scholarly journals Water reuse: dairy effluent treated by a hybrid anaerobic biofilm baffled reactor and its application in lettuce irrigation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Santos ◽  
T. M. Gomes ◽  
F. Rossi ◽  
M. M. Kushida ◽  
V. L. Del Bianchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Dairy Wastewater ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Dairy Effluent ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Supply Condition ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
The Stability

Abstract There is a synergy between the large quantities of organics-rich effluents generated by the dairy industry and the continually increasing water needs for crop irrigation. In this sense, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of decreasing the hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the stability and efficiency of a hybrid anaerobic biofilm baffled reactor (HABBR) treating simulated fat- and salt-rich dairy wastewater, followed by its agricultural reuse. The reactor was monitored over 328 days, during which 72, 24, and 12 h were the hydraulic detention times. After achieving steady-state, the reactor presented organic matter removal greater than 90% and produced biogas with 41 ± 23%, 53 ± 3%, and 64 ± 12% of methane for HRTs of 72, 24, and 12 h, respectively. The best process performance was observed for an HRT of 24 h, and thus, a lettuce culture was irrigated with the treated effluent. The irrigation was performed in five different treatments, for which the amount of treated effluent added to tap water varied from 0 to 100%. Both the effluent and the harvested vegetables were evaluated for microbial contamination. Apart from the 75% effluent supply condition, there were no losses in leaf mass or area observed; instead, there was an increase of these parameters for the 25% and 50% effluent supply treatment. The use of dairy effluent treated by the HABBR allowed for microbiologically safe food production. Therefore, the process offered both potential cost reduction for fertilizers, preservation of water resources, and a renewable energy source.

Public health implications of waste water reuse for fish production

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. El-S. Easa ◽  
M. M. Shereif ◽  
A. I. Shaaban ◽  
K. H. Mancy
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Treated Effluent

Public health and safety concerns have traditionally been the main reasons for resisting waste water reuse for fish farming. Potential adverse health effects in such applications could be avoided if the waste is sufficiently treated before reuse. In a full scale demonstration study in Suez, Egypt, about 400 m3/d of raw sewage were treated using a multi-compartment stabilization pond system, for a total residence time from 21-26 days. The treated effluent conformed to WHO guidelines and was used for rearing two types of local fish (tilapia and gray mullet). The produced fish were subjected to an extensive monitoring program. Bacteriological examination revealed that in all samples the fish muscles were free of bacterial contaminants. Nevertheless, low levels of Escherichia coli andAeromonas hydrophila, were isolated from the surface of the fish. Salmonellae, shigellae and staphylococcus aureus were absent from the surface of all the fish sampled. In addition, toxic metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd) were found to be at much lower levels than the international advisory limits for human consumption. It is concluded that fish reared in the treated effluent at Suez Experimental Station is (a) suitable for marketing for human consumption, and (b) it's quality is equal or better than fresh water fish in Egypt.

scholarly journals Temporal Stability and Biodiversity of Two Complex Antilisterial Cheese-Ripening Microbial Consortia

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 4012-4018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Maoz ◽  
Ralf Mayr ◽  
Siegfried Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Cheese Ripening ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT The temporal stability and diversity of bacterial species composition as well as the antilisterial potential of two different, complex, and undefined microbial consortia from red-smear soft cheeses were investigated. Samples were collected twice, at 6-month intervals, from each of two food producers, and a total of 400 bacterial isolates were identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Coryneform bacteria represented the majority of the isolates, with certain species being predominant. In addition, Marinolactobacillus psychrotolerans, Halomonas venusta, Halomonas variabilis, Halomonas sp. (106 to 107 CFU per g of smear), and an unknown, gram-positive bacterium (107 to 108 CFU per g of smear) are described for the first time in such a consortium. The species composition of one consortium was quite stable over 6 months, but the other consortium revealed less diversity of coryneform species as well as less stability. While the first consortium had a stable, extraordinarily high antilisterial potential in situ, the antilisterial activity of the second consortium was lower and decreased with time. The cause for the antilisterial activity of the two consortia remained unknown but is not due to the secretion of soluble, inhibitory substances by the individual components of the consortium. Our data indicate that the stability over time and a potential antilisterial activity are individual characteristics of the ripening consortia which can be monitored and used for safe food production without artificial preservatives.

Strong nitrogenous and agro-wastewater: current technological overview and future direction

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Choi ◽  
Z. Yun ◽  
T.H. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Process ◽  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Activated Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Refractory Organics

Nitrogen input to our environment has increased tremendously during the last four decades. It has been recognized that most of the nitrogenous wastes are produced from animal farms and agro-industries, which discharge a large amount of nitrogen as well as organics. Various biological and physico-chemical means are considered or applied for nitrogen removal. Particularly, biological nitrite nitrification and denitrification, and struvite precipitation have received more attention as applicable processes for strong nitrogenous waste treatment. The advanced oxidation process appears to be more attractive than activated carbon adsorption in terms of the removal of refractory organics when a further treatment of biologically treated effluent is required. Technologies using membrane bioreactors were very effective for solids separation, while reverse osmosis was found to be efficient for water reuse purpose with sufficient removal of refractory organics and nitrogen along with biological treatment. Reuse or recycling of strong nitrogenous wastes and agro-wastewater will be a desirable direction for the future in order to prevent the nitrogenous and organic pollution.

Enhanced pathogen removal in on-site biofiltration systems over organic filtration materials

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. Garzón-Zúñiga ◽  
Ana C. Tomasini-Ortíz ◽  
Gabriela Moeller-Chavez ◽  
Yolanda Hornelas-Uribe ◽  
Gerardo Buelna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Tropical Conditions

Municipal wastewater was treated in 4 biofilters packed with a mix of endemic tropical woodchips and natural fibers to evaluate the removal efficiency of organic matter and pathogen microorganisms under tropical conditions. Biofilters were operated during 400 days, with a hydraulic rate of 0.3 m3/m2.d and an aeration rate of 0.68 m3air/m2 h-1. Raw municipal wastewater presented higher concentrations, of organic matter and pathogens, than those reported for municipal wastewaters in temperate countries. However, pollutants were successfully removed: <98.5% of the organic matter as BOD5 < 99.99% of Faecal Coliforms (FC) and Total Colony Forming Units (TCFU), and < 96.93% Helminth eggs (HE) were removed remaining only very low concentrations in the treated effluent (≤2.5 mg DBO5/L; ≤ 240 FC/100 mL; ≤ 240 TCFU /100 mL and < 1.0 HE/5L). According with Mexican regulations (Nom 001-SEMARNAT, 1996) and with the EPA suggested guidelines for water reuse (U.S. EPA, 1992a) treated effluents with this quality can be safely reused for three main activities: Nonfood crop irrigation, landscape impoundments and for construction activities. The high removal efficiency of TCFU and FC may be related with a predatory activity of testate amoebas which were detected growing into the biofilters and, the most plausible hypothesis concerning HE removal is that they are retained by filtration over the organic materials.

scholarly journals Prediction of Fault Fix Time Transition in Large-Scale Open Source Project Data

Data ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Hironobu Sone ◽  
Yoshinobu Tamura ◽  
Shigeru Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Software Reliability Growth Model ◽  
Software Reliability Growth ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Project Data

Open source software (OSS) programs are adopted as embedded systems regarding their server usage, due to their quick delivery, cost reduction, and standardization of systems. Many OSS programs are developed using the peculiar style known as the bazaar method, in which faults are detected and fixed by developers around the world, and the result is then reflected in the next release. Furthermore, the fix time of faults tends to be shorter as the development of the OSS progresses. However, several large-scale open source projects encounter the problem that fault fixing takes much time because the fault corrector cannot handle many fault reports. Therefore, OSS users and project managers need to know the stability degree of open source projects by determining the fault fix time. In this paper, we predict the transition of the fix time in large-scale open source projects. To make the prediction, we use the software reliability growth model based on the Wiener process considering that the fault fix time in open source projects changes depending on various factors such as the fault reporting time and the assignees to fix the faults. In addition, we discuss the assumption that fault fix time data depend on the prediction of the transition in fault fixing time.

scholarly journals Removal of Cd2+ from Water by Use of Super-Macroporous Cryogels and Comparison to Commercial Adsorbents

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2405
Author(s):  
Alzhan Baimenov ◽  
Dmitriy Berillo ◽  
Seitkhan Azat ◽  
Talgat Nurgozhin ◽  
Vassilis Inglezakis
Keyword(s):  
Zeolite Y ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Equilibrium Studies ◽  
Maximum Sorption Capacity ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Maximum Sorption ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Stability

In this study amphoteric cryogels were synthesized by the use of free-radical co-polymerization of acrylate-based precursors (methacrylic acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propansulfonic acid) with allylamine at different ratios. The physico-chemical characteristics of the cryogels were examined using SEM/EDX, FT-IR, XPS and zeta potential measurements. The cryogels were tested toward Cd2+ removal from aqueous solutions at various pH and initial concentrations. Equilibrium studies revealed a maximum sorption capacity in the range of 132–249 mg/g. Leaching experiments indicated the stability of Cd2+ in the cryogel structure. Based on kinetics, equilibrium and characterization results, possible removal mechanisms are proposed, indicating a combination of ion exchange and complexation of Cd2+ with the cryogels’ surface functional groups. The cryogels were compared to commercially available adsorbents (zeolite Y and cation exchange resin) for the removal of Cd2+ from various water matrices (ultrapure water, tap water and river water) and the results showed that, under the experimental conditions used, the cryogels can be more effective adsorbents.

Post-treatment of dairy wastewater by activated sludge-ultrafiltration for water reuse

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Temesgen Sibhatu Habtu ◽  
Magdalena Zielinska
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Dairy Wastewater

scholarly journals NDMA formation potential removal in treated effluent by UV/H2O2 process

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Qi ◽  
Hu Jiangyong
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Formation Potential ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Organic Precursors ◽  
H2o2 System

NDMA formation from treated wastewater is one of the concerns in water reuse. This study focused on NDMA formation potential (NDMAFP) removal in wastewater treated effluent by UV/H2O2 technology. A UV/H2O2 system was tested for the removal performance on both organic precursors and NDMAFP. The system consisted of a low pressure ultra-violet (LPUV) with an intensity of 2 mW/cm2 and a H2O2 dosage of 100 ppm. Reaction time was 60 minutes. Two types of wastewater treated effluents were collected: activated sludge process (ASP) effluent and membrane bio-reactor (MBR) effluent. Results showed efficient dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal (70%). Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) removal was less efficient (20–30%). Eighty per cent of NDMAFP in ASP effluent was removed within 1 hour. However, no NDMAFP removal was discovered in MBR effluent. This indicated that the effect of the UV/H2O2 system on NDMAFP removal was water specific. A generation of intermediate NDMA precursors was observed in the ASP effluent. Results indicated that sufficient oxidation should be provided to reduce intermediate NDMA precursors and to achieve NDMAFP removal.

Spatial analysis for identifying hotspots of EDC and PPCP sources for monitoring systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 1657-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Park ◽  
M.-H. Park
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Septic Systems ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

This study utilized spatial analysis to identify hotspots for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs) using data from potential sources including wastewater treatment plants, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)-permitted pollution sources, septic systems, and agricultural and grazing areas. The study area is Lake Mead, to which the return of treated effluent is one of the largest water reuse practices in the USA. Based on Getis-Ord's Gi* statistic, clusters of pollution sources were identified based on the values of each feature and its neighboring features. Spatial analysis was applied to evaluate the impact from point and nonpoint source pollution. The results of spatial statistical analyses were used to evaluate the existing sampling locations in Las Vegas Wash. The results indicated that sampling locations with highest concentrations of EDCs/PPCPs were close to the outlets of subbasins with high susceptibility to EDCs/PPCPs, which confirms the suitability of sampling locations.

Utilization of Recycled Fine-Ground Concrete from Railway Sleepers for Production of Cement-Based Binder

2013 ◽  
Vol 486 ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Lidmila ◽  
Pavel Tesárek ◽  
Tomáš Plachy ◽  
Zuzana Rácová ◽  
Pavel Padevět ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
Secondary Use

The environmental awareness and potential cost reduction have promoted the recycling of materials in civil engineering. This paper is dealing with the recycling and secondary use of old concrete railway sleepers for reconstruction of old railway lines. In particular, it is focused on the investigation of material properties of a binder prepared from finely crushed old concrete sleepers. This material could be used for strengthening of subsoil and embankments supporting the railway structures. The study shows that the compressive and bending strength of the investigated material is sufficient for this purpose and that the strength can be further increased by suitable curing conditions. These findings could contribute to the utilization of old concrete sleepers during railway reconstructions and safe money spent for the purchase of new materials and disposal of old sleepers.

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