An effect of food additives on microbiome

The paper presents a review of available data about an effect of food additives on the human microbiome and lists the main physiological functions of the gut microbiome. The process of the human microbiome evolution is examined. The relationship between the emergence of a disease and the microbiome composition, as well as the main factors influencing the gut microbiome composition are described. The main food additives used today are listed, their key features are discussed and their structural formulas are given. The information about their effect on the human body through an influence on the microbiome composition is presented. The data on an effect of polysorbate 80, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium sulfite, nisin, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium nitrate, essential oils, titanium dioxide and different sweeteners on the microbiome are analyzed. It is explained what microbial communities are suppressed and what communities gain advantages in multiplication when consumers eat food with one or another food additive. The consequences of alterations in the microbiome for the consumer’s body are examined. Conclusions were made about the necessity of additional studies about an effect of food additives on the composition of the human microbiome.

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Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and its correlation with dysregulation of cytokines in psoriasis patients

10.21203/rs.3.rs-50642/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xinyue Zhang ◽

Kun Guo ◽

Linjing Shi ◽

Ting Sun ◽

Songmei Geng

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Interleukin 2 ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease associated with multiple comorbidities and substantially diminishes patients’ quality of life. The gut microbiome has become a hot topic in psoriasis as it has been shown to affect both allergy and autoimmunity diseases in recent studies. Our objective was to identify differences in the fecal microbial composition of patients with psoriasis compared with healthy individuals to unravel the microbiota profiling in this autoimmune disease.Results: We collected fecal samples from 30 psoriasis patients and 30 healthy controls, sequenced them by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and identified the gut microbial composition using bioinformatic analyses including Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt). Our results showed that different relative abundance of certain bacterial taxa between psoriasis patients and healthy individuals, including Faecalibacterium and Megamonas, were increased in patients with psoriasis. It’s also implicated that many cytokines act as main effect molecules in the pathology of psoriasis. We selected the inflammation-related indicators that were abnormal in psoriasis patients and found the microbiome variations were associated with the level of them, especially interleukin-2 receptor showed a positive relationship with Phascolarctobacterium and a negative relationship with the dialister. The relative abundance of Phascolarctobacterium and dialister can be regard as predictors of psoriasis activity. The correlation analysis based on microbiota and Inflammation-related indicators showed that microbiota dysbiosis might induce an abnormal immune response in psoriasis. Conclusions: We concluded that the gut microbiome composition in psoriasis patients has been altered markedly and provides evidence to understand the relationship between gut microbiota and psoriasis. More mechanistic experiments are needed to determine whether the differences observed in gut microbiota are the cause or consequences of psoriasis and whether the relationship between gut microbiota and cytokines was involved.

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Abstract 609: Plasma Carnitine is Associated with Gut Microbiome Composition, Diet, and Markers of Cardiometabolic Health

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/atvb.36.suppl_1.609 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Holly M Smith ◽

Muredach P Reilly ◽

Jane F Ferguson

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Monounsaturated Fat ◽

Animal Products ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Processed Meats ◽

Plasma Carnitine ◽

Refined Carbohydrates ◽

The Relationship

Cardiometabolic health is influenced by both diet and gut microbiome composition, however mechanisms remain unclear. The dietary-derived metabolite carnitine has been of particular interest for its potential gut microbial-mediated relationship to atherosclerosis. Using plasma carnitine as an intermediate probe, we examined the relationship between diet, gut microbiome composition, circulating metabolite levels, and measurements of cardiometabolic health. Samples (blood, stool) and data (diet, anthropometrics) were collected from 136 healthy subjects. Purified stool 16S V4 DNA was sequenced (Illumina MiSeq, 300bp paired-end reads, ~150,000 reads/sample). Plasma carnitine was analyzed by mass spectrometry. There were several dietary components significantly associated with plasma carnitine, with an overall pattern of a diet rich in animal products and refined carbohydrates (dairy, processed meats, non-whole grains and starchy vegetables) associated with higher carnitine, while monounsaturated fat intake was associated with lower carnitine. Plasma carnitine was significantly negatively correlated with several bacterial genera including Blautia (r=-0.3 p=0.001), Parabacteroides (r=-0.2, p=0.03), and Coprococcus (r=-0.389, p<0.001). Carnitine levels above the median were associated with increases in cardiometabolic risk factors including higher systolic blood pressure (SBP, 118 vs 111 mmHg, p=0.014), BMI (27 vs. 24 kg/m 2 , p=0.002), waist-hip ratio (WHR, 0.85 vs 0.8, p=0.001) as well as higher levels of blood components associated with cardiovascular risk, including circulating monocytes (p=0.007) and hemoglobin (p=0.006). Both diet and microbiome composition also associated with several risk markers (WHR, SBP, hemoglobin), albeit to a lesser extent than plasma carnitine. In conclusion, we provide evidence for inter-related relationships between diet, microbiome composition, circulating metabolites, and markers of cardiometabolic health.

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Shifts in gut and vaginal microbiomes are associated with cancer recurrence time in women with ovarian cancer

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.11574 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e11574

Author(s):

David Jacobson ◽

Kathleen Moore ◽

Camille Gunderson ◽

Michelle Rowland ◽

Rita Austin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Phylogenetic Diversity ◽

Residual Disease ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Cancer Recurrence ◽

Recurrence Time ◽

Platinum Resistance ◽

Vaginal Microbiome ◽

The Relationship

Many studies investigating the human microbiome-cancer interface have focused on the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal cancers. Outside of human papillomavirus driving cervical cancer, little is known about the relationship between the vaginal microbiome and other gynecological cancers, such as ovarian cancer. In this retrospective study, we investigated the relationship between ovarian cancer, platinum-free interval (PFI) length, and vaginal and gut microbiomes. We observed that Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal communities were less common in women with ovarian cancer, as compared to existing datasets of similarly aged women without cancer. Primary platinum-resistance (PPR) disease is strongly associated with survivability under one year, and we found over one-third of patients with PPR (PFI < 6 months, n = 17) to have a vaginal microbiome dominated by Escherichia (>20% relative abundance), while only one platinum super-sensitive (PFI > 24 months, n = 23) patient had an Escherichia-dominated microbiome. Additionally, L. iners was associated with little, or no, gross residual disease, while other Lactobacillus species were dominant in women with >1 cm gross residual disease. In the gut microbiome, we found patients with PPR disease to have lower phylogenetic diversity than platinum-sensitive patients. The trends we observe in women with ovarian cancer and PPR disease, such as the absence of Lactobacillus and presence of Escherichia in the vaginal microbiome as well as low gut microbiome phylogenetic diversity have all been linked to other diseases and/or pro-inflammatory states, including bacterial vaginosis and autoimmune disorders. Future prospective studies are necessary to explore the translational potential and underlying mechanisms driving these associations.

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The Mammalian Intestinal Microbiome: Composition, Interaction with the Immune System, Significance for Vaccine Efficacy, and Potential for Disease Therapy

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens7030057 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 57 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ulrich Desselberger

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Gut Bacteria ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Fecal Microbiome ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Disease Therapy ◽

Intestinal Pathogens ◽

The Relationship

The mammalian gut is colonized by a large variety of microbes, collectively termed ‘the microbiome’. The gut microbiome undergoes rapid changes during the first few years of life and is highly variable in adulthood depending on various factors. With the gut being the largest organ of immune responses, the composition of the microbiome of the gut has been found to be correlated with qualitative and quantitative differences of mucosal and systemic immune responses. Animal models have been very useful to unravel the relationship between gut microbiome and immune responses and for the understanding of variations of immune responses to vaccination in different childhood populations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying optimal immune responses to infection or vaccination are not fully understood. The gut virome and gut bacteria can interact, with bacteria facilitating viral infectivity by different mechanisms. Some gut bacteria, which have a beneficial effect on increasing immune responses or by overgrowing intestinal pathogens, are considered to act as probiotics and can be used for therapeutic purposes (as in the case of fecal microbiome transplantation).

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Implications of Diet and The Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20123109 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 3109 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Sarah Hirschberg ◽

Barbara Gisevius ◽

Alexander Duscha ◽

Aiden Haghikia

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Human Life ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Within the last century, human lifestyle and dietary behaviors have changed dramatically. These changes, especially concerning hygiene, have led to a marked decrease in some diseases, i.e., infectious diseases. However, other diseases that can be attributed to the so-called ‘Western’ lifestyle have increased, i.e., metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. More recently, multifactorial disorders, such as autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, have been associated with changes in diet and the gut microbiome. In particular, short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria are of high interest. SCFAs are the main metabolites produced by bacteria and are often reduced in a dysbiotic state, causing an inflammatory environment. Based on advanced technologies, high-resolution investigations of the abundance and composition of the commensal microbiome are now possible. These techniques enable the assessment of the relationship between the gut microbiome, its metabolome and gut-associated immune and neuronal cells. While a growing number of studies have shown the indirect impact of gut metabolites, mediated by alterations of immune-mediated mechanisms, the direct influence of these compounds on cells of the central nervous system needs to be further elucidated. For instance, the SCFA propionic acid (PA) increases the amount of intestine-derived regulatory T cells, which furthermore can positively affect the central nervous system (CNS), e.g., by increasing remyelination. However, the question of if and how PA can directly interact with CNS-resident cells is a matter of debate. In this review, we discuss the impact of an altered microbiome composition in relation to various diseases and discuss how the commensal microbiome is shaped, starting from the beginning of human life.

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Human and rat gut microbiome composition is maintained following sleep restriction

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1620673114 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 114 (8) ◽

pp. E1564-E1571 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Shirley L. Zhang ◽

Lei Bai ◽

Namni Goel ◽

Aubrey Bailey ◽

Christopher J. Jang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Modern Society ◽

Sleep Restriction ◽

Medical Problems ◽

Fecal Microbiome ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Operational Taxonomic Units ◽

Obesity And Diabetes

Insufficient sleep increasingly characterizes modern society, contributing to a host of serious medical problems. Loss of sleep is associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological and cognitive impairments. Shifts in gut microbiome composition have also been associated with the same pathologies; therefore, we hypothesized that sleep restriction may perturb the gut microbiome to contribute to a disease state. In this study, we examined the fecal microbiome by using a cross-species approach in both rat and human studies of sleep restriction. We used DNA from hypervariable regions (V1-V2) of 16S bacteria rRNA to define operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the microbiome. Although the OTU richness of the microbiome is decreased by sleep restriction in rats, major microbial populations are not altered. Only a single OTU, TM7-3a, was found to increase with sleep restriction of rats. In the human microbiome, we find no overt changes in the richness or composition induced by sleep restriction. Together, these results suggest that the microbiome is largely resistant to changes during sleep restriction.

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Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and its correlation with dysregulation of cytokines in psoriasis patients

10.21203/rs.3.rs-50642/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xinyue Zhang ◽

Kun Guo ◽

Linjing Shi ◽

Ting Sun ◽

Songmei Geng

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Interleukin 2 ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Abnormal Immune Response ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease that is associated with multiple comorbidities and substantially diminishes patients’ quality of life. The gut microbiome has become a hot topic in psoriasis as it has been shown to have effect on both allergy and autoimmunity diseases in recent studies. Our objective was to identify differences in the faecal microbial composition of patients with psoriasis compared with healthy individuals in order to unravel the microbiota profiling in this autoimmune disease. Results We collected fecal samples from 30 psoriasis patients and 30 healthy controls and sequenced them by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and identified the differences in the gut microbial composition between two groups through data analysis. Our results showed that different relative abundance of certain bacterial taxa between psoriasis patients and healthy individuals,including Faecalibacterium and Megamonas were increased in patients with psoriasis. It’s also implicated that many cytokines act as main effect molecules in the pathology of psoriasis. We selected the inflammation-related indicators that were abnormal in psoriasis patients and found the microbiome variations were associated with the level of them, especially interleukin-2 receptor showed a positive relationship with Phascolarctobacterium and a negative relationship with the Dialister. The correlation analysis based on microbiota and Inflammation-related indicators proved that microbiota dysbiosis might induce abnormal immune response in psoriasis. Conclusions We concluded that the gut microbiome composition in psoriasis patients has been altered markedly and provides evidence to understand the relationship between gut microbiota and psoriasis. More mechanistic experiments are needed to determine whether the differences observed in gut microbiota are the cause or consequences of psoriasis and whether the relationship between gut microbiota and cytokines was involved.

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Convergence of human and Old World monkey gut microbiomes demonstrates the importance of human ecology over phylogeny

Genome Biology ◽

10.1186/s13059-019-1807-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Katherine R. Amato ◽

Elizabeth K. Mallott ◽

Daniel McDonald ◽

Nathaniel J. Dominy ◽

Tony Goldberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Variation ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

World Monkey ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Human Gut ◽

Old World ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Human Gut Microbiome ◽

Functional Potential ◽

Physiological Adaptations

Abstract Background Comparative data from non-human primates provide insight into the processes that shaped the evolution of the human gut microbiome and highlight microbiome traits that differentiate humans from other primates. Here, in an effort to improve our understanding of the human microbiome, we compare gut microbiome composition and functional potential in 14 populations of humans from ten nations and 18 species of wild, non-human primates. Results Contrary to expectations from host phylogenetics, we find that human gut microbiome composition and functional potential are more similar to those of cercopithecines, a subfamily of Old World monkey, particularly baboons, than to those of African apes. Additionally, our data reveal more inter-individual variation in gut microbiome functional potential within the human species than across other primate species, suggesting that the human gut microbiome may exhibit more plasticity in response to environmental variation compared to that of other primates. Conclusions Given similarities of ancestral human habitats and dietary strategies to those of baboons, these findings suggest that convergent ecologies shaped the gut microbiomes of both humans and cercopithecines, perhaps through environmental exposure to microbes, diet, and/or associated physiological adaptations. Increased inter-individual variation in the human microbiome may be associated with human dietary diversity or the ability of humans to inhabit novel environments. Overall, these findings show that diet, ecology, and physiological adaptations are more important than host-microbe co-diversification in shaping the human microbiome, providing a key foundation for comparative analyses of the role of the microbiome in human biology and health.

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Gut Microbiome in Retina Health: The Crucial Role of the Gut-Retina Axis

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.726792 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Gianluca Scuderi ◽

Emidio Troiani ◽

Angelo Maria Minnella

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Retinal Diseases ◽

Ocular Diseases ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Surrounding Environment ◽

Age Related ◽

Complex Ecosystem ◽

The Relationship ◽

Ocular Health

The term microbiome means not only a complex ecosystem of microbial species that colonize our body but also their genome and the surrounding environment in which they live. Recent studies support the existence of a gut-retina axis involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic progressive ocular diseases, including age-related macular disorders. This review aims to underline the importance of the gut microbiome in relation to ocular health. After briefly introducing the characteristics of the gut microbiome in terms of composition and functions, the role of gut microbiome dysbiosis, in the development or progression of retinal diseases, is highlighted, focusing on the relationship between gut microbiome composition and retinal health based on the recently investigated gut-retina axis.

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Comprehensive assessment of functional effects of commonly used sweeteners on ex vivo human gut microbiome

10.1101/2022.01.15.474735 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Zhongzhi Sun ◽

Wenju Wang ◽

Leyuan Li ◽

Xu Zhang ◽

Zhibin Ning ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Food Additives ◽

Functional Responses ◽

Sugar Alcohols ◽

Human Gut ◽

Functional Changes ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Human Gut Microbiome

The gut microbiome composition and function are associated with health and diseases. Sweeten-ers are widely used food additives, although many studies using animal models have linked sweetener consumption to gut microbial changes and health issues. Whether sweeteners directly change the human gut microbiome functionality remains largely unknown. In this study, we sys-tematically investigated the responses of five human gut microbiomes to 21 common sweeteners, using an approach combining high-throughput ex vivo microbiome culturing and metaproteomics to quantify functional changes in different taxa. Hierarchical clustering based on metaproteomic responses of individual microbiomes resulted in two clusters. The first cluster was composed of non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) and two sugar alcohols with shorter carbon backbones (4-5 carbon atoms), and the second cluster was composed of sugar alcohols with longer carbon backbones. The metaproteomic functional responses of the second cluster were similar to the prebiotic fructooligosaccharides and kestose, indicating that these sugar alcohol-type sweeteners have potential prebiotic functions. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the direct effects of commonly used sweeteners on the functions of the human gut microbiome using a func-tional metaproteomics approach, improving our understanding of the roles of sweeteners on mi-crobiome-associated human health and disease issues.

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