) decreased proportion of propionate, and linearly (P < 0.01) increased acetate to propionate ratio and ammonia nitrogen (N) concentration. The microbial N efficiency also linearly (P < 0.03) improved with increasing supplementation of SRU. In comparison with control diet, the dietary substitution of SRU for part of soybean meal increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of DM, OM and CP and decreased (P < 0.02) the total gas production. The total VFA production and acetate to propionate ratio did not differ between control and MU35, whereas the proportion of butyrate was lower (P < 0.05) and that of branched-chain VFA was greater (P < 0.05) with MU35 than control diet. Total and liquid-associated microbial N production as well as ammonia N concentration were greater (P < 0.03) with MU35 than control diet. Observed OTUs, Shannon diversity index, and beta diversity of the microbial community did not differ among treatments. Taxonomic analysis revealed no effect of adding SRU on the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level, while at the genus level, the impact of SRU addition on microbial community was greater with MU35 either for liquid associate bacteria or feed particle-associated bacteria. Conclusions Supplementation of a dairy cow diet with SRU showed potential of increase in ammonia N concentration and microbial protein production, and change fermentation pattern to more acetate production. Adding SRU in dairy cow diet also showed beneficial effect on improving digestibility of OM and fibre. The results suggest that SRU can partially substitute soybean meal in dairy cow diet to increase microbial protein production without impairing rumen fermentation.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Suplementasi Indigofera zollingeriana Sebagai Sumber Green Protein concentrate Terhadap Produksi Gas Metan, Amonia dan Sintesis Protein Mikroba Rumen

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1455
Author(s):  
Afzalani Afzalani ◽  
R.A Muthalib ◽  
Rahmi Dianita ◽  
Fachroerrozi Hoesni ◽  
Raguati Raguati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Production ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Indigofera Zollingeriana

The use of protein with low-cost, high quality, low methane, and ammonia emissions are a prerequisite as a protein source in ruminant. However, the European Commission has prohibited protein derived from fish meals for ruminant feeds. So encouraging efforts to explore the other protein sources to be most important. Most of the high protein legumes grow in tropical areas such as Indonesia and have the potential as an alternative protein source in ruminant feed, including Indigofera zollingeriana (25-27% protein content). But many browse legumes with high protein are a heterogeneous group of plants, with variable secondary metabolic content and rumen degradable protein. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the characteristics fermentation of IZ as green protein supplement on in vitro methane, ammonia and microbial protein production. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four different level supplementation of Indigofera zollengeriana (IZ) as green protein concentrate and five replications. The treatment diets were R0; basal diet (60% forage + 40% concentrate) + 0% IZ, R1; R0 + 10% IZ, R2; R0 + 20% IZ, and R3; R0 + 30% IZ. The experiment result showed that supplemenatation of IZ was significant effects (P<0.05) to increase total gas, ammonia (N-NH3), total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), and metabolizable energy (ME) and significant effect (P<0.05) to decrease of methane and methane percentage. Supplementation IZ at a level of 10% was significantly higher for dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and microbial protein production (PPM) than diets treatment of R0, R2, and R3. The experiment concluded that Supplementation of I. zollingeriana (IZ) was able to reduce the methane gas production. Protein characteristics of IZ have easily degradable by rumen microbe showed the ammonia production was linearly increasing by 45.66% for each increasing level of IZ supplementation. Microbial protein production was higher (184.33 mg/ml) obtained of IZ supplementation up to 10% (R1). The experiment suggests doing protected protein of IZ when be used as a protein source in ruminant diets.

PSX-B-6 Effect of slow-release urea on gas production, fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in an artificial rumen system

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Yongmei Guo ◽  
Ling Xiao ◽  
Sumei Yan ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Trevor Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Slow Release Urea

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of slow-release urea (SRU) on gas production, fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis using artificial rumen system. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications of each treatment. The treatments were control diet (no SRU), control diet supplemented with 0.28% (U28), 0.56% SRU (U56) or control diet that was added by 1.5% more corn grain and substituted with 0.35% SRU for 1.85% soybean meal (U35-SBM). The diets were formulated to be isoenergetic (1.71 NEL Mcal/kg), but protein concentration was lower (15.48 vs. 16.24%) and starch concentration was higher (28.2 vs. 27.1%) with U35-SBM than other three treatments. Experimental period consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Rumen inoculum was obtained from three ruminally fistulated Angus cows fed the same diet to the substrate incubated. Gas production (L/d) was lower (P = 0.02) with U35-SBM (1.51) than control (1.79) or U28 (1.92); however, methane production was not affected by treatments (average, 47 mg/d). Dry matter digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.01) with U35-SBM (78.5%) than other treatments (74.6%), which had no differences in DM digestibility. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production did not differ among treatments (average, 53.1 mmol/d), but increasing SRU supplementation linearly (P &lt; 0.01) decreased molar proportion of propionate from 27.0 to 25.7% and linearly (P &lt; 0.01) increased acetate to propionate ratio from 1.69 to 1.78. The ammonia nitrogen (N) linearly (P &lt; 0.01) increased from 7.70 to 10.25 mmol/L with increasing SRU addition. Microbial protein synthesis was greater (P = 0.03) with SRU treatments (average, 83.9 mg N/d) than control (78.9 mg N/d). The present results demonstrated the benefits to add the SRU in dairy cow diet for improving ruminal digestibility and microbial protein synthesis.

scholarly journals Effects of brewers’ spent grain protein hydrolysates on gas production, ruminal fermentation characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and microbial community in an artificial rumen fed a high grain diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Ran ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Ranithri Abeynayake ◽  
Atef Mohamed Saleem ◽  
Xiumin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Protein Hydrolysates ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Spent Grain

Abstract Background Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) typically contains 20% – 29% crude protein (CP) with high concentrations of glutamine, proline and hydrophobic and non-polar amino acid, making it an ideal material for producing value-added products like bioactive peptides which have antioxidant properties. For this study, protein was extracted from BSG, hydrolyzed with 1% alcalase and flavourzyme, with the generated protein hydrolysates (AlcH and FlaH) showing antioxidant activities. This study evaluated the effects of AlcH and FlaH on gas production, ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, microbial protein synthesis and microbial community using an artificial rumen system (RUSITEC) fed a high-grain diet. Results As compared to the control of grain only, supplementation of FlaH decreased (P < 0.01) disappearances of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP and starch, without affecting fibre disappearances; while AlcH had no effect on nutrient disappearance. Neither AlcH nor FlaH affected gas production or VFA profiles, however they increased (P < 0.01) NH3-N and decreased (P < 0.01) H2 production. Supplementation of FlaH decreased (P < 0.01) the percentage of CH4 in total gas and dissolved-CH4 (dCH4) in dissolved gas. Addition of monensin reduced (P < 0.01) disappearance of nutrients, improved fermentation efficiency and reduced CH4 and H2 emissions. Total microbial nitrogen production was decreased (P < 0.05) but the proportion of feed particle associated (FPA) bacteria was increased with FlaH and monensin supplementation. Numbers of OTUs and Shannon diversity indices of FPA microbial community were unaffected by AlcH and FlaH; whereas both indices were reduced (P < 0.05) by monensin. Taxonomic analysis revealed no effect of AlcH and FlaH on the relative abundance (RA) of bacteria at phylum level, whereas monensin reduced (P < 0.05) the RA of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and enhanced Proteobacteria. Supplementation of FlaH enhanced (P < 0.05) the RA of genus Prevotella, reduced Selenomonas, Shuttleworthia, Bifidobacterium and Dialister as compared to control; monensin reduced (P < 0.05) RA of genus Prevotella but enhaced Succinivibrio. Conclusions The supplementation of FlaH in high-grain diets may potentially protect CP and starch from ruminal degradation, without adversely affecting fibre degradation and VFA profiles. It also showed promising effects on reducing CH4 production by suppressing H2 production. Protein enzymatic hydrolysates from BSG using flavourzyme showed potential application to high value-added bio-products.

PSXIV-14 Supplementation of high-grain diet with red osier dogwood affects in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 477-477
Author(s):  
Wenzhu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Rumen Acidosis ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
And Control

Abstract Red osier dogwood (ROD) is a native shrub plant rich in phenolic compounds with antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of substituting barley silage with either raw ROD or ROD extract (RODE) in high-grain (HG) diet under a low media pH (5.8) on gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics in batch cultures. The study was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments: 1) control diet (10% barley silage and 90% barley concentrate, DM basis), control diet supplemented with 2) monensin (30 mg/kg diet DM; positive control), 3) substitution of 3% ROD or 4) 3% RODE for an equal portion of silage. Inoculum was obtained from 2 ruminally fistulated beef heifers offered the HG diet. Substrate ground (1 mm) was incubated for 24 h and the experiment repeated twice. The GP did not differ among treatments (147 ml/g DM), but the DMD differed (P &lt; 0.02) at highest for control (69.4%), lowest for ROD (58.4%) and intermediate for other treatments (64.1%). Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration (mM) tended (P&lt; 0.08) to be lower with ROD (80.5) and monensin (80.1) than control (83.9). Acetate proportion was greater (P = 0.02) with ROD (46.2%) and RODE (46.9%) than control (42.4%) and monensin (42.3%). However, the propionate proportion was greater (P = 0.05) with monensin (32.1%) than other treatments (averaged 30.1%). Consequently, acetate to propionate ratio (A:P) of ROD (1.52) and RODE (1.56) was higher than monensin (1.32; P &lt; 0.01) and control (1.44; P &lt; 0.08). Differences in variables measured between ROD and RODE were minimal. These results indicated that the decreased DMD along with increased A:P with addition of ROD or RODE suggests that both ROD and RODE may be beneficial to HG fed cattle for reducing risk of rumen acidosis without negatively impacting fibre digestion.

scholarly journals Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acids reduces in vitro methane production

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335
Author(s):  
E. Maleki ◽  
G.Y. Meng ◽  
M. Faseleh Jahromi ◽  
R. Jorfi ◽  
A. Khoddami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PSO) on gas and methane (CH4) production, ruminal fermentation and microbial populations under in vitro conditions. Three treatments consisting of a control diet containing 10 mg tallow (CON); the control diet with 5 mg PSO + 5 mg tallow (MPSO) and the control diet containing 10 mg PSO (HPSO) were compared. Ten mg of the experimental fat/oil samples were inserted into a gas-tight 100 mL plastic syringe containing 30 mL of an incubation inoculum and 250 mg of a basic substrate of a hay/concentrate (1/1, w/w) mixture. In vitro gas production was recorded over 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 hours, incubation was stopped, and methane production, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial counts were measured in the inoculant. Gas production at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h incubation, metabolizable energy and in vitro organic matter disappearance increased linearly and quadratically as level of PSO increased. Furthermore, the 10 mg PSO (HPSO) decreased CH4 production by 21.0% compared with the control (CON) group. There were no significant differences in total and individual VFA concentrations between different levels of PSO, except for butyric acid. After 24 h of incubation, methanogenesis decreased in the HPSO compared with the MPSO and CON treatments. In addition, total bacteria and protozoa counts increased with rising PSO levels, while population methanogenesis declined significantly. These results suggested that PSO could reduce methane emissions, which might be beneficial to nutrient utilization and growth in ruminants.

scholarly journals Produk Fermentasi Rumen dan Produksi Protein Mikroba Sapi Lokal yang Diberi Pakan Jerami Amoniasi dan Beberapa Bahan Pakan Sumber Energi

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Novita Hindratiningrum ◽  
Muhamad Bata ◽  
Setya Agus Santosa
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis

Products of rumen fermentation and protein microbial of dairy cattle feed with rice bran ammonization and some feedstuffs as an energy sourcesABSTRACT. This study aims to examine the energy sources of feed ingredients that can increase the production of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), N-NH3, microbial protein synthesis, total gas production and metabolic energy. The material used is as a source of rumen fluid inoculum from Frisian Holstein cows (FH) females, amoniasi rice straw, salt, mineral mix brand "Ultra Minerals' production Eka Farma Semarang, onggok wet and dry, corn, and rice bran. Observed variable is the concentration of (VFA), N-NH3, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and total gas production. Based on the analysis of diversity seen any significant effect (P0.05) on total VFA concentration, N-NH3 and total gas but had no effect (P0.05) on microbial protein synthesis. Conclusion of research is the provision of energy sources with rice bran treatment, onggok wet and dry corn flour can be used as fermentable carbohydrates on feed hay amoniasi in vitro.

scholarly journals Distinct Effects of Bovicin HC5 and Virginiamycin on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Community Composition

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Sofia Magalhaes Moreira ◽  
Claudia Braga Pereira Bento ◽  
Analice Claudia Azevedo ◽  
Hilario C. Mantovani
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Molecular Fingerprinting ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Multiresistant Bacteria ◽  
Bovicin Hc5

Antibiotics are used as feed additives for cattle to alter rumen fermentation and increase weight gain. However, this practice can potentially lead to the presence of antibiotic residues in milk and meat and the selection of multiresistant bacteria. Bacteriocins have been suggested as an alternative to antibiotics used in animal production. This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of bovicin HC5 and virginiamycin on ruminal fermentation and on microbial community composition. Ruminal fluid was collected from fistulated cows fed corn silage and incubated with Trypticase (15 g L-1). Cultures treated with bovicin HC5 or virginiamycin decreased (P < 0.05) ammonia accumulation by 47.46% and 66.17%, respectively. Bovicin HC5 and virginiamycin also decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of organic acids and gas production, but the effects were somewhat distinct. Molecular fingerprinting of the microbial community using PCR-DGGE revealed that community structure varied between treatments and were distinct from the controls. These results demonstrate that bovicin HC5 and virginiamycin have distinct effects on ruminal fermentation and modify differently the microbial community composition. These results also expand the knowledge about the effects of antibiotics and bacteriocins on bacterial and archaeal communities involved in protein metabolism in the rumen.

In vitromicrobial growth and rumen fermentation of different substrates as affected by the addition of disodium malate

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Tejido ◽  
M. J. Ranilla ◽  
R. García-Martínez ◽  
M. D. Carro
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Microbial N

AbstractThe effects of two concentrations of disodium malate on thein vitrofermentation of three substrates differing in their forage: concentrate ratio (0·8: 0·2, 0·5: 0·5 and 0·2: 0·8; g/g dry matter; low-, medium- and high-concentrate substrates, respectively) by rumen micro-organisms were studied using batch cultures. Rumen contents were collected from four Merino sheep offered lucerne hay ad libitum and supplemented daily with 400 g concentrate. Disodium malate was added to the incubation bottles to achieve final concentrations of 0, 4 and 8 mmol/l malate and15N was used as a microbial marker. Gas production was measured at regular intervals from 0 to 120 h of incubation to study fermentation kinetics. When gas production values were corrected for gas released from added malate, no effects (P> 0·05) of malate were detected for any of the estimated gas production parameters. In 17-h incubations, the final pH and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were increased (P< 0·001) by the addition of malate, but no changes (P> 0·05) were detected in the final amounts of ammonia-N and lactate. When net VFA productions were corrected for the amount of VFA produced from malate fermentation itself, adding malate did not affect (P> 0·05) the production of acetate, propionate and total VFA. Malate reduced methane (CH4) production by proportionately 0·058, 0·013 and 0·054 for the low-, medium- and high-concentrate substrates, respectively. Adding malate to batch cultures increased (P< 0·01) rumen microbial growth (mean values of 16·6, 18·3 and 18·4 mg of microbial N for malate at 0, 4 and 8 mmol/l, respectively), but did not affect (P> 0·05) its efficiency of growth (55·5, 56·7 and 54·3 mg of microbial N per g of organic matter apparently fermented for malate at 0, 4 and 8 mmol/l, respectively). There were no interactions (P> 0·05) malate × substrate for any of the measured variables, and no differences (P> 0·05) in pH, CH4production and microbial growth were found between malate at 4 and 8 mmol/l. The results indicate that malate had a beneficial effect on in vitro rumen fermentation of substrates by increasing VFA production and microbial growth, and that only subtle differences in the effects of malate were observed between substrates. Most of the observed effects, however, seem to be due to fermentation of malate itself.

scholarly journals In vitro Effect of Essential Oils on Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Nitrogen Yield of High Concentrate Dairy Cow Diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
Seyed Masoud Davoodi ◽  
Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran ◽  
Ali Reza Vakili ◽  
Reza Valizadeh ◽  
Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Vitro Effect

Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of including plant essential oils on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial nitrogen synthesis of a dairy cow diet rich in concentrate. The treatments consisted of the diet alone (control; BD) as well as containing 50 and 100 μl L-1 essential oil of thyme (BDT), mint (BDM), savory (BDS), or a mixture of the essential oils at the rate of 1:1:1 (BDmix). Essential oils decreased gas production at 24, 48 and 96 h of incubation compared with that of BD. However, mint at the rate of 50 or 100 μl L-1 resulted an increase in the microbial nitrogen when compared to BD, BDS and BDT. The nitrogen content of truly undegraded residu (NDFN) content and NH3-N concentration were lower, while the dry matter digestibility was greater in the BDmix, regardless of dosage levels, as compared with the control. The inclusion of a mixture of essential oils at 50 μl L-1 to the basal diet caused intensified dry matter disappearance, in comparison to other treatments. Results showed that the synergetic effects of essential oils together in a dairy cow diet of rich in concentrate can alter rumen microbial fermentation and improve microbial protein yield.

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