scholarly journals Significance of Flower Bud Density for Cultivar Evaluation in Almond

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1753-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ossama Kodad ◽  
Rafel Socias i Company
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Sustainable Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Selection ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Selection For

Flower bud density, spur density, and number of flower buds per spur were evaluated in 57 almond cultivars and selections during 3 consecutive years to establish their repeatability as well as their potential to ensure a sustainable commercial production. These three traits showed a high variability with significant differences between genotypes and years as well as a significant interaction of genotype and year. The effect of location and the interaction of location and genotype were not significant for bud density, but they were for spur density and number of flower buds per spur. Variability of flower bud density is mostly related to the number of flower buds per spur as indicated by the higher repeatability of spur density than that of the other two traits. A high flower bud density is essential for a sustainable production, because a high number of flowers may compensate frost damage. Early selection for a high flower bud density can be done indirectly through selection for a high spur density but requires its evaluation over several years.

scholarly journals Dormant Pruning and Fall Ethephon Application Influence Peach Pistil Hardiness

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Durner
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Heat Accumulation ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Ethephon Treatment

Flower bud hardiness of ethephon-treated (100 mg·liter-1 in October), dormant pruned (in December) `Redhaven' peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch.) trees was studied from December through March using exotherm analysis. In early December, buds not treated with ethephon were 0.5C hardier than ethephon-treated buds. From mid-December through March, ethephon-treated buds were 0.5 to 2.1C hardier than nontreated buds. When a main effect of pruning was detected, buds from pruned trees were 0.8 to 2.8C less hardy than buds from nonpruned trees. On several dates, a significant interaction on flower bud hardiness between ethephon treatment and pruning was detected. For trees not treated with ethephon, buds from pruned trees were 1.8 to 2.2C less hardy than those from nonpruned trees. Pruning did not affect hardiness of buds from ethephon-treated trees. Ethephon delayed bloom to the 75% fully open stage by 9 days. Pruning accelerated bloom to the 75% fully open stage by 3 days compared to nonpruned trees. Flower bud dehardening under controlled conditions was also studied. As field chilling accumulated, flower buds dehardened more rapidly and to a greater extent when exposed to heat. Pruning accelerated and intensified dehardening. Ethephon reduced the pruning effect. The percentage of buds supercooling from any ethephon or pruning treatment did not change as chilling accumulated. In trees not treated with ethepbon, fewer buds supercooled as heat accumulated, and pruning intensified this effect. In pruned, ethephon-treated trees, fewer buds supercooled after exposure to heat. The number of buds supercooling in nonpruned trees did not change with heat accumulation. Flower bud rehardening after controlled dehardening was also evaluated. After dehardening in early February, there was no difference in the bud hardiness of pruned or nonpruned trees. Buds from ethepbon-treated trees were hardier than those from nontreated trees. With reacclimation, buds from pruned trees were not as hardy as those from nonpruned trees. The percentage of buds supercooling from ethephon-treated trees did not change with deacclimation or reacclimation treatments. After deacclimation in late February, buds from pruned trees were 2.2C less hardy than those from nonpruned trees. After reacclimation, buds from pruned, ethephon-treated trees rehardened 2.6C while buds from all other treatments remained at deacclimated hardiness levels or continued to deharden. Ethephon-treated pistils were shorter than nontreated pistils. Pistils from pruned trees were longer than those from nonpruned trees. Deacclimated pistils were longer than nondeacclimated pistils. Differences in hardiness among ethephon and pruning treatments were observed, but there was no relationship between pistil moisture and hardiness.

scholarly journals Growth Inhibitory Polyacetylenes from Galls of Hedera rhombea Bean

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0600100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayumi Yamazoe ◽  
Koji Hasegawa ◽  
Kiyotake Suenaga ◽  
Hideyuki Shigemori
Keyword(s):  
Gall Midge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Insect Galls ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
Lepidium Sativum L ◽  
Hedera Rhombea

Plant growth inhibitory polyacetylenes have been isolated from the insect galls on flower buds of Hedera rhombea Bean (Araliaceae) formed by the ivy flower bud gall midge, Asphondylia sp. (Cecidomyiidae), and their structures elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical means. The EC50 values for roots/hypocotyls growth of cress ( Lepidium sativum L.) seedlings were 7.0×10−5/8.0×10−5 M for ( Z)-8-acetoxy-1,2-epoxy-3-oxoheptadeca-9-ene-4,6-diyne, 9.5×10−5/9.0×10−5 M for ( Z)-8-acetoxy-3-oxoheptadeca-1,9-diene-4,6-diyne, 2.5×10−5/5.5×10−6 M for ( Z)-8-acetoxy-1-methoxy-3-oxoheptadeca-9-ene-4,6-diyne, and 7.5×10−5/2.0×10−6 M for falcarindiol, respectively. On the other hand, 8-acetoxyfalcarinol exhibited lower inhibition on roots and hypocotyls growth. Among these compounds, ( Z)-8-acetoxy-1-methoxy-3-oxoheptadeca-9-ene-4,6-diyne exhibited the strongest inhibitiory effect on root growth of cress seedlings, whereas against hypocotyl growth of cress seedlings, falcarindiol showed the strongest inhibition.

scholarly journals Cold Injury of Southern Blueberries as a Function of Germplasm and Season of Flower Bud Development

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Patten ◽  
Elizabeth Neuendorff ◽  
Gary Nimr ◽  
John R. Clark ◽  
Gina Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Cold Damage ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Flower Bud Development

The relative tolerance of flower buds and flowers of southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) to cold damage was compared to rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). For similar stages of floral bud development, southern highbush and highbush cultivars had less winter freeze and spring frost damage than rabbiteye cultivars. Cold damage increased linearly with stage of flower bud development. Small fruit were more sensitive to frost damage than open flowers. Rabbiteye blueberry flower buds formed during the fall growth flush were more hardy than buds formed during the spring growth flush, regardless of cultivar or stage of development.

scholarly journals Supercooling and Cold Hardiness in Sour Cherry Germplasm: Flower Buds

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. Mathers
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Floral Tissue ◽  
Annual Minimum Temperature ◽  
Freezing Temperatures

Flower buds of two sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), 12 sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) and one ground cherry (P. fruticosa Pall.) were collected monthly from Aug. 1990 to Mar. 1991, and subjected to freeze tests to determine the level of cold hardiness. LT50 values (temperatures at which 50% of the flower buds were killed) summed over all months were significantly correlated (r = 0.6844, P ≤ 0.01) to the flower bud low temperature exotherms (LTEs). Correlation of LTEs to LT50 values was highest, r = 0.85, P ≤ 0.01 for the acclimation and midwinter period, November to February collections. During this period the average LT50 occurred before and within 2.5 °C of the LTE, indicating tissue injury before the LTE occurrence. During deacclimation, represented by the March collection, the LT50 began within 2.0 °C, on average, of the LTE, and in 11 of 12 cultivars and seedlings preceded the LTE. In March, the correlation of LTEs to LT50 values was less, r = 0.69, P ≤ 0.05, indicating possible changes flower bud deep supercooling. LTE values were selected as a measure of flower bud hardiness in sour cherry. Exotherms were not detected in the flower buds of all germplasm tested on all evaluation dates, but were the best means of separating selections. While LTE analyses expressed significant differences in November, December, and March at P ≤ 0.01, the LT50 analyses expressed differences only in December and February at P ≤ 0.05. The relationship between ambient temperatures and floral tissue hardiness indicated that November and March are two critical times for flower bud injury. November injury would occur in years when sudden low temperatures occur without sufficient pre-exposure to freezing temperatures. March injury would occur in years when sudden freezing temperatures follow warm days. This type of injury would be most pronounced in southern genotypes. Spring freeze injury could be significantly reduced by the selection of cultivars and seedlings that have delayed deacclimation. Exotherm occurrence and bud volume were correlated (r = 0.95, P ≤ 0.05). In January, when exotherms were least prevalent, they were generally present only in the five cultivars and seedlings with large bud volumes. The LTEs in midwinter, occurred within 3 °C of the reported average annual minimum temperature for the northern range of Prunus commercial production (Zone 6). The results of the principal component analysis of flower bud LTEs indicated that other selection criteria as flowering time might have played a more significant role in the hardiness range of sour cherry than simply geographic origin. The first principal component (PC1), which accounted for 77% of the total variance was used to separate among cultivars and seedlings. Selections at the positive end of PC1 had flower buds that were more cold susceptible than selections at the negative end of PC. This concurs with other research showing that flower bud hardiness is related more to commercial range (i.e., the range of commercial production) than to geographic distribution.

scholarly journals Winter Frosts Reduce Flower Bud Survival in High-Mountain Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Johanna Wagner ◽  
Karla Gruber ◽  
Ursula Ladinig ◽  
Othmar Buchner ◽  
Gilbert Neuner
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Cushion Plants ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Flowering Frequency ◽  
Mountain Plants

At higher elevations in the European Alps, plants may experience winter temperatures of −30 °C and lower at snow-free sites. Vegetative organs are usually sufficiently frost hardy to survive such low temperatures, but it is largely unknown if this also applies to generative structures. We investigated winter frost effects on flower buds in the cushion plants Saxifraga bryoides L. (subnival-nival) and Saxifraga moschata Wulfen (alpine-nival) growing at differently exposed sites, and the chionophilous cryptophyte Ranunculus glacialis L. (subnival-nival). Potted plants were subjected to short-time (ST) and long-time (LT) freezing between −10 and −30 °C in temperature-controlled freezers. Frost damage, ice nucleation and flowering frequency in summer were determined. Flower bud viability and flowering frequency decreased significantly with decreasing temperature and exposure time in both saxifrages. Already, −10 °C LT-freezing caused the first injuries. Below −20 °C, the mean losses were 47% (ST) and 75% (LT) in S. bryoides, and 19% (ST) and 38% (LT) in S. moschata. Winter buds of both saxifrages did not supercool, suggesting that damages were caused by freeze dehydration. R. glacialis remained largely undamaged down to −30 °C in the ST experiment, but did not survive permanent freezing below −20 °C. Winter snow cover is essential for the survival of flower buds and indirectly for reproductive fitness. This problem gains particular relevance in the context of winter periods with low precipitation and winter warming events leading to the melting of the protective snowpack.

scholarly journals Flower Bud Hardiness of Forsythia Cultivars

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve McNamara ◽  
Harold Pellett
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Early Season ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Cultivars

Abstract Winter hardiness profiles were developed for six Forsythia cultivars introduced in the last 10—15 years for superior flower bud hardiness. The cultivars ‘Meadowlark’, ‘Northern Gold’, ‘Northern Sun’, ‘New Hampshire Gold’, ‘Sunrise’, and ‘Vermont Sun’ were at least 2–4°C (4–7°F) more hardy than F. × intermedia and F. ovata cultivars on most sampling dates. All cultivars acclimated sufficiently to withstand early-season minimum temperatures in most years. By mid-winter, five of the six new introductions obtained maximum hardiness levels of – 36°C (−33°F). ‘Sunrise’ was 2–4°C (4–7°F) less hardy than the other cultivars in mid-winter but was one of the most hardy cultivars in late-winter. With the exception of ‘Vermont Sun’, there was little difference among the new cultivars in timing of deacclimation. ‘Vermont Sun’ deacclimated earliest and was less hardy than the other cultivars by mid-March. While these new introductions have experienced little flower-bud injury in field trials over the past decade, nearly 100% of the flower buds of these cultivars were killed in two of three winters encompassed by this study. The climatic conditions that resulted in injury were distinctly different for the two years.

scholarly journals Morphological properties of fruit bearing shoots of apricot cultivars

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Milatovic ◽  
Dejan Djurovic ◽  
Gordan Zec
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

Morphological properties of fruit bearing shoots: length, number of flower buds and vegetative buds and their ratio were studied in 20 apricot cultivars during a two-year period. Control cultivar for comparison was ?Hungarian Best? (?Magyar kajszi?), clone 235. Fruit bearing shoots of apricot were classified into three groups: shoots, sylleptic shoots and spurs. The average length of shoots ranged from 68.8 to 85.0 cm; of sylleptic shoots from 6.9 to 27.0 cm; and of spurs from 1.4 to 4.1 cm. Flower buds/vegetative buds ratio was higher in spurs and sylleptic shoots (2,5 on average), compared to shoots (1,8 on average). Most of the studied apricot cultivars are characterized by higher flower bud density compared to control cultivar (?Hungarian Best?), indicating their higher yield potential. For all studied traits statistically significant differences between cultivars were found. The great variability was found in length of shoots, number of flower buds, and number of vegetative buds, while small coefficients of variation were found in thickness of shoots and length of internodes. Based on the obtained results, recommendations for pruning can be made. Cultivars with a higher number of flower buds (per 1 m in length and in relation to vegetative buds) such as: ?Lenova?, ?Tomcot?, ?Veecot?, ?Ninfa?, ?Sophia?, ?Silvercot? and ?Goldrich? require severe pruning. On the other hand, cultivars with lower flower bud density e.g. ?Hungarian Best?, ?Cegledy Arany? and ?Bella d?Imola? can be pruned slightly.

scholarly journals Chrysanthemum Production in Composted and Noncomposted Organic Waste Substrates Fertilized with Nitrogen at Two Rates Using Surface and Subirrigation

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1695-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Krucker ◽  
Rita L. Hummel ◽  
Craig Cogger
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Available N ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Better Than

As nursery and greenhouse growers adopt more sustainable production practices, interest has grown in local, recycled organic materials (ROM) as partial or complete substitutes for peat in container substrates. Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat. ‘Shasta’ was grown in substrates formulated from ROM: 1) 100% Groco, an anaerobically digested biosolids composted with sawdust; 2) 100% Tagro, a thermophilically digested class A biosolid mixed with sawdust and sand; 3) 100% dairy compost, the solids screened from dairy manure slurry and then composted; 4) 100% dairy fiber, the solids fraction from an anaerobic dairy manure digester; 5) 50% Groco:50% douglas-fir bark (mixed by volume); 6) 50% Tagro:50% bark; 7) 50% dairy compost:50% bark; 8) 50% dairy fiber:50% bark; and 9) the control, a commercial peat–perlite mixture. Soluble fertilizer [200 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N)] was applied every second day (high N) or every fourth day (low N). Water was applied through capillary mat subirrigation or overhead sprinkler surface irrigation. Surface irrigation and high N produced shoot dry weight, shoot growth index (SGI), quality, and flower bud counts similar to controls in all ROMs but Groco. Groco SGI was similar to the control but the other parameters were lower. Surface-irrigated, low N shoot dry weight, SGI, and flower buds in all ROM equaled or exceeded the control and quality was similar to or better than controls in all but dairy compost:bark. Subirrigated and high N substrate comparisons indicated that growth, quality, and flower bud measurements were similar to the control except for Groco in which performance was reduced. Low N rate subirrigation produced dry weight, SGI, quality, and flower buds similar to or better than the control in all but the Groco and dairy compost:bark substrates. The generally inferior performance in Groco is likely the result of its low water-holding capacity. In substrates with higher available N (Groco, Tagro, Tagro:bark, and dairy fiber), plant growth parameters generally did not respond to doubling the applied N; in the other substrates, including the control, growth generally increased in response to additional N. Measured differences in leaf color across treatments were not large. Root growth of plants in the experimental substrates was similar to the control in both irrigation systems. Substrate effects on leachate nitrate-N were small and inconsistent. When properly constituted, biosolids and dairy manure can be used as substrates under reduced fertilization with both surface and subirrigation systems.

Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447d-447
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

scholarly journals Regulation of Flowering Timing by ABA-NnSnRK1 Signaling Pathway in Lotus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3932
Author(s):  
Jing Cao ◽  
Qijiang Jin ◽  
Jiaying Kuang ◽  
Yanjie Wang ◽  
Yingchun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Protein Kinase Activity ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Aba Content ◽  
Flower Bud Abortion

The lotus produces flower buds at each node, yet most of them are aborted because of unfavorable environmental changes and the mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we proposed a potential novel pathway for ABA-mediated flower timing control in the lotus, which was explored by combining molecular, genetic, transcriptomic, biochemical, and pharmacologic approaches. We found that the aborting flower buds experienced extensive programmed cell death (PCD). The hormonal changes between the normal and aborting flower buds were dominated by abscisic acid (ABA). Seedlings treated with increasing concentrations of ABA exhibited a differential alleviating effect on flower bud abortion, with a maximal response at 80 μM. Transcriptome analysis further confirmed the changes of ABA content and the occurrence of PCD, and indicated the importance of PCD-related SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (NnSnRK1). The NnSnRK1-silenced lotus seedlings showed stronger flowering ability, with their flower:leaf ratio increased by 40%. When seedlings were treated with ABA, the expression level and protein kinase activity of NnSnRK1 significantly decreased. The phenotype of NnSnRK1-silenced seedlings could also be enhanced by ABA treatment and reversed by tungstate treatment. These results suggested that the decline of ABA content in lotus flower buds released its repression of NnSnRK1, which then initiated flower bud abortion.

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