scholarly journals Effect of unconventional water resources interventions on the management of Gaza Coastal Aquifer in Palestine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Al-Najjar ◽  
Gokmen Ceribasi ◽  
Ahmet Iyad Ceyhunlu
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Coastal Aquifer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Intervention Plan ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The non-conventional water resources of seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, and stormwater harvesting are promising water resources to enhance the water supply and to cope with the groundwater depletion of the Gaza Coastal Aquifer (GCA). In total, the current daily operation of the short-term low-volume (STLV) seawater desalination plants produces 36,000 m3 and on the large-scale perspective, the seawater desalination capacity is planned to lift from 150,000 to 300,000 m3 per day by the years 2025 and 2035, respectively. The wastewater treatment and reuse activities are processed through three wastewater treatment plants with a total daily capacity of 130,000 m3 which is proposed to be lifted to a capacity of 235,000 m3 by the beginning of 2025. The stormwater collecting and harvesting supply the water sector by about 550–820 cubic meters per day. The proposed stochastic and artificial intelligence model that was developed in this study to simulate the interactive conditions between the groundwater and the water intervention plan show proper performance in terms of (r) = 0.95–0.99 and the root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.09–0.21. The model outputs reveal that the annual groundwater abstractions will reach 192 million cubic meters by 2040 with an annual increasing rate of +3%. By applying the model, the optimum utilizing of the unconventional water resources contributes positively to the recovery of the GCA which is experiencing a decline hot spot in the water level reaches to −19 m below mean sea level (MSL) and is expected to drop to −28 m MSL by 2040. The impact of unconventional water resources interventions was investigated by simulating the water table trend using stochastic models and artificial neural networks (ANNs) through three scenarios. The first scenario which addresses the non-intervention status indicates that the groundwater table will decline by −1.5% in the northern governorates and by −51% in the southern governorates of the Gaza Strip within 2020–2040. The second scenario demonstrates the impact of the existing water interventions which reveals an interim recovery in the groundwater balance until 2025 where the water consumption tends to increase rapidly. The third scenario illustrates the impact of applying the full water management intervention plan where the depression cone in the groundwater level will be restored by about +10 m.

scholarly journals Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5717
Author(s):  
Mian Muhammad-Ahson Aslam ◽  
Hsion-Wen Kuo ◽  
Walter Den ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Muhammad Sultan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Adsorption Sites ◽  
Water And Wastewater

As the world human population and industrialization keep growing, the water availability issue has forced scientists, engineers, and legislators of water supply industries to better manage water resources. Pollutant removals from wastewaters are crucial to ensure qualities of available water resources (including natural water bodies or reclaimed waters). Diverse techniques have been developed to deal with water quality concerns. Carbon based nanomaterials, especially carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their high specific surface area and associated adsorption sites, have drawn a special focus in environmental applications, especially water and wastewater treatment. This critical review summarizes recent developments and adsorption behaviors of CNTs used to remove organics or heavy metal ions from contaminated waters via adsorption and inactivation of biological species associated with CNTs. Foci include CNTs synthesis, purification, and surface modifications or functionalization, followed by their characterization methods and the effect of water chemistry on adsorption capacities and removal mechanisms. Functionalized CNTs have been proven to be promising nanomaterials for the decontamination of waters due to their high adsorption capacity. However, most of the functional CNT applications are limited to lab-scale experiments only. Feasibility of their large-scale/industrial applications with cost-effective ways of synthesis and assessments of their toxicity with better simulating adsorption mechanisms still need to be studied.

scholarly journals Understanding Future Water Challenges in a Highly Regulated Indian River Basin—Modelling the Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrology of the Upper Narmada

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Rickards ◽  
Thomas Thomas ◽  
Alexandra Kaelin ◽  
Helen Houghton-Carr ◽  
Sharad K. Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Global Circulation Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Availability Assessment

The Narmada river basin is a highly regulated catchment in central India, supporting a population of over 16 million people. In such extensively modified hydrological systems, the influence of anthropogenic alterations is often underrepresented or excluded entirely by large-scale hydrological models. The Global Water Availability Assessment (GWAVA) model is applied to the Upper Narmada, with all major dams, water abstractions and irrigation command areas included, which allows for the development of a holistic methodology for the assessment of water resources in the basin. The model is driven with 17 Global Circulation Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble to assess the impact of climate change on water resources in the basin for the period 2031–2060. The study finds that the hydrological regime within the basin is likely to intensify over the next half-century as a result of future climate change, causing long-term increases in monsoon season flow across the Upper Narmada. Climate is expected to have little impact on dry season flows, in comparison to water demand intensification over the same period, which may lead to increased water stress in parts of the basin.

Nanofiltration technology in water treatment and reuse: applications and costs

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Shahmansouri ◽  
Christopher Bellona
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water And Wastewater

Nanofiltration (NF) is a relatively recent development in membrane technology with characteristics that fall between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (RO). While RO membranes dominate the seawater desalination industry, NF is employed in a variety of water and wastewater treatment and industrial applications for the selective removal of ions and organic substances, as well as certain niche seawater desalination applications. The purpose of this study was to review the application of NF membranes in the water and wastewater industry including water softening and color removal, industrial wastewater treatment, water reuse, and desalination. Basic economic analyses were also performed to compare the profitability of using NF membranes over alternative processes. Although any detailed cost estimation is hampered by some uncertainty (e.g. applicability of estimation methods to large-scale systems, labor costs in different areas of the world), NF was found to be a cost-effective technology for certain investigated applications. The selection of NF over other treatment technologies, however, is dependent on several factors including pretreatment requirements, influent water quality, treatment facility capacity, and treatment goals.

scholarly journals Impact on Gaza aquifer from recharge with partially treated wastewater

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami M. Hamdan ◽  
Abdelmajid Nassar ◽  
Uwe Troeger
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
The Impact

The Gaza Strip suffers from high pressure imposed on its water resources. There is a deficit of about 50 mm3 every year, which has led to a declination of groundwater level and deterioration of groundwater quality. New water resources are sought to fulfil the water deficit; among them is the artificial recharge of treated wastewater to groundwater. The impact of recharging partially treated wastewater in Gaza was tested through a pilot project implemented east of the existing wastewater treatment plant. The daily application of about 10,000 m3 of effluent to infiltration basins had an effect on the aquifer, which was monitored through the surrounding operating water wells over five years from 2000 until 2005. Although the monitored wells are operated for irrigation by farmers, impacts were clearly noticed. Groundwater levels improved and an increase in some areas of 0.6 m within three years was observed. The nitrate ion concentration also decreased in the groundwater due to nitrification processes. However, chloride ion, which indicates salinity, increased because the effluent has high chloride concentration. Boron levels increased in some areas to 0.5 mg/l, which could affect sensitive crops grown in the area.

scholarly journals Impact of Natural Disasters on Water and Soil in the Northern Gaza Strip، Case Study Umm Al-Nasr Village "Bedouin Village": أثر الكوارث الطبيعية على المياه والتربة في شمال قطاع غزة حالة دراسية قرية أم النصر "القرية البدوية"

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Mahmoud Muslim- Mohammed Mohammed Al-Mughair- Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
The People ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Gaza Strip ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

The study aimed to focus on the suffering of the people of Umm al-Nasr village by studying the impact of disasters on water and soil in the village of Umm al-Nasr، and to identify the levels of pollution that hit the groundwater in the village، And analysis of reports of samples of the soil that was bombed by the Israeli occupation in the northern Gaza Strip during the war in 2014 with the concentration on the soil and water of the village of Umm al-Nasser، and then to clarify the situation in which the agricultural land that was polluted in the village. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach to the sources and reports issued by the ministries and official bodies related to the effects of the environment and scientific studies in the northern Gaza Strip، The results of the analysis of 14 samples of the soil in the northern Gaza Strip، which focus a report on contamination with heavy metals (Ni، Cr، Cu، Mn، Co، Pb) by comparing the standard of the World Health. Analysis Demonstrated improvement in filtration process and improved quality of wastewater treatment despite the presence of contamination in some of the results،Such as nitrates and chlorides are greater than the limits allowed in some wells and the results of ammonia is greater than the permissible limit. The study recommended the need to address environmental life-threatening disasters in the village of Umm al-Nasr، which include pollution of water and soil in scientific ways، as well as adopting the methodology of sustainable development goals for water resources to increase the proportion of wastewater treatment and to overcome the percentage of water losses exceeding 50%،It is also necessary to work on a comprehensive assessment of environmental impacts، including the impact of war on environmental elements in the Gaza Strip، and to take appropriate scientific measures to address the risks.

scholarly journals Improving estimates of water resources in a semi-arid region by assimilating GRACE data into the PCR-GLOBWB hydrological model

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Tangdamrongsub ◽  
S. C. Steele-Dunne ◽  
B. C. Gunter ◽  
P. G. Ditmar ◽  
E. H. Sutanudjaja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Hexi Corridor ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Correlated Errors ◽  
Grace Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. An accurate estimation of water resources dynamics is crucial for proper management of both agriculture and the local ecology, particularly in semi-arid regions. Imperfections in model physics, uncertainties in model land parameters and meteorological data, as well as the human impact on land changes often limit the accuracy of hydrological models in estimating water storages. To mitigate this problem, this study investigated the assimilation of Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) estimates derived from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) data using an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) approach. The region considered was the Hexi Corridor of Northern China. The hydrological model used for the analysis was PCR-GLOBWB, driven by satellite-based forcing data from April 2002 to December 2010. In this study, EnKF 3D scheme, which accounts for the GRACE spatially-correlated errors, was used. The correlated errors were propagated from the full error variance-covariance matrices provided as a part of the GRACE data product. The impact of the GRACE Data Assimilation (DA) scheme was evaluated in terms of the TWS, as well as individual hydrological storage estimates. The capability of GRACE DA to adjust the storage level was apparent not only for the entire TWS but also for the groundwater component, which had annual amplitude, phase, and long-term trend estimates closer to the GRACE observations. This study also assessed the benefits of taking into account correlations of errors in GRACE-based estimates. The assessment was carried out by comparing the EnKF results, with and without taking into account error correlations, with the in situ groundwater data from 5 well sites and the in situ streamflow data from two river gauges. On average, the experiments showed that GRACE DA improved the accuracy of groundwater storage estimates by as much as 25 %. The inclusion of error correlations provided an equal or greater improvement in the estimates. No significant benefits of GRACE DA were observed in terms of streamflow estimates, which reflect a limited spatial and temporal resolution of GRACE observations. Results from the 9-year long GRACE DA study were used to assess the status of water resources over the Hexi Corridor. Areally-averaged values revealed that TWS, soil moisture, and groundwater storages over the region decreased with an average rate of approximately 0.2, 0.1, and 0.1 cm/yr in terms of equivalent water heights, respectively. A substantial decline in TWS (approximately −0.4 cm/yr) was seen over the Shiyang River Basin in particular, and the reduction mostly occurred in the groundwater layer. An investigation of the relationship between water resources and agriculture suggested that groundwater consumption required to maintain the growing period in this specific basin was likely the cause of the groundwater depletion.

scholarly journals Mining Impact on Livelihoods of Farmers of Asutifi North District, Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Felix Agariga ◽  
Simon Abugre ◽  
Ebenezer K. Siabi ◽  
Mark Appiah
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Livelihood Systems ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
The Impact

Local communities in Ghana are heavily reliant on agriculture for their livelihoods. However, they are increasingly shifting from engaging in agriculture to mining. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of mining (both small and large scale) on the livelihoods of community members of Kenyasi, Asutifi North District in Ghana. Data were collected from 201 farming households who were selected randomly and interviewed for a variety of information. The questionnaire responses received from the respondents were classified into items and each item's responses were tallied. The results of the studies show that the farmers’ livelihood systems were affected by the mining operations occurring around their communities. Water pollution, displacement of farmers from their lands, degradation of agricultural lands, and an increase in social vices and higher dropout rates of students from schools are some of the reported consequences of the mining activities. The pollution of the water resources poses a serious threat to the health and livelihood systems of these farmers as they depend on the water resources for agriculture and domestic use. In this study, we project that there could be increased grievances over scarce land resource and food insecurity that could lead to conflicts in the mining areas. The lack of land resources could have a tremendous effect on the social, economic, and political climate of a country and must be considered and addressed as some of the most immediate threats to Ghana's national security.

scholarly journals Quantitative analysis on the environmental impact of large-scale water transfer project on water resource area in a changing environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2685-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Yan ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
H. H. Li ◽  
G. Wang ◽  
T. L. Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural Reserves

Abstract. The interbasin long-distance water transfer project is key support for the reasonable allocation of water resources in a large-scale area, which can optimize the spatio-temporal change of water resources to secure the amount of water available. Large-scale water transfer projects have a deep influence on ecosystems; besides, global climate change causes uncertainty and additive effect of the environmental impact of water transfer projects. Therefore, how to assess the ecological and environmental impact of megaprojects in both construction and operation phases has triggered a lot of attention. The water-output area of the western route of China's South-North Water Transfer Project was taken as the study area of the present article. According to relevant evaluation principles and on the basis of background analysis, we identified the influencing factors and established the diagnostic index system. The climate-hydrology-ecology coupled simulation model was used to simulate and predict ecological and environmental responses of the water resource area in a changing environment. The emphasis of impact evaluation was placed on the reservoir construction and operation scheduling, representative river corridors and wetlands, natural reserves and the water environment below the dam sites. In the end, an overall evaluation of the comprehensive influence of the project was conducted. The research results were as follows: the environmental impacts of the western route project in the water resource area were concentrated on two aspects: the permanent destruction of vegetation during the phase of dam construction and river impoundment, and the significant influence on the hydrological situation of natural river corridor after the implementation of water extraction. The impact on local climate, vegetation ecology, typical wetlands, natural reserves and the water environment of river basins below the dam sites was small.

Wastewater Treatment/Reuse in Rural Areas

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atallah S. Kuttab
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Drainage Field

Proper hygiene leading to good health, in urban as well as rural communities, requires that the consumption of drinking water is raised to acceptable levels (UN organizations put it at 40 liters/cap/day). The increase of water availability necessitates the provision of sewage drainage facilities. Urban areas are normally provided with sewerage schemes (sewer lines, treatment plants, etc.). However, it is unrealistic and not cost feasible to construct such sophisticated systems in villages. This is due to limited resources of public funds available to the responsible government agencies. In rural areas, the provision of utilities to drain sewage in a safe way lags behind the provision of water for household activities, including drinking water. This creates severe contamination to the environment of the various villages and reduces the impact of water on the improvement of health. An appropriate wastewater treatment/reuse system, called the Subsurface Drainage Technique (SDT), is described here which was successfully applied, by Save the Children/USA, in several villages on the Israeli Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. The system is applicable for individual households with land available in their immediate vicinity. It consists of a watertight septic tank, where primary treatment occurred, followed by a subsurface drainage field in which the secondary treatment took place. The treated wastewater in the drainage field allowed indirect irrigation (below ground level) for surface plants. Local materials were adopted for the construction of the SDT. Villagers themselves were trained to build the various units and therefore were able to maintain their efficient performance. Ongoing monitoring of the plants grown in the drainage field and the testing for bacteriological contamination ensures the safe performance of the technology.

scholarly journals Quantitative analysis on the ecological impact of large-scale water transfer project on water resource area in a changing environment

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 10465-10500 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Yan ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
H. H. Li ◽  
G. Wang ◽  
T. L. Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural Reserves

Abstract. The interbasin long-distance water transfer project is a key support for the reasonable allocation of water resources in a large-scale area, which can optimize the spatiotemporal change of water resources to reinforce the guarantee of the access of water resources. And large-scale water transfer projects have a deep influence on ecosystems; besides, global climate change causes the uncertainty and additive effect of the ecological impact of water transfer projects. Therefore, how to assess the ecological and environmental impact of large-scale water transfer projects in both construction and operation has triggered a lot of attention. The water-output area of the western route of China's South-North Water Transfer Project was taken as the study area of the present article. According to relevant evaluation principles and on the basis of background analysis on the eco-environment of the study area, the influence factors were identified and evaluation indexes were established. The climate-hydrology-ecology coupled simulation model was used to imitate the laws of ecological and environmental change of the water resource area in a changing climate. The emphasis of influence analysis and quantitative evaluation was placed on the reservoir construction and operation scheduling, representative river corridors and wetlands, natural reserves and the water environment of river basins below the dam sites. In the end, an overall influence evaluation of the impact of the project on the water circulation and ecological evolution of the water resource area was conducted. The research results were as follows: the environmental impacts of the western route project in the water resource area were concentrated on two aspects, i.e. the permanent destruction of vegetation during the phase of dam construction and river impoundment, and the significant influence on the hydrological situation of natural river corridor after the implementation of water transfer. Its impact on local climate, vegetation ecology, typical wetlands, natural reserves and the water environment of river basins below the dam sites was small.

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