scholarly journals Analysis and Appraisal of Fascine in Shahe Ancient Bridge Ruins, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingjie Mai ◽  
Naiming Liu ◽  
Jiaojiao Liu ◽  
Dan Liu ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Microbial Diseases ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Microbial Identification ◽  
The Ancient Chinese ◽  
And Control ◽  
Xi’An City

Abstract The Chinese civilization has a long history, and the Chinese ancestors invented the "aquatic engineering technology" for flood control and water management as early as two thousand years ago: Fascine Body. The Fascine Body is a structure used to protect the bank and block the breach in the ancient Chinese flood control project. The excavation of the Shahe Ancient Bridge Ruins in Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province, China discovered the existence of a fascine body structure. Through C14 dating, fiber slice observation, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and SEM energy spectrum analysis of the fascine material, at the same time, conduct the microbial identification on it and the surrounding soil, analyze its dominant bacterial community, and control its microbial diseases in a targeted manner. The research on the fascine bank ruins solved the boundary problem of the width and length of the Shahe ancient bridge, evaluated the exact age of Shahe ancient bridge, provided the important materials for the research on ancient bridges, river embankments and other ruins, and also provided the important clues for the traffic and layout around Chang'an during the Qin and Han Dynasties of Chinese history.

Increased Income, Energy Choice and Environment Sustainable Development : Based on the Survey in Western Mountainous Areas in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 1606-1609
Author(s):  
Xiu Jun Tai
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Western China ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Xi’An City ◽  
Energy Choice

The relationship between increasing income of rural households and energy choice is explored. Previous studies have been equivocal because they ignored the consideration of out-migration, which is a distinctive characteristic of present China . This study provides additional insight by considering income structure and energy structure of rural households in western China. The research was conducted in Zhouzhi County in the jurisdiction of Xi’an city, Shaanxi Province, China. Through questionnaire survey, 1074 rural households’ detailed information about their livelihoods were obtained. After descriptive statistics analysis and econometrics model analysis, we provide evidence that migration income plays a important role when rural households choosing modern energy such as electricity or gas, which shows higher income housholds like to choose cleaner but expensive energy. We also find out-migration can reduce family firewood consumption, transforming the use of firewood to other cleaner forms of energy, which can keep the ecological environment sustainable development.

scholarly journals Control of Systems of Reservoirs with the Use of Risk Analysis

10.14311/538 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Fošumpaur ◽  
L. Satrapa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
And Control

A system of reservoirs is usually defined as a system of water management elements, that are mutually linked by inner and outer connections in a purpose-built complex. Combined elements consist of reservoirs, river sections, dams, weirs, hydropower plants, water treatment plants and other hydraulic structures. These elements also include the rainfall system, the run-off system, the ground water system, etc. A system of reservoirs serves many purposes, which result from the basic functions of water reservoirs: storage, flood control and environmental functions. Most reservoirs serve several purposes at the same time. They are so called multi-purposes reservoirs. Optimum design and control of a system of reservoirs depends strongly on identifying the particular purposes. In order to assess these purposes and to evaluate the appropriate set of criteria, risk analysis can be used. Design and control of water reservoir functions is consequently solved with the use of multi-objective optimisation. This paper deals with the use of the risk analysis to determine criteria for controlling the system. This approach is tested on a case study of the Pastviny dam in the Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Controlled sample environment for studying solid–gas interactions by in situ powder X-ray diffraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 371-375
Author(s):  
Paul Monceyron Røren ◽  
Kristoffer W. B. Hunvik ◽  
Vegard Josvanger ◽  
Ole Tore Buseth ◽  
Jon Otto Fossum
Keyword(s):  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Copper Plate ◽  
Temperature Control System ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Quartz Capillary ◽  
Gas Interactions ◽  
And Control

A sample cell for powder X-ray diffraction studies with in situ applied pressure and control of temperature is demonstrated. The cell is based on a previously reported design and consists of a glass or quartz capillary glued into a Swagelok weld gland; this configuration can hold up to 100 bar (1 bar = 100 kPa). The cell is placed in contact with a copper plate for control of temperature between −30 and 200°C. This is achieved by Peltier elements, heat cartridges and a refrigerated circulating bath. This work mainly focuses on the temperature control system. Commissioning tests were performed in a custom-made small/wide-angle X-ray diffractometer at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The system is easily portable to synchrotron facilities.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the Electrical Behavior of Thermally Sprayed Aluminum Oxide

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Swindeman ◽  
R.D. Seals ◽  
W.P. Murray ◽  
M.H. Cooper ◽  
R.L. White
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Aluminum Oxide ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Thermally Sprayed Aluminum ◽  
Plasma Sprayed ◽  
And Control ◽  
Steel Substrates

Abstract Electrical properties of plasma-sprayed aluminum oxide coatings were measured at temperatures up to 600 °C. High purity (>99.5 wt% pure Al2O3) alumina powders were plasma-sprayed on stainless steel substrates over a range of power levels, using two gun configurations designed to attain different spray velocities. Key electrical properties were measured to evaluate the resultant coatings as potential insulating materials for electrostatic chucks (ESCs) being developed for semiconductor manufacturing. Electrical resistivity of all coatings was measured under vacuum upon heating and cooling over a temperature range of 20 to 600 °C. Dielectric constants were also measured under the same test conditions. X-ray diffraction was performed to examine phase formation in the coatings. Results show the importance of powder composition and careful selection and control of spray conditions for optimizing electrical behavior in plasma-sprayed aluminum oxide, and point to the need for further studies to characterize the relationship between high temperature electrical properties, measured plasma-spray variables, and specific microstructural and compositional coating features.

Standardisation of X-Ray Powder Diffraction Methods

2004 ◽  
Vol 443-444 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Giovanni Berti ◽  
Rob Delhez ◽  
S. Norval ◽  
B. Peplinski ◽  
E. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technical Committee ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Standard Documents ◽  
And Control ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Research Centres

This paper outlines the standardisation process for the XRPD method that is currently being considered by a Working Group (WG10) of Technical Committee 138 "Non-destructive Testing" of the European Committee for Standardisation CEN. Several Standard Documents are on the verge of being released. These documents concern the general principles of (X-ray) diffraction, its terminology, and the basic procedures applied. Another document concerns the instruments used and it offers procedures to characterise and control the performance of an X-ray diffractometer properly. It is intended to issue Standard Documents on specific methods, e.g. determination of residual stresses. In fact work is in progress on this subject. The Standard Documents can be used by industry, government organisations, and research centres with activities related to safety, health and the environment, as well as for educational purposes.

Applications of Data-Driven Modelling and Machine Learning in Control of Water Resources

2011 ◽  
pp. 197-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Solomatine
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Computational Intelligence ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
And Control

Traditionally, management and control of water resources is based on behavior-driven or physically based models based on equations describing the behavior of water bodies. Since recently models built on the basis of large amounts of collected data are gaining popularity. This modeling approach we will call data-driven modeling; it borrows methods from various areas related to computational intelligence—machine learning, data mining, soft computing, etc. The chapter gives an overview of successful applications of several data-driven techniques in the problems of water resources management and control. The list of such applications includes: using decision trees in classifying flood conditions and water levels in the coastal zone depending on the hydrometeorological data, using artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy rule-based systems for building controllers for real-time control of water resources, using ANNs and M5 model trees in flood control, using chaos theory in predicting water levels for ship guidance, etc. Conclusions are drawn on the applicability of the mentioned methods and the future role of computational intelligence in modeling and control of water resources.

Formation of Nanostructured Energetic Materials via Modified Sol-Gel Synthesis

2003 ◽  
Vol 800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Walker ◽  
Rina Tannenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Energetic Materials ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ph Profile ◽  
Carboxylate Groups ◽  
Sol Gel Synthesis ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACTThis study is concerned with the development of a modified sol-gel synthesis of Fe2O3 xerogels that would allow the design and control of the interfacial area between the oxidant iron oxide matrix and the metal reducing agent, thus optimizing the energetic yield of these highly energetic reactions. The modification consisted in the addition of a new class of di-functional template molecules, such as diamines or di-acids, as gelation agents. pH profile measurements indicated that the mechanism of reaction of propylene oxide and of succinic acid as the gelation agents was fundamentally different. Propylene oxide acts as a proton scavenger, reducing the hydrated iron species to Fe2O3, thus reducing the concentration of protons in the reaction mixture leading to an increase in pH. When succinic acid is used as the gelation agent, a decrease in pH versus time during the reaction indicates the formation of carboxylate ions, thus creating reactive molecules that are capable of stabilizing the Fe2O3 clusters during the growth process. Infrared spectra of the products in both reactions support presence of carboxylate groups in the Fe2O3 xerogels. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed low levels of crystallinity in both products, and the presence of different phases of Fe2O3.

Development of an Instrumentation and Control System Learning Material Using LEGO Education System

2013 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 345-349
Author(s):  
Hawsawi Abbas ◽  
Norikane Kanai
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Education System ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Material System ◽  
Control Engineering ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
And Control ◽  
Plant Automation ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Plant Control

The control engineering technology is a huge field of study. Above all, the instrumentation and control, likewise the plant automation has been classified as a special field of this technology. In this thesis we are introducing a practical learning material system that deals with instrumentation and plant control theory using LEGO Mindstorms and LEGO Bricks. There are different parts in the plant such as field instruments, controllers and analyzers, which are linked together to maintain a stable level of production. We are assuming that colleges and new employer will be able to use the developed system.

The Process of Sol-Gel Method Prepared Bi-2212 Superconductors Tapes

2013 ◽  
Vol 275-277 ◽  
pp. 2300-2303
Author(s):  
Gen Zong Song ◽  
Duo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Gel Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sol Gel Method ◽  
Ni Substrate ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
And Control

In this dissertation, Bi-2212 superconducting tapes was prepared by sol-gel method, in addition we mainly studied heat treatment conditions and sintering material drying conditions of the NiO/Ni substrate, and gived a optimization to the process. The heat treatment process of the NiO/Ni substrate had been researched.Based on previous experience, we explored the temperature of heat treatment and improved the process.Afterheattreatment,the samples was analyzed by metallographic microscope and X-ray diffraction,and we analysed these data. It’s concluded that the dense uniform oxide film can be sintered in 800°C with a 3 hours’ heat treatment.We further explored the conditions of the Bi-2212 superconducting materials.During the preparation. We mainly studied the drying temperature and sintering temperature ,because they would affect the gel phase transition and control components. It has a very important effect on high-quality superconducting strip preparation. Experiments results showed that drying the sample at 510 °C in temperature is best. all the samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. We summed up the data derived from experiments , it showed that sintering the sample at 850°C,we can obtain the mixed phase of Bi-2201 and Bi-2212.

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