scholarly journals Gender differences in perception of the appropriate maturity age for men and women: Age norms of reproduction-related life events between the social context and evolutionary foundations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Todosijević ◽  
Zoran Pavlović ◽  
Olivera Komar
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Norms ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Social

Abstract The paper explores gender differences in the perception of appropriate age for reproduction-related life events. Evolutionary theory suggests that age norms are shaped by gender-specific evolutionary challenges. We tested two hypotheses based on the evolutionary rationale. Hypothesis 1 suggests that both men and women believe that women should reach maturity and experience reproduction-related life events earlier than men. Hypothesis 2 claims that men and women demonstrate this tendency asymmetrically. When women estimate the appropriate/ideal age for men, they suggest a higher appropriate age for men than men themselves. When men estimate the appropriate/ideal age for women, they suggest a younger age for women compared to women themselves. In the second part of the paper, we explored the background of these claims by testing the alternative explanations based on ‘social forces’ (culture, socio-economic status, education, age, values). The hypotheses were tested using the 9th wave of the ESS data, totaling around 47 thousand respondents and the sample of Balkan countries was analyzed in more detail. The appropriate age was measured using ‘ideal age’ as the concept which reflects the optimal timing expectations for reproduction-related events: living with a partner, marriage, and parenthood. Respondents were also asked to make judgments about the appropriate age of becoming an adult for men and women. The overall results supported the outlined expectations based on the evolutionary approach. The results did not provide convincing evidence for the alternative, non-evolutionary interpretation of the identified patterns.

scholarly journals Gender differences in perception of the appropriate maturity age for men and women: Age norms of reproduction-related life events between the social context and evolutionary foundations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Todosijević ◽  
Suzana Ignjatović
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Norms ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Social

Abstract The paper explores gender differences in the perception of appropriate age for reproduction-related life events. Evolutionary theory suggests that age norms are shaped by gender-specific evolutionary challenges. We tested two hypotheses based on the evolutionary rationale. Hypothesis 1 suggests that both men and women believe that women should reach maturity and experience reproduction-related life events earlier than men. Hypothesis 2 claims that men and women demonstrate this tendency asymmetrically. When women estimate the appropriate/ideal age for men, they suggest a higher appropriate age for men than men themselves. When men estimate the appropriate/ideal age for women, they suggest a younger age for women compared to women themselves. In the second part of the paper, we explored the background of these claims by testing the alternative explanations based on ‘social forces’ (culture, socio-economic status, education, age, values). The hypotheses were tested using the 9th wave of the ESS data, totaling around 47 thousand respondents and the sample of Balkan countries was analyzed in more detail. The appropriate age was measured using ‘ideal age’ as the concept which reflects the optimal timing expectations for reproduction-related events: living with a partner, marriage, and parenthood. Respondents were also asked to make judgments about the appropriate age of becoming an adult for men and women. The overall results supported the outlined expectations based on the evolutionary approach. The results did not provide convincing evidence for the alternative, non-evolutionary interpretation of the identified patterns.

scholarly journals Gender differences in perception of the appropriate maturity age for men and women: Age norms of reproduction-related life events between the social context and evolutionary foundations

Sociologija ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-313
Author(s):  
Bojan Todosijevic ◽  
Suzana Ignjatovic
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Age Norms ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Social

The paper explores gender differences in the perception of appropriate age for reproduction-related life events. Evolutionary theory suggests that age norms are shaped by gender-specific evolutionary challenges. We tested two hypotheses based on the evolutionary rationale. Hypothesis 1 suggests that both men and women believe that women should reach maturity and experience reproduction-related life events earlier than men. Hypothesis 2 claims that men and women demonstrate this tendency asymmetrically. When women estimate the appropriate/ideal age for men, they suggest a higher appropriate age for men than men themselves. When men estimate the appropriate/ideal age for women, they suggest a younger age for women compared to women themselves. In the second part of the paper, we explored the background of these claims by testing the alternative explanations based on social forces (culture, socio-economic status, education, age, values). The hypotheses were tested using the 9th wave of the European Social Survey (ESS) data, totaling around 47 thousand respondents and the sample of Balkan countries was analyzed in more detail. The appropriate age was measured using ?ideal age? as the concept which reflects the optimal timing expectations for reproduction-related events: living with a partner, marriage, and parenthood. Respondents were also asked to make judgments about the appropriate age of becoming an adult for men and women. The overall results supported the outlined expectations based on the evolutionary approach.

scholarly journals Personal Digital Health Assistants

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Uday Jain ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Working Day

The Aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of job stress indicators in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% males, mean age 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Job stress indicators were assessed using the Karasek’s scale adopted by MONICA-MOPSY. Results: About 40% of male and female population in 1988 reported a change in occupation in the previous 12 years. The highest proportion of such persons was observed in the younger age groups and significant gender differences were also found there. By 2016-17, the proportion of those who changed their specialty decreased but gender differences were not determined. In 2016-17, the proportion of men and women who enjoy their job increased slightly compared to 1988, but the gender difference was insignificant. Responsibility at work increased up to 58.2% and 54.5%, respectively in dynamics among young men and women. In 2016-17, the perception of responsibility at the workplace returned to the semblance of 1988 without gender differences. Regarding changes in the workplace, in 1988, the most frequent were "change of salary" and "change of workplace" for both sexes. Men more often than women indicated conflicts with their superiors and subordinates. In 2013, the change of workplace was reported more often than changes in salary (especially in the youngest group of 25-34 years old) but in 2017 these answers correlated with each other, amounting to 11-12%. No gender differences were observed. In 2013-16, share of men and women who reduced their workload increased to 20%. This proportion decreased in 2016-17. And the trend towards an increase in workload at the workplace moved at a faster pace, especially among middle-aged and older men. The proportion of women who cannot relax and rest after usual working day in the period from 1988 to 2013-16 was stable at 38-39%; but by 2016-2017 it decreased by a third. The proportion of such men has been growing over 29 years and began to exceed women by 10% in 2016-17. Conclusions: Both genders began to perform additional work tasks more often and to assess their responsibility at work as high over 29 years of observations. There is a trend towards eliminating of sex differences.

scholarly journals The Pivotal Role of Women in Informal Care

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1348-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piet Bracke ◽  
Wendy Christiaens ◽  
Naomi Wauterickx
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Life Course

Supporting and caring for each other are crucial parts of the social tissue that binds people together. In these networks, men and women hold different positions: Women more often care more for others, listen more to the problems of others, and, as kin keepers, hold families together. Is this true for all life stages? And are social conditions, among other things bound to the organization of work and family, an essential explanation of these differences? Data from the sixth wave (1997) of the Panel Study of Belgian Households allow us to answer these questions. The results show that women are the glue holding social relations together. They play a central role as friends, daughters, sisters, mothers, and grandmothers throughout all stages of the life course. Similar life commitments do not reduce these gender differences but instead emphasize them even further.

Sex Differences and Life Event Experiences

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Webb ◽  
Donald Snodgrass ◽  
Jerry Thagard
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Personal Injury ◽  
Life Event ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Life Crisis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Social Readjustment Rating Scale ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between the sex of subject and life event experiences. A sample of 90 adult-psychiatric out-patients were administered the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. The range of scores indicating the magnitude of life crisis were used to assess exposure to stress. The results indicated that a majority (75.6%) of the subjects had experienced considerable stress in the year prior to seeking treatment. While there was no significant difference between the sexes in over-all life-event stress scores, a difference was found in the frequency with which men and women experienced seven of the life events. Males reported more involvements with the law (jail, law violations) and more vocational (work, business readjustments) related experiences, whereas, females reported more personal (injury, illness, change in family) events.

scholarly journals Model Pendekatan Perjuangan Emansipasi R.A.Kartini dari Perspektif Perjuangan Kesetaraan Gender Dewasa Ini (Sebuah Kajian Kepustakaan)

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Ida Ayu Putu Mahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
Cultural Constructs ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education Of Women ◽  
Family And Marriage ◽  
Gender Based

Raden Ajeng (R.A.) Kartini has been known as an Indonesian women’s emancipation fighter. In addition, R.A.Kartini is also known as the pioneer of the Indonesian nationalist movement, hence the state has appointed him a national independence hero (Moedjanto, 1983: IV). R.A.Kartini emancipation struggle is not done in a physical struggle, but done through the struggle of his thoughts or ideas. This paper reveals the emancipation struggle approach model R.A. Kartini from the perspective of the struggle for gender equality today (a literary review). To understand this problem, gender analysis is used as an analytical tool to understand the social realities of gender-differentiated relations between men and women. The concept of emancipation is not much different from the concept of struggle of gender equality known today, these two concepts aims to fight for the rights of women with men to be equal and equal in accordance with the context of the ability of each individual. Gender itself is a concept that refers to men and women who are distinguished not biologically or naturally but are distinguished on the basis of social and cultural constructs. Thus, both men’s and women’s societies can create, socialize, reinforce gender-based differences, so long as gender differences do not create injustice between men and women no matter the need to be sued, but the issue is when gender differences are constructed social and cultural causes of gender injustice that harm both men, especially for women (Fakih, 1999: 12). In connection With this there are several issues that need to be studied, among others: 1. How to model the approach to emancipation struggle R.A.Kartini in advancing the education of women? 2. How is the approach model of R.A.Kartini emancipation struggle fostering equality in family and marriage? 3. How does the emancipation struggle approach model of R.A.Kartini foster equality in improving the welfare of the people? All these issues will be examined from the perspective of today’s gender equality struggle.

Gender Differences in SIOP Research Fellows’ Publication Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah T. McMillan ◽  
Kristen Shockley ◽  
Dorothy R. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Career Advancement ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social

Gardner, Ryan, and Snoeyink (2018) provide illuminating analyses regarding the role of gender in career advancement within industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology. One of their suggestions for further advancing this area of research is to examine homophily, defined as the tendency for individuals to have social ties with those who are similar to themselves, in the social networks of men and women in the field. Such research is warranted because social networks—in particular, the networks of research collaboration relationships (e.g., publications, grants) scientists develop throughout their careers—are critical to success in academia (e.g., Bozeman & Corley, 2004).

Beyond Surviving

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally V. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
New South ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Social ◽  
Depth Interviews

The aim of this research project was to explore how men and women constructed a sense of self through narrative following an early sexual experience with an adult. Using narrative inquiry methodology, 22 in-depth interviews were conducted in New South Wales, Australia, with 13 women and 9 men ages between 25 and 70. All participants had an early sexual experience at the age of 15 or younger with someone 18 or older. Narrative analysis was used to examine the co-constructed stories that emerged. Participants told four evolving narratives about their experiences: narratives of silence, of ongoing suffering, of transformation, and of transcendence. The gender differences between these narratives have been examined in the light of the literature relating to childhood sexual abuse, the victim and survivor discourses, and the social construction of gender.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Narrative Function of the Economic Elements in Their Eyes Were Watching God

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 01070
Author(s):  
Jiana Liu
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Background ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Equal Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
Representative Work ◽  
Narrative Function

In Zora Neale Hurston’s representative work, Their Eyes Were Watching God, economic elements occupy a large proportion. This paper aims to analyze economic elements and explore the narrative function of the economic elements in the novel: to participate in the construction of the social background, to advance the development of the plot and create the conflict between characters, to promote the shaping of the characters. Through the narrative function of economic elements in the above aspects, Hurston explores and reflects on the economic status of black women, the value of black women’s life, and the equal status of black men and women in society.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Occupational Choice in Pakistan: A Multinomial Approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Mueen Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Characteristics

Occupational choice plays an important role in determining earnings and success in the labour market. In the social structure of Pakistan, an occupation reflects the socio-economic status of the individual. In this backdrop, the paper looks at the occupational structure and analyses how different characteristics help individuals to access jobs of their choice. The main issue discussed in the paper is how men and women have a different occupation distribution. Estimates are based on a multinomial log model of occupation choices for men and women, using the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) 2001-02 data. The empirical results show that individuals with high educational achievements choose high-ranking jobs. It is also noted that gender has a role in the labour market and males are sorted out in high-paying occupation. Occupational choice is influenced more by the human capital variables than by the individual characteristics. Among human capital variables, education has the strongest impact in the selection of an occupation of choice.

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