scholarly journals The Confrontation Between Life and Death: Some Results of Studying the History of the Siege of Leningrad

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-323
Author(s):  
G. L. Sobolev ◽  
◽  
M. V. Khodjakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Party Leadership ◽  
The Real ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Real State

The authors focus on the assessment and characterization of the mortality rate of the civilian population, which waged a heroic struggle for survival. The number of victims in besieged Leningrad, as cited by researchers in published works, was “regulated” by the Communist Party leadership for several decades. The situation changed at the turn of the 1980s — 1990s, when historians gained access to previously secret documents. This article poses a problem that Leningrad doctors drew attention to in late autumn 1941. Their proposals for the treatment of alimentary dystrophy, the main affliction of civilians in the blocked city, were not immediately appreciated by Leningrad’s leaders at that time. The presence of various data on the mortality rate of the population during the blockade is understandable: these data were collected at different times by various organizations and individuals, based on far from complete data. The authors emphasize that it is impossible to assess the decline in the city’s population solely using y the number of ration cards in circulation. This approach, for a number of reasons, distorts b the real state of affairs. The city’s statistical department, the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, and the registry offices, which were under its jurisdiction, had their own estimates of the number of civilian victims. Today there is no consensus regarding the completeness of information on the scale of burials in city cemeteries during the blockade winter of 1941/42. The article concludes that there is a need for a wider introduction of previously unknown archival materials into circulation to help to clarify the number of victims of the Blockade of Leningrad, which, according to the authors, reached 750 thousand.

«WE MUST ADMIT THAT THE SITUATION IS SUCH THAT IT HITS ON THE NERVES»: LETTERS FROM I. YA. TUNTUL TO A. G. BELOBORODOV

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
MIKHAIL WEBER
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Real State

We publish a new source on the history of the Russian Civil war - letters from a member of the Ural regional Soviet, Ivan Yakovlevich Tuntul, to the Chairman of the Ural regional Soviet, Alexander Georgievich Beloborodov. The published ego-documents shed light on the real state of affairs in Cherdynsky uezd in December 1918.

scholarly journals Leon Wasilewski at the Treaty of Riga Negotiations: to the Centenary of the Peace of Riga (1921)

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
Iuliia Vialova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Federalist ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
History Of Europe ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Stability ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Real State

The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Riga (1921), discussions about the significance of which do not stop today. What significance did this treaty have for the history of Europe, and especially for its political architecture of the interwar period? What were the consequences of this agreement for Poles, Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians? Estimated of the agreement signed a hundred years ago still differ – some believe that the document then established the borders of Poland almost within the Second Partition of Poland (1793) was the defeat of the then Polish elite, others – that it was an expression of the real state of affairs. This article focuses on the course of Polish-Soviet negotiations during the signing of the treaty, the struggle within the Polish delegation between supports of two state geopolitical concepts (National Democracy “incorporative” and “federal” J. Pilsudski) and establishment of the Eastern border of the Polish state. The well-known Polish diplomat and politician Leon Wasilewski played one of the key roles during these negotiations, and the study of his activities will help to clarify several controversial points during the negotiations. The Treaty of Riga (1921) put an end to the Polish-Bolshevik war, defined the Polish border in the East and the same time cancelled the Petliura-Pilsudski Agreement, which testified to the defeat of the federalist program of J. Pilsudski. Further, the Polish government’s policy towards national minorities later proved to be almost discriminatory, weakening the Polish state from within. For Ukraine and Belarus, this agreement proved to be a national catastrophe, depriving them of the prospects of statehood. This peace can be called a “situational compromise”, which in the short term solved the problem of ending the war, but did not solve any of the geopolitical problems of Poland: neither guaranteed security nor guaranteed the stability of Poland’s Eastern border. The violation of this peace by Soviet Russia was a matter of time, as it happened in 1939

scholarly journals UPBRINGING IN TEACHING REVISITED

2021 ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
L.V. Fedyaeva
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Education Program ◽  
The Real ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Real State ◽  
Education Process

The relevance of one of the patterns of upbringing is considered, namely, that upbringing takes place in the learning process. The article analyses the correspondence of the Model education program proposed in 2020 to the real state of affairs in the education process.

BATTLE RESULTS AGAINST PANDEMIC IN USA, CHINA AND RUSSIA, ITS READINESS TO CONFRONT THIS THREAT IN FUTURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 164-174
Author(s):  
Yu. V. MOROZOV ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Real ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
International Experts ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Real State

The article describes various ways to combat the pandemic in the United States, China, and Russia. The analysis of the real state of Affairs in the United States in their fight against Covid-19 is carried out. The main ways of countering the pandemic in China are given. Measures taken in Russia to get the country out of quarantine are considered. The readiness of countries to resist the second wave of the epidemic, which international experts warn about, is assessed.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF ASSESSMENT AND FORECASTING OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONS IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Serhii Makarenko ◽  
Nataliia Oliinyk ◽  
Tetiana Kazakova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Vulnerable Population ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
The Real ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
State And Local ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Real State

The purpose of the article is to carry out an analysis and improvement of the methodological approach for estimating and forecasting socio-economic devel-opment of regions. The methodological basis of the study consisted of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists and leading specialists, statistical and analytical materials of state authorities. The results are obtained through the use of such methods as: expert – to identify the impact of qualitative and quantitative indicators on the socio-economic development of the region; economicmathematical analysis – to study the influence of a defined group of indicators on the level of development of the region; abstract-logical – for a theoretical synthesis and formulation of conclusions. The results of the study suggest that the introduction of a sound scientific and methodological approach to assessing and forecasting the level of development of the country and regions in particular will allow not only to identify problem areas in the development of the respective territories, but also to get the potential investor reliable information about the real state of affairs and to determine the justification of further investment in the activity of the research object. Using an unjustified scientific and methodological approach not only can distort the real state of affairs in the regions and the country in general, but also send limited financial resources of the State and local budgets in the conditions of the crisis to improve the indicators that have a minor impact on the development of the economy. It is proved that in current crisis conditions, the functioning of the national economy, state authorities should implement a more effective discretionary fiscal policy aimed at reducing the tax burden in the formation of the wage fund of the socially vulnerable population. The errors, ob-tained during misuse of information technologies in the assessment of socio-economic development of regions are revealed. The scientific and methodological approach to determining the coefficient of competence of experts and the value of 1 point of qualification competences during the construction of forecast scenarios and the development of regional economic development programs using intuitive fore-casting methods has been improved. Proposals for improving the system of taxation of the socially vulnerable population are developed.

scholarly journals Problems and issues of national development in the newspaper "Kazakh adebieti"

2018 ◽  
pp. 368-374
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Social Life ◽  
National Development ◽  
Native Land ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Power ◽  
Almost All

Literary, cultural and art newspaper of an independent Republic of Kazakhstan – ‘Kazakh literature’ was a judge of justice and truth, and a preacher of national power having the trouble in its eighty five years of history. The edition had a mission to build and develop social concept leading the culture of the nation for the purpose of the country. It has been a part of history of the country being the source of political and social life of the nation. Many problems of the country had been solved by courtesy of the newspaper which couldn’t be ignored. During the Soviet Union the paper supported the mission of the nation in spite of Communist party which was cruel and violent. Because of it, the editors of the edition were precarious between fifties and eighties. Almost all the leaders of the newspaper were well-known writers, poets, publicists and personalities who showed them to be the real sons of their nation. During all periods of its history, the national edition united around itself and brought up ardent publicists, and with the power of a sharp word they fought for the bright future of their native land, for the fulfillment of the nation’s cherished desires. Therefore, from the mid-1950s to the 1980s, its editors-in-chief did not stay long in their post.

scholarly journals Modelling the Innovative Competitiveness of an Enterprise with a Change in Investment Provision

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna Irtyshcheva ◽  
Andrii Sukhostavets ◽  
Volodymyr Falovych ◽  
Oleksandr Kovbasa ◽  
Oleksandr Liashok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
The Real ◽  
Innovation Potential ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
The Given ◽  
Real State

The article deals with modern problems of modelling the innovative competitiveness of an enterprise operating in the real sector of the economy. An attempt has been made to form a tool that allows analysts, based on the given parameters, to form a model that will enable one to assess certain innovative competitive advantages visually. The competitive environment of the modern market predetermines special requirements for the process of effective use of the investment and innovation potential of an enterprise, which is why the article considers an approach to modelling the competitiveness of an enterprise from these two positions.The approach proposed by the authors is designed to form a feeling of completeness and completeness of the mathematical model, not complicated by additional data, but at the same time giving a complete picture of the real state of affairs of the enterprise from the standpoint of competition in the market. The mathematical and economic model is based on several critical aspects designed to reflect the competitive potential of an enterprise in terms of innovation processes.The formed model of innovative competitiveness takes into account modern economic realities and emphasises the changeable feature of the investment resources available to enterprise management. From accessibility for use, the investment support of innovative activity can be modelled as a variable that carries the nature of uncertainty.

The German Communist Party in Saxony, 1924-1933

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-148
Author(s):  
Benjamin Lapp
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Weimar Republic ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Party Leadership ◽  
Revisionist History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Party Members ◽  
The Relationship

Norman LaPorte's The German Communist Party in Saxony, 1924-1933 contributes new and important material to the major debates on the history of German Communism during the Weimar Republic. Laporte distinguishes between an older historiography, which focused on the top-down imposition of a Stalinist model, with a post-1960s revisionist “history from below.” The revisionist historians explained Communist behavior “as a response to a range of social and economic conditions that influenced the mentality of party members and the choices of the party leadership” (p. 22). LaPorte sees his own work as a step beyond both schools. Following Weber, he argues that policy was indeed formulated from above, and he suggests that the revisionists have downplayed the significance of the “top-down system of control” in the KPD. At the same time, the party leaderships' directives were interpreted and responded to in specific political contexts. The rank-and-file could not be easily forced to carry out policies that “failed to account for the realities of their own specific political environment,” and the attempt of the party leadership to impose ideological uniformity, Laporte argues, “destabilized” the relationship between the party and its membership. Hence, he views his work as an attempt to fuse history “from above and below” (p. 31).

scholarly journals The Logic of Internal Rational Agent

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Petrukhin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Deduction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rational Agent ◽  
Internal Point ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
The Real ◽  
Modal Extension ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Truth Logic ◽  
Real State

In this paper, we introduce a new four-valued logic which may be viewed as a variation on the theme of Kubyshkina and Zaitsev's Logic of Rational Agent \textbf{LRA} \cite{LRA}. We call our logic $ \bf LIRA$ (Logic of Internal Rational Agency). In contrast to \textbf{LRA}, it has three designated values instead of one and a different interpretation of truth values, the same as in Zaitsev and Shramko's bi-facial truth logic \cite{ZS}. This logic may be useful in a situation when according to an agent's point of view (i.e. internal point of view) her/his reasoning is rational, while from the external one it might be not the case. One may use \textbf{LIRA}, if one wants to reconstruct an agent's way of thinking, compare it with respect to the real state of affairs, and understand why an agent thought in this or that way. Moreover, we discuss Kubyshkina and Zaitsev's necessity and possibility operators for \textbf{LRA} definable by means of four-valued Kripke-style semantics and show that, due to two negations (as well as their combination) of \textbf{LRA}, two more possibility operators for \textbf{LRA} can be defined. Then we slightly modify all these modalities to be appropriate for $\bf LIRA$. Finally, we formalize all the truth-functional $ n $-ary extensions of the negation fragment of $\bf LIRA$ (including $\bf LIRA$ itself) as well as their basic modal extension via linear-type natural deduction systems.

scholarly journals MATERNITY HOUSE IN THE SOVIET CITY OF THE MIDDLE OF THE XX century: MEDICAL, SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGI-CAL AND MATERIAL-HOUSE ASPECT

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Александр Владимирович Жидченко
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Urban Resident ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Place ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The City ◽  
Maternity Home ◽  
Real State

Статья посвящена анализу роли родильного дома в жизни советской городской жительницы в 1950-1960-е гг. сквозь призму медицинского, социально-психологического и материально-бытового аспекта. В данный период происходит формирование нового образа родильного дома, связанного с представлениями о квалифицированной медицинской помощи, безопасностью родов, а также соответствующими церемониями и традициями при рождении ребёнка. Однако декларируемый официальной советской пропагандой образ родильного дома и реальное положение дел в городских роддомах не всегда соответствовали друг другу. В ходе соотнесения двух этих образов был выявлен ряд противоречий, которые формировали реальный облик и реальное место родильного дома в советском городе в 1950-1960-е гг. The article is devoted to the analysis of the role played by a maternity home in the life of a Soviet urban resident in the 1950s-1960s. through the prism of medical, sociopsychological and material-everyday aspects. During this period, a new image of the maternity hospital is being formed, related to the notions of qualified medical care, the safety of childbirth, as well as the corresponding ceremonies and traditions at the time of the birth of the child. However, the image of the maternity hospital declared by the official Soviet propaganda and the real state of affairs in the city maternity homes did not always correspond to each other. During the correlation of these two images, a number of contradictions were identified that formed the real appearance and the real place of the maternity hospital in the Soviet city in the 1950s-1960s.

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