Proteomics and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Advancements in the Diagnostic Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1174-1183
Author(s):  
Nidhi Puranik ◽  
Dhananjay Yadav ◽  
Shiv Kumar Yadav ◽  
Vishal K. Chavda ◽  
Jun-O Jin
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Neuronal Proteins ◽  
And Function

: Changes in protein structure and function, alteration in protein-protein interaction, and significant difference in protein concentration inside the body could play an important role in indicating the pathological evidence of abnormalities before the development of clinical symptoms and act as a critical detection and diagnostic tool commonly known as biomarkers. Biomarkers play important roles in the diagnosis of various chronic diseases, including cancer. Neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, prion, and multiple sclerosis, are well characterized by neuronal deterioration, resulting in precise modifications of neuronal proteins. Nowadays, the diagnosis of neurological disorders is based on proteins or biomarkers. These biomarkers may be found in the cerebrospinal fluid, blood, serum, plasma, saliva, or urine sample. Early diagnosis is urgently needed to prevent further damage. For early diagnosis, identifying the changes in novel protein levels and their functions under the disease conditions is necessary. These can be used as specific proteomic biomarkers for diseases, and they can be possibly identified using neuroproteomics. Neuroproteomics is an emerging tool to corroborate disease-associated protein profiles. It also gives an idea about how these proteins interact with other proteins and undergo post-translational modifications. Neuroproteomics is based on bioinformatics, which provides functional characteristics and advances in technology such as mass spectroscopy, and can help in the discovery of various disease-specific biomarkers. This review gives a complete idea about the types of biomarkers, sources of biomarkers, and techniques involved in the discovery of biomarkers for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Non-Canonical Roles of Tau and Their Contribution to Synaptic Dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 10145
Author(s):  
Giacomo Siano ◽  
Chiara Falcicchia ◽  
Nicola Origlia ◽  
Antonino Cattaneo ◽  
Cristina Di Primio
Keyword(s):  
Tau Protein ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Synaptic Dysfunction ◽  
Cell Soma ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Synaptic Homeostasis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tau Aggregation

Tau plays a central role in a group of neurodegenerative disorders collectively named tauopathies. Despite the wide range of diverse symptoms at the onset and during the progression of the pathology, all tauopathies share two common hallmarks, namely the misfolding and aggregation of Tau protein and progressive synaptic dysfunctions. Tau aggregation correlates with cognitive decline and behavioural impairment. The mechanistic link between Tau misfolding and the synaptic dysfunction is still unknown, but this correlation is well established in the human brain and also in tauopathy mouse models. At the onset of the pathology, Tau undergoes post-translational modifications (PTMs) inducing the detachment from the cytoskeleton and its release in the cytoplasm as a soluble monomer. In this condition, the physiological enrichment in the axon is definitely disrupted, resulting in Tau relocalization in the cell soma and in dendrites. Subsequently, Tau aggregates into toxic oligomers and amyloidogenic forms that disrupt synaptic homeostasis and function, resulting in neuronal degeneration. The involvement of Tau in synaptic transmission alteration in tauopathies has been extensively reviewed. Here, we will focus on non-canonical Tau functions mediating synapse dysfunction.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY OF ABHA GUGGULU AND YOGARAJA GUGGULU IN JANU SANDHIGATA VATA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1943-1950
Author(s):  
Archana B.H. Jadav ◽  
Susheel Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Osteoarthritis Of The Knee ◽  
Basic Character ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Comparative Clinical Study ◽  
And Function ◽  
Single Blind

Mobility is the basic character of life that depends on the structural as well as the functional character of the body. As age advances, while proper nutrition is not available, the body loses its qualitative capacity for structure and function. Janu Sandhigata Vata has been explained classically by Acharyas and its lakshanas are Vata Poorna- dhrithi Sparsha, Sandhi Shotha, Sandhi Shoola and the presence of Vedana during Prasarana and Aakunchana. The lakshanas of Janu Sandhigata Vata is found to be congruent with Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Research statis- tics have shown that in India, 22% of the population shows Osteoarthritis and females slightly dominate in the incidence. Abha Guggulu and Yogaraja Guggulu are two formulations that contain the drugs of Vatahara, Shothahara, Vedanasthapaka property which will help in the management of Janu Sandhigata Vata. Methods: It was a single-blind randomized comparative clinical trial. The study was conducted on 40 subjects for 30 days. Observations were analyzed and findings were evaluated by using statistical methods. Results: The severity of symptoms markedly reduced in both the groups which is statistically significant and on comparing the effect be- tween Abha Guggulu and Yogaraja Guggulu, there was no statistical difference obtained. Conclusion: The result suggests that both Abha Guggulu and Yogaraja Guggulu had a significant effect on Janu Sandhigata Vata There was no significant difference in the effect of Abha Guggulu and Yogaraja Guggulu. Keywords: Janu Sandhigata Vata, Abha Guggulu, Yogaraja Guggulu

scholarly journals Improving the early diagnosis of suspected patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study of 106 patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 547-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuesong Gao ◽  
Di Yang ◽  
Zheng Yuan ◽  
Yijin Zhang ◽  
Hongjie Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Ground Glass Opacity ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Single Center Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Computed Tomography Scans ◽  
Bilateral Lung ◽  
Underlying Diseases ◽  
Beijing China

Introduction: An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. This study aimed to analyze the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients with COVID-19 to better differentiate the suspected patients in Beijing, China. Methodology: This was a retrospective, single-center study. Clinical and epidemiologic data were collected from suspected patients with COVID-19 admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital from January 29 to February 21, 2020. Results: One hundred and six patients (60 males and 46 females, median age 36 years) were enrolled. Thirty-six patients were ultimately laboratory confirmed. Fifty-three were excluded from the diagnosis of COVID-19. The remaining 17 patients were highly suspected, although their nucleic acid tests were repeatedly negative. The confirmed patients and highly suspected patients had a significantly higher proportion of epidemiologic history than the excluded patients (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in clinical symptoms or the underlying diseases among the three groups. The confirmed patients had a higher frequency of lymphopenia and eosinopenia than the highly suspected and excluded patients. Chest computed tomography scans showed bilateral lung involvement, and ground-glass opacity was more likely observed in the confirmed patients. Conclusion: The clinical features of the confirmed patients with COVID-19 were insufficient for early diagnosis of COVID-19. The epidemiologic history was of great significance in the early diagnosis of COVID-19. More sensitive diagnostic methods are needed to aid the differential diagnosis of suspected patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals POS0073 ASSOCIATION OF SAA1 GENE POLYMORPHISM -13T/C (RS12218) WITH CRYOPYRIN ASSOCIATED PERIODIC SYNDROMES (CAPS), BUT NOT FAMILIAL MEDITERRANEAN FEVER (FMF)

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 243.2-243
Author(s):  
I. Guseva ◽  
E. Fedorov ◽  
S. Salugina ◽  
M. Krylov ◽  
E. Samarkina
Keyword(s):  
Familial Mediterranean Fever ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Compound Heterozygous ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mediterranean Fever

Background:Autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) are a group of rare, genetically determined diseases characterized by a periodic events of inflammation, fever, and clinical symptoms that mimic rheumatic pathology. Laboratory serological markers of AIDs are C reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) protein.Objectives:We investigated whether SAA1 gene polymorphism -13T/C (rs12218) may affect the susceptibility to pediatric FMF and CAPS patients (pts). We also evaluate whether this polymorphism can affect CRP and SAA protein levels.Methods:26 FMF pts - 8 boys, 18 girls; age - M(SD) 7.37(5.32) years and 24 CAPS pts - 12 girls, 12 boys; age – 4.76(5.83) years, and 95 healthy individuals (controls) were included in this study. The diagnosis of FMF was based on Turkish paediatric criteria for the diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever [1] and was confirmed by the detection of pathogenic mutations of the MEFV gene in the homozygous or compound-heterozygous states. The diagnose of CAPS was made on the basis of characteristic clinical signs and was confirmed by the detection of a pathogenic mutation in the NLRP3 gene. SAA1 gene polymorphism -13T/C was genotyped using allele-specific RT-PCR assay. SAA protein concentration was measured using nephelometry in FMF and CAPS pts.Results:Table 1 shows the genotypic and allelic frequencies of SSA1 gene in FMF, CAPS and controls. There were no significant differences between FMF pts and controls in the genotypic and allelic distributions of -13T/C gene polymorphism. The frequency of -13C allele was significantly higher in CAPS pts compared with controls (OR=2.03 [CI 1.02-4.03], p=0.03). Moreover, a statistically significant difference was revealed in the genotypic and allelic distributions between FMF and CAPS pts groups (p=0.047 and p=0.02 respectively). The CRP levels did not correlate with SAA1 - 13T/C polymorphism. The SAA protein concentration was associated with SAA1 gene polymorphism in FMF pts (p=0.036).Table 1.The distribution of genotypes and alleles of SAA1 gene polymorphism -13T/C in FMF, CAPS and control groups.Genotypes/AllelesFMFn=26 (%)CAPSn=24 (%)Controlsn=95 (%)TT12 (46,2)4 (16,7)39 (41,1)TC12 (46,2)14 (58,3)42 (44,2)CC2 (7,7)6 (25,0)14 (14,7)P (pts vs controls)>0,05>0,08T24 (63,2)21 (50,0)80 (61,5)C14 (36,8)21 (50,0)50 (38,5)P (pts vs controls)>0,050.03Conclusion:Our preliminary study in small groups of pediatric FMF and CAPS pts revealed that SAA1 gene polymorphism -13T/C (rs12218) is associated with susceptibility to CAPS, but not FMF. The influence of this polymorphism on SAA protein levels in FMF pts was also shown. Further investigations are required to clarify the role of SAA1 gene polymorphism -13T/C in susceptibility to FMF and CAPS in large studies in different ethnic and population groups.References:[1]Yalcinkaya F, Ozen S, Ozcakar ZB, et al. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009,48(4): 395-8. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken509.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

scholarly journals Efek Merokok Terhadap Viskositas Darah

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1036
Author(s):  
Sartika Sartika
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Body ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference

Blood viscosity is strongly influenced by hematocrit and total protein levels. In general, active smokers have high hematocrit levels because cigarettes contain carbon monoxide which has a tendency to bind to hemoglobin faster than oxygen. So that oxygen levels in blood vessels can decrease. One of the body's physiological responses in meeting the needs of oxygen in the body is by increasing the production of red blood cells. Increased levels of red blood cells will affect total hematocrit levels. An increase in large molecular proteins such as fibrinogen also affects total blood viscosity.This research uses a quantitative approach to see the effect of smoking on blood viscosity. The population this study were all active smokers in Kendari. The sample this study were male active smokers who were selected using a purposive sampling technique in accordance with established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample this study as many as 40 people were divided into two groups, 20 active smokers and 20 non-smokers. Mann Whitney analysis results show that there is no significant difference in viscosity in smokers and non-smokers. However, Pearson analysis found that smoking has a significant correlation with blood viscosity.Keywords: Smoker, Blood Viscosity.ABSTRAKViskositas   darah   sangat   dipengaruhi   oleh  kadar hematokrit dan protein total. Pada umumnya perokok aktif memiliki kadar hematokrit yang tinggi karena rokok mengandung karbon monoksida yang memiliki kecenderungan berikatan dengan hemoglobin lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan oksigen. Sehingga kadar oksigen dalam pembuluh darah dapat menurun. Salah satu respon fisiologi tubuh dalam memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen dalam tubuh yaitu dengan cara meningkatkan produksi sel darah merah. Kadar sel darah merah  yang meningkat akan mempengaruhi kadar hematokrit total. Peningkatan protein bermolekul besar seperti fibrinogen juga mempengaruhi viskositas darah total.  Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif untuk melihat efek merokok terhadap viskositas darah. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua perokok aktif di Kendari. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah laki-laki perokok aktif yang dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 40 orang yang dibagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok laki-laki perokok aktif sebanyak 20 orang dan kelompok laki-laki bukan perokok sebanyak 20 orang. Hasil analisis Mann Whitney menunjukan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan viskositas yang signifikan pada perokok dan non-perokok. Namun Analisis Pearson diperoleh bahwa kebiasaan merokok mempunyai korelasi yang signifikan terhadap viskositas darah.Kata kunci: Perokok, Viskositas Darah.

scholarly journals The enigma and implications of brain hemispheric asymmetry in neurodegenerative diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Lubben ◽  
Elizabeth Ensink ◽  
Gerhard A Coetzee ◽  
Viviane Labrie
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
And Function

Abstract The lateralization of the human brain may provide clues into the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Though differing in their presentation and underlying pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases are all devastating and share an intriguing theme of asymmetrical pathology and clinical symptoms. Parkinson’s disease, with its distinctive onset of motor symptoms on one side of the body, stands out in this regard, but a review of the literature reveals asymmetries in several other neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review the lateralization of the structure and function of the healthy human brain and the common genetic and epigenetic patterns contributing to the development of asymmetry in health and disease. We specifically examine the role of asymmetry in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, and interrogate whether these imbalances may reveal meaningful clues about the origins of these diseases. We also propose several hypotheses for how lateralization may contribute to the distinctive and enigmatic features of asymmetry in neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a role for asymmetry in the choroid plexus, neurochemistry, protein distribution, brain connectivity, and the vagus nerve. Finally, we suggest how future studies may reveal novel insights into these diseases through the lens of asymmetry.

scholarly journals Socio-clinical characteristics of COVID-19 disease in Anbar Governorate, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazim Ghazzay ◽  
Raid M. Al-Ani ◽  
Mothana A. Khalil ◽  
Ahmed Faeq Hammad
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a massive impact worldwide. Clinical symptoms vary in different countries. In addition, a wide range of symptoms involve most of the body systems including the respiratory system. However, COVID-19 has no classical presenting signs. Objective: This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of hospitalized and nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients in Anbar Governorate, Iraq. Patients and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in Anbar Governorate, Iraq. The study covered the period from May 1 to June 30, 2020. All cases were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data concerning the age, gender, residence, occupation, clinical symptoms, smoking, history of systemic diseases, and disease fate were collected from patients’ records. Results: Of 481 patients, 259 (53.8%) were male. The patient age ranged from 12 to 104 years with a mean age of 45.7 ± 16.11. Majority of the patients aged 36–58 years (n = 204, 42.4%) and were urban dwellers (n = 318, 66.1%), non-healthcare workers (n = 447, 92.9%), and nonsmokers (n = 440, 91.5%). The chief complaint was fever (n = 300, 64.2%). The mortality rate was 5.6% (n = 27). The increasing age, male gender, and a history of systemic illnesses showed an increased effect on the mortality rate (p < 0.05). Residence, occupation, and smoking status did not show significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The mortality rate was 5.6%. Fever was the main feature of COVID-19. Male, older individuals with systemic diseases showed higher mortality rate.

Abstract 1097: Very-low Dose Endotoxemia Induces High Density Lipoprotein Remodeling and Reduces Cholesterol Efflux in the Absence of a Clinical Inflammatory Response

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P Heffron ◽  
Nehal N Mehta ◽  
Margarita de la Llera-Moya ◽  
Karen Terembula ◽  
Christine Hinkle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Human Endotoxemia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Function ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Introduction: Chronic low-grade inflammation is thought to induce atherogenic changes in HDL function. Indeed, we have demonstrated HDL particle remodeling during experimental human endotoxemia (3ng/kg). However, this model is associated with marked clinical symptoms, and may not reflect the chronic low-grade inflammation characteristic of insulin resistant atherogenic states. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that very low-dose human endotoxemia (LPS; 0.6ng/kg) induces sub-clinical inflammation causing changes in HDL composition and function, without generating measurable clinical responses. Methods: Ten healthy, human volunteers (50% male, 90% Caucasian, mean age 22.7 ± 3.8) were randomized to separate 36-hour inpatient visits (placebo versus intravenous LPS 0.6ng/kg) in a double-masked, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Serial plasma and serum samples were collected for measurement of cytokines, acute phase reactants, lipids and lipoproteins. Ex-vivo 3 H-cholesterol efflux from FU5AH cells (SR-BI model) to the HDL fraction from serum, serially isolated during placebo/endotoxemia, was examined (N=5). Repeated measures ANOVA was applied to the data. Results: There was no significant difference between placebo and LPS in the clinical measures of inflammatory response, including body temperature and heart rate. Relative to placebo, LPS produced a peak 20-fold increase in TNFα (p = 0.01) and a 15-fold increase in CRP (p <0.001). LPS had no effect on levels of HDL cholesterol, apoA-I, apoA-II or apoB lipoproteins. However, endotoxemia was associated with a significant decrease in plasma phospholipids (p = 0.03) and a 7-fold increase in HDL-associated SAA (p <0.001). Further, LPS induced a 40% reduction in cholesterol efflux to HDL by 12 hours post-LPS administration (p = 0.026) which recovered only slightly by 24 hours post-LPS. Conclusions: A very low-dose of endotoxin produces relatively low-grade innate immune responses, without clinical symptoms, but with significant changes in HDL composition and function. This study provides evidence that a modest inflammatory response, consistent with chronic inflammation in atherogenic states in vivo , induces atherogenic changes in HDL.

The effects of high and low doses of folic acid on oxidation of protein levels during pregnancy: a randomized double-blind clinical trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javad Shiralizadeh ◽  
Haleh Barmaki ◽  
Sanya Haiaty ◽  
Yousef Faridvand ◽  
Mostafa Mostafazadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2

AbstractObjectiveOxidants include important active molecules which are created in the body and attack biological molecules especially lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins, and cause oxidation and various diseases in the body. Antioxidants existing in the body help to avoid the incidence of these injuries. Pregnant women are among those where oxidation of biological molecules may do irreparable damage to them and their embryos. So, the purpose of this study was to review the effect of folic acid with both high (5 mg/day) and low (0.5 mg/day) doses on the changes of oxidative protein in reducing plasma homocystein concentration during pregnancy.Materials and methodsForty-five pregnant women participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: group 1 included 23 women who received 5 mg/day folic acid and group 2 included 23 women who took 0.5 mg/day folic acid before pregnancy till the 36th week pregnancy. We measured the biochemical variables in the serum of pregnant women at the beginning and at the end of the study.ResultsFolic acid reduced plasma homocytein in both low and high dose groups (p = 0.035, p = 0.012, respectively). Also, the results showed that folic acid prescription led to reduce plasma level of carbonyl groups in both low and high dose groups (p = 0.01, p = 0.03, respectively). Furthermore, the results showed that there is no significant difference between two groups and folic acid affects both groups equally.ConclusionIt is possible that folic acid administration can reduce plasma homocysteine and carbonyl levels during pregnancy in dose independent manner

scholarly journals Socio-clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Pandemic in Anbar Governorate, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazim Ghazzay ◽  
Raid M. Al-Ani ◽  
Mothana A. Khalil ◽  
Ahmed Faeq Hammad
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
P Value ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: The pandemic COVID-19 disease has a massive impact on the whole world. There is a variation in clinical symptoms in different countries. In addition, there is a wide range of symptoms that involve most of the systems in the body including the respiratory system. However, there is no classical presentation of this devastating disease.Objective: To describe the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection in Anbar Governorate, Iraq.Patients and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in Anbar Governorate, Iraq. The study covered the period from 1st of May to 30th of June 2020. All cases were confirmed by Real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data concerning the age, gender, residence, occupation, clinical symptoms, smoking, history of systemic diseases, and the fate of the disease were collected from patients’ records. Results: Out of 481 patients, there were 259 males (53.8%). The age ranged from 12–104 years with a mean age of 45.7 ±16.11. The majority of the subjects were in the age group 36-58 years (n=204; 42.4%), urban (n=318; 66.1%), non-healthcare worker (n=447; 92.9%), and non-smoker (n=440; 91.5%). The main complaint was fever (n=300; 64.2%). The mortality rate was 5.6% (n=27). The increasing age, male gender, and patients with a history of systemic illnesses showed an increased impact on the death rate (P-value<0.05). While residence, occupation, and smoking didn't show a statistically significant difference (P-value>0.05).Conclusion: The fatality rate was 5.6%. Fever was the main feature of the COVID-19 infection. The elderly, males, and individuals with systemic diseases showed higher mortality rate.

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