scholarly journals Critical Metabolic Pathways And Genes Cooperate For Epoxy Fatty Acid-Enriched Oil Production In Developing Seeds of Vernonia Galamensis, An Industrial Oleaginous Plant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Sun ◽  
Baoling Liu ◽  
Jinai Xue ◽  
Xiaodan Wang ◽  
Hongli Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Vernolic Acid ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Vernonia Galamensis ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Epoxy Fatty Acid ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background: Vernonia galamensis, originated from Africa, is an annual oleaginous plant of Asteraceae family. As a newly-establishing industrial oil crop, this plant produces high level (> 70%) of vernolic acid (cis-12-epoxyoctadeca-cis-9-enoic acid), an unusual epoxy fatty acid (EFA) with multiple industrial applications. Here, transcriptome analysis and fatty acid profiling from developing V. galamensis seeds were integrated to uncover the critical metabolic pathways responsible for high EFA accumulation and identify the targets that could be used in assembly of EFA biosynthesis pathway in existing oilseed crops. Results: Based on oil accumulation dynamics of V. galamensis seeds, we harvested seed samples from three stages (17, 38, and 45 days after pollination, DAP) representing the initial, fast and final EFA accumulation phases, and one mixed sample from different tissues for RNA-sequencing, with three biological replicates at each sample. Using Illumina platform, we have generated a total of 265 million raw cDNA reads. After filtering process, de novo assembly of clean reads yielded 67,114 unigenes with an N50 length of 1,316 nt. Functional annotation resulted in the identification of almost all genes involved in diverse lipid-metabolic pathways, including the novel fatty acid desaturase/epoxygenase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and 2, and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases. By comparison, we found that various genes associated with acyl editing, fatty acid β-oxidation, triacylglycerol assembly and oil-body formation had greater expression levels at middle developmental stage (38 DAP), which are consistent with the fast accumulation of EFA in V. galamensis developing seed, implying their fundamental roles in EFA production. Additionally, we isolated some transcription factors (such as WRI1, FUS3 and ABI4), which putatively regulated the production of V. galamensis seed oils. The transient assay of selected genes resulted in a synergistic increase of EFA-enriched TAG accumulation in tobacco leaves. Transcriptome data were further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR for twelve key genes in EFA biosynthesis. Finally, a comprehensive network for high EFA accumulation in V. galamensis seed was established.Conclusions: Our results are of significance with regard to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the natural epoxy oil production in this plant and provide valuable reference for developing other oilseeds with high level of valued epoxy oil.

Molecular and biochemical analyses of avocado (Persea americana) reveal differences in the oil accumulation pattern between the mesocarp and seed during the fruit developmental period

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ge ◽  
Xiangshu Dong ◽  
Yuanzheng Liu ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
Rulin Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background: The avocado (Persea americana) mesocarp and seed contain high-value oil with broad industrial applications. The oil contents in these two tissues vary considerably at maturity. Additionally, the molecular mechanism underlying the tissue-specific oil accumulation in the developing avocado mesocarp and seed remains unclear, which has hampered the exploration of the utility of avocado for oil production.Results: To clarify the mechanisms mediating the differences in oil contents and fatty acid compositions, the transcriptomes and oil bodies were compared between the oil-storing tissues during the fruit developmental period. The results revealed the increasing and fluctuating trends in the oil accumulation in the developing avocado mesocarp and seed, respectively. Additionally, striking differences in the lipid droplets between the mature mesocarp and seed were revealed in confocal microscopy images. Subsequently, the gene transcription profiles of the developing mesocarp and seed were characterized via a comprehensive transcriptome analysis involving second-generation sequencing and single-molecule real-time sequencing techniques. The tissue-specific transcription of lipid-related genes contributing to fatty acid synthesis, triacylglycerol assembly, and triacylglycerol storage was examined, with most of the lipid-related genes expressed at higher levels in the developing mesocarp than in the developing seed. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis uncovered 291 transcription factors that were commonly or uniquely correlated with the oil contents in the avocado mesocarp and seed. Moreover, 11 trans-acting and 79 cis-acting long non-coding RNAs were identified as common or unique to the developing avocado mesocarp and seed. These long non-coding RNAs may regulate the expression of 43 lipid-related genes. Finally, a network of genes associated with oil accumulation in the developing avocado mesocarp and seed was established.Conclusions: The results of this study further elucidate the tissue-specific oil biosynthesis and related regulatory network in the avocado mesocarp and seed. Furthermore, tissue-specific lipid-related genes, putative transcription factors, and putativelong non-coding RNAs affecting oil accumulation were identified. Our data may also be useful for characterizing tissue-specific oil accumulation at the transcriptomic level, thereby identifying candidate genes for improving the oil production of related plant species.

scholarly journals Vernonia galamensis and vernolic acid inhibit fatty acid biohydrogenation in vitro

2016 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 54-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ramos-Morales ◽  
N. McKain ◽  
R.M.A. Gawad ◽  
A. Hugo ◽  
R.J. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vernolic Acid ◽  
Vernonia Galamensis

scholarly journals Cancer Cells Tune the Signaling Pathways to Empower de Novo Synthesis of Nucleotides

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Villa ◽  
Eunus Ali ◽  
Umakant Sahu ◽  
Issam Ben-Sahra
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cancer Cell Proliferation ◽  
Nucleotide Synthesis ◽  
Nucleotide Pools ◽  
Molecular Determinants ◽  
Target Cancer

Cancer cells exhibit a dynamic metabolic landscape and require a sufficient supply of nucleotides and other macromolecules to grow and proliferate. To meet the metabolic requirements for cell growth, cancer cells must stimulate de novo nucleotide synthesis to obtain adequate nucleotide pools to support nucleic acid and protein synthesis along with energy preservation, signaling activity, glycosylation mechanisms, and cytoskeletal function. Both oncogenes and tumor suppressors have recently been identified as key molecular determinants for de novo nucleotide synthesis that contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis and the proliferation of cancer cells. Inactivation of tumor suppressors such as TP53 and LKB1 and hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway and of oncogenes such as MYC, RAS, and AKT have been shown to fuel nucleotide synthesis in tumor cells. The molecular mechanisms by which these signaling hubs influence metabolism, especially the metabolic pathways for nucleotide synthesis, continue to emerge. Here, we focus on the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which oncogenes and tumor suppressors modulate nucleotide synthesis in cancer cells and, based on these insights, discuss potential strategies to target cancer cell proliferation.

scholarly journals Analysis and Functional Verification of PoWRI1 Gene Associated with Oil Accumulation Process in Paeonia ostii

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6996
Author(s):  
Jing Sun ◽  
Tian Chen ◽  
Mi Liu ◽  
Daqiu Zhao ◽  
Jun Tao
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Functional Verification ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Expression Of Genes

The plant transcription factor WRINKLED1 (WRI1), a member of AP2/EREBP, is involved in the regulation of glycolysis and the expression of genes related to the de novo synthesis of fatty acids in plastids. In this study, the key regulator of seed oil synthesis and accumulation transcription factor gene PoWRI1 was identified and cloned, having a complete open reading frame of 1269 bp and encoding 422 amino acids. Subcellular localization analysis showed that PoWRI1 is located at the nucleus. After the expression vector of PoWRI1 was constructed and transformed into wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana, it was found that the overexpression of PoWRI1 increased the expression level of downstream target genes such as BCCP2, KAS1, and PKP-β1. As a result, the seeds of transgenic plants became larger, the oil content increased significantly, and the unsaturated fatty acid content increased, which provide a scientific theoretical basis for the subsequent use of genetic engineering methods to improve the fatty acid composition and content of plant seeds.

Psoralen photoactivation promotes morphological and functional changes in fibroblasts in vitro reminiscent of cellular senescence

1998 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 759-767
Author(s):  
G. Herrmann ◽  
P. Brenneisen ◽  
M. Wlaschek ◽  
J. Wenk ◽  
K. Faisst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Premature Aging ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Uva Irradiation ◽  
High Level

Premature aging of the skin is a prominent side effect of psoralen photoactivation, a treatment used widely for various skin disorders. The molecular mechanisms underlying premature aging upon psoralen photoactivation are as yet unknown. Here we show that treatment of fibroblasts with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and subsequent ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation resulted in a permanent switch of mitotic to stably postmitotic fibroblasts which acquired a high level of de novo expression of SA-beta-galactosidase, a marker for fibroblast senescence in vitro and in vivo. A single exposure of fibroblasts to 8-MOP/UVA resulted in a 5.8-fold up-regulation of two matrix-degrading enzymes, interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), over a period of >120 days, while TIMP-1, the major inhibitor of MMP-1 and MMP-3, was only slightly induced. This imbalance between matrix-degrading metalloproteases and their inhibitor may lead to connective tissue damage, a hallmark of premature aging. Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, but not singlet oxygen, were identified as important intermediates in the downstream signaling pathway leading to these complex fibroblast responses upon psoralen photoactivation. Collectively, the end phenotype induced upon psoralen photoactivation shares several criteria of senescent cells. In the absence of detailed molecular data on what constitutes normal aging, it is difficult to decide whether the changes reported here reflect mechanisms underlying normal cellular aging/senescence or rather produce a mimic of cellular aging/senescence by quite different pathways.

PPARγ2 regulates lipogenesis and lipid accumulation in steatotic hepatocytes

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (6) ◽  
pp. E1195-E1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Schadinger ◽  
Nancy L. R. Bucher ◽  
Barbara M. Schreiber ◽  
Stephen R. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Triacylglycerol Synthesis

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is considered to be one of the master regulators of adipocyte differentiation. PPARγ2 is abundantly expressed in mature adipocytes and is elevated in the livers of animals that develop fatty livers. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of PPARγ2 to induce lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and to delineate molecular mechanisms driving this process. The hepatic cell line AML-12 was used to generate a cell line stably expressing PPARγ2. Oil Red O staining revealed that PPARγ2 induces lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. This phenotype is accompanied by a selective upregulation of several adipogenic and lipogenic genes including adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 4, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, genes whose expression levels are known to increase in steatotic livers of ob/ob mice. Furthermore, the PPARγ2-regulated induction of both SREBP-1 and FAS parallels an increase in de novo triacylglycerol synthesis in hepatocytes. Triacylglycerol synthesis and lipid accumulation are further enhanced by culturing hepatocytes with troglitazone in the absence of exogenous lipids. These results correspond with an increase in the lipid droplet protein, ADRP, and the data demonstrate that ADRP functions to coat lipid droplets in hepatocytes as observed by confocal microscopy. Taken together, these observations propose a role for PPARγ2 as an inducer of steatosis in hepatocytes and suggest that this phenomenon occurs through an induction of pathways regulating de novo lipid synthesis.

scholarly journals Identification of genes associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid and oil accumulation in herbaceous peony ‘Hangshao’ (Paeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’) seeds based on transcriptome analysis

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Song Meng ◽  
Yu-Han Tang ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Da-Qiu Zhao ◽  
Ke-Liang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Paeonia Lactiflora ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Herbaceous Peony

Abstract Background Paeonia lactiflora ‘Hangshao’ is widely cultivated in China as a traditional Chinese medicine ‘Radix Paeoniae Alba’. Due to the abundant unsaturated fatty acids in its seed, it can also be regarded as a new oilseed plant. However, the process of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in it has remained unknown. Therefore, transcriptome analysis is helpful to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results Five main fatty acids were detected, including stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, and their absolute contents first increased and then decreased during seed development. A total of 150,156 unigenes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. There were 15,005 unigenes annotated in the seven functional databases, including NR, NT, GO, KOG, KEGG, Swiss-Prot and InterPro. Based on the KEGG database, 1766 unigenes were annotated in the lipid metabolism. There were 4635, 12,304, and 18,291 DEGs in Group I (60 vs 30 DAF), Group II (90 vs 60 DAF) and Group III (90 vs 30 DAF), respectively. A total of 1480 DEGs were detected in the intersection of the three groups. In 14 KEGG pathways of lipid metabolism, 503 DEGs were found, belonging to 111 enzymes. We screened out 123 DEGs involved in fatty acid biosynthesis (39 DEGs), fatty acid elongation (33 DEGs), biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid (24 DEGs), TAG assembly (17 DEGs) and lipid storage (10 DEGs). Furthermore, qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of 16 genes, including BBCP, BC, MCAT, KASIII, KASII, FATA, FATB, KCR, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, FAD7, GPAT, DGAT, OLE and CLO, most of which showed the highest expression at 45 DAF, except for DGAT, OLE and CLO, which showed the highest expression at 75 DAF. Conclusions We predicted that MCAT, KASIII, FATA, SAD, FAD2, FAD3, DGAT and OLE were the key genes in the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation in herbaceous peony seed. This study provides the first comprehensive genomic resources characterizing herbaceous peony seed gene expression at the transcriptional level. These data lay the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of fatty acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation for herbaceous peony.

scholarly journals High oil accumulation in tuber of yellow nutsedge compared to purple nutsedge is associated with more abundant expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and triacylglycerol storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongying Ji ◽  
Dantong Liu ◽  
Zhenle Yang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Triacylglycerol Synthesis

Abstract Background Yellow nutsedge is a unique plant species that can accumulate up to 35% oil of tuber dry weight, perhaps the highest level observed in the tuber tissues of plant kingdom. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism that leads to high oil accumulation in yellow nutsedge, gene expression profiles of oil production pathways involved carbon metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, triacylglycerol synthesis, and triacylglycerol storage during tuber development were compared with purple nutsedge, the closest relative of yellow nutsedge that is poor in oil accumulation. Results Compared with purple nutsedge, high oil accumulation in yellow nutsedge was associated with significant up-regulation of specific key enzymes of plastidial RubisCO bypass as well as malate and pyruvate metabolism, almost all fatty acid synthesis enzymes, and seed-like oil-body proteins. However, overall transcripts for carbon metabolism toward carbon precursor for fatty acid synthesis were comparable and for triacylglycerol synthesis were similar in both species. Two seed-like master transcription factors ABI3 and WRI1 were found to display similar transcript patterns but were expressed at 6.5- and 14.3-fold higher levels in yellow nutsedge than in purple nutsedge, respectively. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that ABI3 was in strong transcriptional coordination with WRI1 and other key oil-related genes. Conclusions These results implied that pyruvate availability and fatty acid synthesis in plastid, along with triacylglycerol storage in oil bodies, rather than triacylglycerol synthesis in endoplasmic reticulum, are the major factors responsible for high oil production in tuber of yellow nutsedge, and ABI3 most likely plays a critical role in regulating oil accumulation. This study is of significance with regard to understanding the molecular mechanism controlling carbon partitioning toward oil production in oil-rich tuber and provides a valuable reference for enhancing oil accumulation in non-seed tissues of crops through genetic breeding or metabolic engineering.

scholarly journals Bioinformatic analysis deciphers the molecular toolbox in the endophytic/pathogenic behaviour in F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae - V. planifolia Jacks interaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Tulio Solano De la Cruz ◽  
Esteban Elías Escobar Hernández ◽  
Jorge Arturo Arciniega González ◽  
Rocío Del Pilar Rueda Zozaya ◽  
Mauricio Luna Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
Fusaric Acid ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Genomic Regions

Background: F. oxysporum as a species complex (FOSC) possess the capacity, to specialize into host-specific pathogens deriving into formae speciales. This with the help of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between pathogenic and endophytic individuals of FOSC. From these pathogenic forma speciales, F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (Fov) is the causal agent of fusarium wilt producing root and stem rot (RSR) positions itself was the main phytosanitary problem in vanilla plantations worldwide. Nonetheless, the origin of this forma specialis and the behavioral genetics dictating the endophytic/pathogenic Fusarium lifestyles are still unknown. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms that establish these behaviors we analyzed the RNA-seq libraries of two-times frames of vanilla-fov interactions. Results: Our analyses identified the sets of transcripts corresponding to Fov pathogenic strain JAGH3 during the two-times frames of the infection as the sets of the transcripts belonging to endophytic Fox in vanilla. Functional predictions of de novo annotated transcripts as the enriched GO terms with the overrepresented metabolic pathways associated to them allowed us to identify the molecular processes that establish the pathogenic lifestyle in Fov being virulence, hypervirulence, sporulation, conidiation, necrosis and fusaric acid related genes with the carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, glycerophospholipids and autophagy metabolic pathways that are key regulators of spores germination and pathogenicity establishment as the underlying mechanisms behind this behavior. As the absence of these were found in the vanilla endophytic Fox. Conclusions: This work reveals the main players of the behavioral genetics in pathogenic Fov/endophytic Fox in V. planifolia Jacks. Its pathogenic strategy allows Fov to infect in a SIX genes-independent manner. As the other pathogenic elements found in this study could be explained by the presence of pathogenicity islands and genomic regions associated with supernumerary chromosomes in Fov. These play a central role as carriers of genes involved with pathogenic activity and can be obtained through HGT.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analyses reveals the dynamic nature of oil accumulation during seed development of Plukenetia volubilis L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Liu ◽  
Zhihua Wu ◽  
Yan Peng ◽  
Xiuhua Shang ◽  
Yaojian Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Oil Accumulation ◽  
Plukenetia Volubilis ◽  
Sacha Inchi

AbstractSacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is a shrub native to Amazon rainforests that’s of commercial interest as its seeds contain 35–60% edible oil (dry weight). This oil is one of the healthiest vegetable oils due to its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content and favourable ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. De novo transcriptome assembly and comparative analyses were performed on sacha inchi seeds from five stages of seed development in order to identifying genes associated with oil accumulation and fatty acid production. Of 30,189 unigenes that could be annotated in public databases, 20,446 were differentially expressed unigenes. A total of 14 KEGG pathways related to lipid metabolism were found, and 86 unigenes encoding enzymes involved in α-linolenic acid (ALA) biosynthesis were obtained including five unigenes encoding FATA (Unigene0008403), SAD (Unigene0012943), DHLAT (Unigene0014324), α-CT (Unigene0022151) and KAS II (Unigene0024371) that were significantly up-regulated in the final stage of seed development. A total of 66 unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in the synthesis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) were found, along with seven unigenes encoding PDCT (Unigene0000909), LPCAT (Unigene0007846), Oleosin3 (Unigene0010027), PDAT1 (Unigene0016056), GPDH (Unigene0022660), FAD2 (Unigene0037808) and FAD3 (Unigene0044238); these also proved to be up-regulated in the final stage of seed development.

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