Mechanistic Aspects of Medicinal Plants and Secondary Metabolites against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khojasteh Malekmohammad ◽  
Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Related Factor

Background and Objective: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic virus, is responsible for a respiratory disease termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes various structural and non-structural proteins, which are necessary for viral entry and replication. Among these proteins, papain-like protease (PLpro), 3C-like protease (3CLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), helicase, a serine protease, and spike protein are potential targets of herbal remedies and phytocompounds for inhibition of viral infection and replication. There is at present no confirmed cure for the COVID-19. Various plants and their components have been introduced against SARS-Co-2. A number of review articles have also been published on them. This article is focusing on the mechanistic aspects of these plants and their derivatives on SARS-CV-2. Method: The material in this review article was prepared from significant scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. Results: Different medicinal plants and their phytocompounds interact with important structural and non-structural of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Natural compounds form strong bonds with the active site of SARS-CoV-2 protease and make large conformational changes. These phytochemicals are potential inhibitors of structural and non-structural of SARS-CoV-2 proteins such as Spike protein, PLpro, and 3CLpro. Some important anti-SARS-CoV-2 actions of medicinal plants and their metabolites are inhibition of the virus replication or entry, blocking the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor and “Transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2)” regulation of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of endothelial activation, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Some of these important natural immune boosters that are helpful for prevention and curing various symptoms related to COVID-19 include Allium sativum, Nigella sativa, Glycyrrhiza glabra Zingiber officinalis, Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, and Scutellaria baicalensis. Also, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Baicalin, Scutellarin, Glycyrrhizin, Curcumin, Apigenin, Ursolic acid, and Chloroquine are the best candidates for treating the symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: Medicinal plants and/or their bioactive compounds with inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 support the human immune system and help in fighting against COVID-19 and rejuvenating the immune system.

Antiviral and Immunity-modulating Natural Herbs in the Prevention of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Sonali S Gadge
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum

The COVID-19 has spread all over the world and there is no single drug or medicine for the prevention and the treatment of this deadly disease. One can get prevention from this disease by boosting the immune system. Persons with weak immune system e.g. children, elder patients or patients with preexisting diseases affect rapidly due to coronavirus. This novel coronavirus attacks mainly on the person immunity. For the centuries the herbal medicinal plants have many beneficial effects against deadly viruses. Herbal medicines provide a rich resource for new antiviral drug development. These natural agents interact with the life cycle of virus such as virus entry, replication, assembly and release. In this review, the importance, immunomodulator, antiviral and pharmacological activities of some medicinal plants, namely, Allium Sativum, Zingiber Officinalis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ginseng, Black pepper, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Azadirachta indica, Piper betel, Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinchona calisaya, Nigella sativa, Cuminum cyminum are highlighted. These medicinal plants have many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, lactones, polysaccharides, volatile oils, tannins, resins, etc which are helpful for boosting immunity and will help in the prevention and in the management of COVID-19. Several types of research attempted to use herbal medicines against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Conformational States of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Ectodomain

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (14) ◽  
pp. 6794-6800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Li ◽  
Marcelo Berardi ◽  
Wenhui Li ◽  
Michael Farzan ◽  
Philip R. Dormitzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Fusion Peptides ◽  
Conformational States ◽  
Protease Cleavage

ABSTRACT The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus enters cells through the activities of a spike protein (S) which has receptor-binding (S1) and membrane fusion (S2) regions. We have characterized four sequential states of a purified recombinant S ectodomain (S-e) comprising S1 and the ectodomain of S2. They are S-e monomers, uncleaved S-e trimers, cleaved S-e trimers, and dissociated S1 monomers and S2 trimer rosettes. Lowered pH induces an irreversible transition from flexible, L-shaped S-e monomers to clove-shaped trimers. Protease cleavage of the trimer occurs at the S1-S2 boundary; an ensuing S1 dissociation leads to a major rearrangement of the trimeric S2 and to formation of rosettes likely to represent clusters of elongated, postfusion trimers of S2 associated through their fusion peptides. The states and transitions of S suggest conformational changes that mediate viral entry into cells.

scholarly journals Heartburn and effective herbal remedies: A systematic review study in Iranian ethnobotanical documents

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-155
Author(s):  
Gholam Basati ◽  
Pardis Ghanadi ◽  
Pegah Shakib ◽  
Majid Hamidi ◽  
Peyman Amanolahi Baharvand
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Anethum Graveolens ◽  
Mentha Pulegium ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Review Study

Every year, millions of people worldwide get sick with gastrointestinal diseases such as heartburn. Certain herbs contribute to the alleviation of heartburn, nausea, and improvement of digestion. Moreover, these herbs do not have as many side effects as synthetic drugs. As a health problem and one of the challenging issues in medical sciences, heartburn is common in children and adults worldwide. Hence, in the present study, we tried to report medicinal plants used in cultures and traditions of different regions of Iran to treat heartburn in children and adults. In this review study, articles of Iranian ethnobotanical sources were searched with the keywords of ethnobotanics, heartburn, children, adult, medicinal plants, and Iran. Journal articles published from 2010 to 2019 in several Iranian and International databases, including ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ISC, Magiran, were searched to find relevant articles and information. Anethum graveolens L., Punica granatum L., Mentha pulegium, Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen., Achillea millefolium, Ocimum basilicum, Nigella sativa, etc., are the plants used in different parts of Iran to treat heartburn.

scholarly journals REVIEW ON POTENT ANTI-DIABETIC PLANTS OR HERBS FROM TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa S. Kolhe ◽  
Punit R. Rachh
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Increasing Demand

This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. diabetes is one of the major causes of death and disability in the world. Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. Phytochemicals identified from medicinal plants present an exciting opportunity for the development of new types of therapeutics for diabetes mellitus. Most prevalent among phytochemical groups are the alkaloids, glycosides, polysaccharides, and phenolics such as flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids. These include, Allium sativum, Eugenia jambolana, Momordica charantia Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum and Withania somnifera. Keywords: Phytochemicals, diabetes, standardized extracts, bioactive compounds.

scholarly journals Review on Potential Herbal Remedies to Combat Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-133
Author(s):  
Jaydip Jikadara ◽  
◽  
Samresh Pal Roy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Virus Structure ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Beneficial Use ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Herbal Plants

The present review focuses on the overview of the immune system regarding its protection of the human body against COVID-19 virus; illustrates the immunity boosting activity of herbal plants against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This work also provides information regarding virus structure information, immunopathogensis of virus with human body and role of Ayurveda in coronavirus disease. A number of herbal plants based active principles have been isolated and extracted with potential immunostimulant and immunosuppressant activity that can explain their beneficial use in traditional medicine and form the further research base for the future studies. The goal of this review is to foreground the immunity boosting activity of different herbal plants and its beneficial use in COVID-19 disease. Many plants and their phytochemicals, responsible for immunomodulation mechanism in SARS-CoV-2 infection have been explained. This review shall hopefully encourage researchers to undertake further work on herbal or medicinal plants with potential immunity boosting activity in COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals The most useful medicinal herbs to treat diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 2538-2551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Moradi ◽  
Saber Abbaszadeh ◽  
Somayeh Shahsavari ◽  
Mohsen Alizadeh ◽  
Fatemeh Beyranvand
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Iranian Traditional Medicine

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome that is characterized by hyperglycemia, change in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, and in the long term, with eye, kidney, cardiovascular, and neurological complications. Plenty of plants from different regions of the world have been investigated for anti-diabetic effects. This review article was designed to report some of the most important medicinal plants with hypoglycemic properties according to reliable clinical and laboratory evidence, and also touched on the medicinal plants that are prescribed in Iranian traditional medicine, for the treatment of diabetes. The information in this review was obtained from the eligible articles retrieved using the search terms diabetes mellitus, medicinal plants, type 1 diabetes and medicinal plants, type 2 diabetes and medicinal plants, and the effect of extract and essential oil of medicinal plants affecting diabetized tissues in the human body indexed in databases such as Iran medex, Irandoc, ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, etc. Based on the results drawn in this review the plants, Urtica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Carthamus tinctorius, Ferula assa-foetida, Bauhinia, Gymnema sylvestre, Swertia, Combretum, Sarcopoterium, Liriope, Caesalpinia bonduc, Coccinia grandis, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Pterocarpus, Tinospora cordifoli, Salvia officinalis, Panax, Cinnamomum verum, Abelmoschus moschatus, Vachellia nilotica, Achyranthes, Fabaceae, Mentha, Asphodelaceae, Andrographis paniculata L, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia dracunculus, Azadirachta indica, Caesalpinioideae, Pachira aquatic, Gongronema latifolium, Nigella Sativa, Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Zingiber zerumbet, Symphytum, Cactaceae, Symplocos, Perilla frutescens, Terminalia chebula and Aloe vera are effective to controland treat diabetes.

scholarly journals Natural plant products as potential inhibitors of RNA dependent RNA polymerase of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251801
Author(s):  
Shruti Koulgi ◽  
Vinod Jani ◽  
Mallikarjunachari Uppuladinne V. N. ◽  
Uddhavesh Sonavane ◽  
Rajendra Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Salt Bridge ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Drug repurposing studies targeting inhibition of RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have exhibited the potential effect of small molecules. In the present work a detailed interaction study between the phytochemicals from Indian medicinal plants and the RdRP of SARS-CoV-2 has been performed. The top four phytochemicals obtained through molecular docking were, swertiapuniside, cordifolide A, sitoindoside IX, and amarogentin belonging to Swertia chirayita, Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera. These ligands bound to the RdRP were further studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The principal component analysis of these systems showed significant conformational changes in the finger and thumb subdomain of the RdRP. Hydrogen bonding, salt-bridge and water mediated interactions supported by MM-GBSA free energy of binding revealed strong binding of cordifolide A and sitoindoside IX to RdRP. The ligand-interacting residues belonged to either of the seven conserved motifs of the RdRP. These residues were polar and charged amino acids, namely, ARG 553, ARG 555, ASP 618, ASP 760, ASP 761, GLU 811, and SER 814. The glycosidic moieties of the phytochemicals were observed to form favourable interactions with these residues. Hence, these phytochemicals may hold the potential to act as RdRP inhibitors owing to their stability in binding to the druggable site.

scholarly journals A Review on Efficacy of Siddha Medicinal Herbs as Antiviral Drugs against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Muralidass S D ◽  
Shree Devi M S
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum

In a very short time, the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a global pandemic. It has infected about 29,155,581 patients and brought forth death rate about 926,544 among 216 countries as recorded by World Health Organization on 15th September 2020. At present, there is no specific and direct treatment or vaccine for this infectious disease. No therapeutic options available to cure the infection in till date which increases the mortality rate across the countries. Currently there is no antiviral treatments have been approved, several approaches have been proposed in western medicine, Chinese medicine, CAM, AYUSH and other systems. Siddha Herbal medicines are achieving high attention because of the extensive therapeutics like potent anti-microbial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India recommended 12 Siddha herbals (Inji – Zingiber officinale, Thulasi – Ocimum sanctum, Milaku – Piper nigrum, Karunjeeragam – Nigella sativa, Keezhanelli – Phyllanthus niruri, Adhimathuram – Glycyrrhiza glabra, Vellaippoondu – Allium sativum, Citramutti – Sida cardifolia, Seenthil – Tinospora cordifolia, Manjal – Curcuma longa, Elumitchai – Citrus lemon and Vembu – Azadirachta indica) for the prevention by enhancing immunity as well as for the management of this infectious disease in its recent official publication ‘Guidelines for Siddha Practitioners for COVID 19’. This is the common advisory and the anti-viral activity of these herbals against COVID 19 is not established yet. The current situation demands proper herbal drug utilization to prepare the population immunity to fight against the infection. The present review spotlight on the literature review and the review of pharmacological actions of these herbals.

The essential oils of some medicinal plants on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Planta Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ghasemi Pirbalouti ◽  
E Pirali ◽  
G Pishkar ◽  
S Mohammadali Jalali ◽  
M Reyesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss
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