Citrus species: A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaheh Zibaee ◽  
Safa Kamalian ◽  
Mehrangiz Tajvar ◽  
Mohammad S. Amiri ◽  
Mahin Ramezani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Citrus Species ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Traditional Uses ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Gastrointestinal Problems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Oxidant

The Citrus species from family Rutaceae has worldwide applications such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal problems. Phytochemical investigations have shown that these plants have constituents including flavonoids, limonoids and carotenoids. There are many reports on a wide range of activities such as antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, metabolic, cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects. In the current review, we discuss information regarding botany, phytochemistry, ethnobotany uses, traditional knowledge and pharmacological aspects of the Citrus species.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective effects of Momordica charantia: A review from preclinical studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1902-1907
Author(s):  
Nagendran Valarmathi ◽  
Rajasekaran Subha Sree ◽  
Thangavelu Soundara Rajan
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Momordica charantia L. (M. charantia), also referred as bitter gourd or bitter melon, is a cucurbit plant commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. As an important ingredient in traditional medicine, it has been consumed to treat a wide range of diseases including diabetics and cancer in India, Indian subcontinent and China. This plant contains a rich source of flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, polysaccharides, proteins, and other phytochemicals. Earlier studies have demonstrated the medicinal properties such as anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic properties present in M. charantia. Neurodegenerative diseases are the devastating diseases which affect millions of people worldwide.  Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are some of the common neurodegenerative diseases. These diseases are described by degeneration and /or loss of selective neuron populations in a progressive manner. Oxidative stress and inflammation are the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Many medicinal herbs and their derivatives have been investigated to treat neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few studies have reported the protective effects of M. charantia against neurodegenerative diseases. In this short review, we discuss the preclinical studies with the focus on the neuroprotective effects of M. charantia. Based on the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in this review we emphasize to further explore the protective effects of M. charantia in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases.

Pharmacologically potentials of different substituted coumarin derivatives

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Benzene Ring ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Coumarin Derivatives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Coumarin Compounds

Coumarin and its derivatives are widely spread in nature. Coumarin goes to agroup as benzopyrones, which consists of a benzene ring connected to a pyronemoiety. Coumarins displayed a broad range of pharmacologically useful profile.Coumarins are considered as a promising group of bioactive compounds thatexhibited a wide range of biological activities like anti-microbial, anti-viral,antiparasitic, anti-helmintic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer,anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-convulsant, and antihypertensiveactivities etc. The coumarin compounds have immense interest due to theirdiverse pharmacological properties. In particular, these biological activities makecoumarin compounds more attractive and testing as novel therapeuticcompounds.

Hepatoprotective Role of Berberine on Doxorubicin Induced Hepatotoxicity - Involvement of Cyp

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 541-547
Author(s):  
Bao Sun ◽  
Yue Yang ◽  
Mengzi He ◽  
Yanan Jin ◽  
Xiaoyu Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Major Organ ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Background: The liver is one of the major organ involved in drug metabolism. Cytochrome P450s are predominantly involved in drug metabolism. A wide range of CYPs have been reported in the liver which have been involved in its normal as well as in diseased conditions. Doxorubicin, one of the most potent chemotherapeutic drugs, although highly efficacious, also has adverse side effects, with its targets being liver and cardiac tissue. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the reversal potentials of berberine on Doxorubicin induced cyp conversion. Methodology: In the present study, the interplay between anti-oxidants, cytochrome and inflammatory markers in DOX induced liver toxicity and its possible reversal by berberine was ascertained. Results: DOX administration significantly elevated serum as well as tissue stress, which was reverted by berberine treatment. A similar response was observed in tissue inflammatory mediators as well as in serum cytokine levels. Most profound reduction in the cytochrome expression was found in Cyp 2B1, 2B2, and 2E1. However, 2C1, 2C6, and 3A1 although showed a decline, but it did not revert the expression back to control levels. Conclusion: It could be concluded that berberine may be an efficient anti-oxidant and immune modulator. It possesses low to moderate cytochrome modulatory potentials.

In silico and In vivo Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Inhibitors Against Parkinson`s Disease using the C. elegans Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 814-826
Author(s):  
Pradeep Hanumanthappa ◽  
Arpitha Ashok ◽  
Inderjit Prakash ◽  
Carmel I. Priya ◽  
Julie Zinzala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
Cullin 3 ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Background: Parkinson’s disease ranks second, after Alzheimer’s as the major neurodegenerative disorder, for which no cure or disease-modifying therapies exist. Ample evidence indicate that PD manifests as a result of impaired anti-oxidative machinery leading to neuronal death wherein Cullin-3 has ascended as a potential therapeutic target for diseases involving damaged anti-oxidative machinery. Objective: The design of target specific inhibitors for the Cullin-3 protein might be a promising strategy to increase the Nrf2 levels and to decrease the possibility of “off-target” toxic properties. Methods: In the present study, an integrated computational and wet lab approach was adopted to identify small molecule inhibitors for Cullin-3. The rational drug designing process comprised homology modeling and derivation of the pharmacophore for Cullin-3, virtual screening of Zinc natural compound database, molecular docking and Molecular dynamics based screening of ligand molecules. In vivo validations of an identified lead compound were conducted in the PD model of C. elegans. Results and Discussion: Our strategy yielded a potential inhibitor; (Glide score = -12.31), which was evaluated for its neuroprotective efficacy in the PD model of C. elegans. The inhibitor was able to efficiently defend against neuronal death in PD model of C. elegans and the neuroprotective effects were attributed to its anti-oxidant activities, supported by the increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase and the diminution of acetylcholinesterase and reactive oxygen species levels. In addition, the Cullin-3 inhibitor significantly restored the behavioral deficits in the transgenic C. elegans. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings highlight the potential utility of Cullin-3 inhibition to block the persistent neuronal death in PD. Further studies focusing on Cullin-3 and its mechanism of action would be interesting.

scholarly journals Role of Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein in Diseases and Its Therapeutic Outlook

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2754
Author(s):  
Naila Qayyum ◽  
Muhammad Haseeb ◽  
Moon Suk Kim ◽  
Sangdun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Thioredoxin Interacting Protein ◽  
Signaling Complex ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Species Production ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Significant Attention

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), widely known as thioredoxin-binding protein 2 (TBP2), is a major binding mediator in the thioredoxin (TXN) antioxidant system, which involves a reduction-oxidation (redox) signaling complex and is pivotal for the pathophysiology of some diseases. TXNIP increases reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress and thereby contributes to apoptosis. Recent studies indicate an evolving role of TXNIP in the pathogenesis of complex diseases such as metabolic disorders, neurological disorders, and inflammatory illnesses. In addition, TXNIP has gained significant attention due to its wide range of functions in energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, improved insulin secretion, and also in the regulation of glucose and tumor suppressor activities in various cancers. This review aims to highlight the roles of TXNIP in the field of diabetology, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammation. TXNIP is found to be a promising novel therapeutic target in the current review, not only in the aforementioned diseases but also in prolonged microvascular and macrovascular diseases. Therefore, TXNIP inhibitors hold promise for preventing the growing incidence of complications in relevant diseases.

A Review on the Anti-Viral Activity of Houttuynia cordata: A Possible Herb for the Management and Treatment of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Emdormi Rymbai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vital Role ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Houttuynia Cordata ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
The Family ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Plants are an important source of natural products and they play a vital role in the field of medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical science. Traditional medicines have been practiced and used for thousands of years, mostly in Asian countries, where plants are the main sources of medicine. Houttuynia cordata, a herb that belongs to the family Saururaceae, has a wide range of pharmacological activities and is used traditionally in conditions like anisolobis sores, heatstroke, lung carbuncles, malaria, scrotal abscess, tonsillitis, salammoniac poison and has also been widely accepted to possess anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antibacterial, anti-viral and anti-purulent activity. Moreover, it is one of the herbs that was recognized during pandemic outbreaks, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS CoV) in China, virulent Newcastle Disease Virus (VNDV) in Java (Indonesia) and Newcastle (England). In this review, we briefly discuss the role of H. cordata as an anti-viral agent and the possibility of developing a dosage form against Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).

The impact of SARS-Cov-2 on the Nervous system and Mental Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Said Boulkrane ◽  
Victoria Ilina ◽  
Roman Melchakov ◽  
Mikhail Arisov ◽  
Julia Fedotova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

: The World Health Organization declared the pandemic situation caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) in March 2020, but the detailed pathophysiological mechanisms of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are not yet completely understood. Therefore, to date, few therapeutic options are available for patients with mild-moderate or serious disease. In addition to systemic and respiratory symptoms, several reports have documented various neurological symptoms and impairments of mental health. The current review aims to provide the available evidence about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on mental health. The present data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 produces a wide range of impairments and disorders of the brain. However, a limited number of studies investigated the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. Although the main features and outcomes of COVID-19 are linked to severe acute respiratory illness. The possible damages on the brain should be considered, too.

scholarly journals Apamin Enhances Neurite Outgrowth and Regeneration after Laceration Injury in Cortical Neurons

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Hyunseong Kim ◽  
Jin Young Hong ◽  
Junseon Lee ◽  
Wan-Jin Jeon ◽  
In-Hyuk Ha
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Bee Venom ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Wide Range

Apamin is a minor component of bee venom and is a polypeptide with 18 amino acid residues. Although apamin is considered a neurotoxic compound that blocks the potassium channel, its neuroprotective effects on neurons have been recently reported. However, there is little information about the underlying mechanism and very little is known regarding the toxicological characterization of other compounds in bee venom. Here, cultured mature cortical neurons were treated with bee venom components, including apamin, phospholipase A2, and the main component, melittin. Melittin and phospholipase A2 from bee venom caused a neurotoxic effect in dose-dependent manner, but apamin did not induce neurotoxicity in mature cortical neurons in doses of up to 10 µg/mL. Next, 1 and 10 µg/mL of apamin were applied to cultivate mature cortical neurons. Apamin accelerated neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration after laceration injury. Furthermore, apamin induced the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin nerve growth factor, as well as regeneration-associated gene expression in mature cortical neurons. Due to its neurotherapeutic effects, apamin may be a promising candidate for the treatment of a wide range of neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Ganglioside GM1 Targets Astrocytes to Stimulate Cerebral Energy Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Finsterwald ◽  
Sara Dias ◽  
Pierre J. Magistretti ◽  
Sylvain Lengacher
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Ganglioside Gm1 ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
The Brain

Gangliosides are major constituents of the plasma membrane and are known to promote a number of physiological actions in the brain, including synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection. In particular, the ganglioside GM1 was found to have a wide range of preclinical and clinical benefits in brain diseases such as spinal cord injury, Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. However, little is known about the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of GM1 in the brain. In the present study, we show that GM1 exerts its actions through the promotion of glycolysis in astrocytes, which leads to glucose uptake and lactate release by these cells. In astrocytes, GM1 stimulates the expression of several genes involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism. GM1 also enhances neuronal mitochondrial activity and triggers the expression of neuroprotection genes when neurons are cultured in the presence of astrocytes. Finally, GM1 leads to a neuroprotective effect in astrocyte-neuron co-culture. Together, these data identify a previously unrecognized mechanism mediated by astrocytes by which GM1 exerts its metabolic and neuroprotective effects.

scholarly journals Ballota nigra L. – an overview of pharmacological effects and traditional uses

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Filip Przerwa ◽  
Arnold Kukowka ◽  
Izabela Uzar
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Traditional Uses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Upset Stomach ◽  
Potential Cancer

Abstract Ballota nigra, also known as black horehound is a common medical herb used in folk medicine around the world. First reported mentions of its medical properties and use goes as far as the 13th century. The use of black horehound depends on regions and countries. It is used mostly to treat e.g. mild sleep disorders, nervousness, upset stomach, wound healing. It can be used as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antifungal drug. Moreover, it has been reported as a potential cancer drug. This extensive usage is particularly interesting for us. The aim of this review is to present available data on B. nigra pharmacological effects and known traditional uses gathered from a wide range of scientific articles published in 1997–2020.

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