Phycocyanin: A Natural Antioxidant to Combat Free Radicals

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingling Zhuang ◽  
Doris Ying Ying Tang ◽  
Kit Wayne Chew ◽  
Tau Chuan Ling
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Natural Antioxidant ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Clinical Trial Results

: Various research showed that antioxidants can effectively overcome the damage caused by free radicals to the human health. Therefore, antioxidants are identified as one of the main directions in the development of health care and cosmetics products due to high demand in the market. This review mainly focuses on the phycocyanin, a type of natural antioxidant mainly found in cyanobacteria. This mini review summarizes the phycocyanin sources and numerous extraction methods of phycocyanin along with the analytical methods in determining its ability to suppress free radicals. Phycocyanin has been proven to play an important role in scavenging free radicals and enhancing the body’s antioxidant capacity. However, there are lack of long-term randomized clinical trial results that can be used as evidence in showing the benefits of phycocyanin. The existing phycocyanin extraction methods using solvents, ultrasonic-assisted, freeze-thaw and etc. can extract high-quality phycocyanin efficiently and quickly. Scientists are also trying to incorporate advanced technologies such as "Industry 4.0" to optimize and enhance the industrial production of phycocyanin. Lastly, this review also describes the difficulties faced during the phycocyanin production or extraction process and financial obstacles in order to achieve the popularization of phycocyanin.

scholarly journals Optimasi Ekstraksi Berbantu Gelombang Ultrasonik pada Biji Melinjo Kerikil (Gnetum gnemon L., ‘Kerikil’) Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Bambang Kunarto ◽  
Sutardi Sutardi ◽  
Supriyanto Supriyanto ◽  
Chairil Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Ultrasonic Bath ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction

Biji melinjo kerikil mengandung senyawa fenolik dan resveratrol sehingga berpotensi sebagai antioksidan, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan ekstraksi. Metoda ekstraksi konvensional (maserasi, perebusan, refluxing) mempunyai kelemahan yaitu terjadinya kerusakan senyawa fenolik akibat reaksi oksidasi, hidrolisis dan ionisasi selama proses ekstraksi. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini ekstraksi biji melinjo kerikil dilakukan menggunakan metode ekstraksi berbantu gelombang ultrasonik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk optimasi ekstraksi biji melinjo kerikil berbantu gelombang ultrasonik yang dilakukan pada berbagai waktu ekstraksi, suhu ekstraksi dan konsentrasi pelarut etanol. Surface response methodology digunakan untuk optimasi kondisi ekstraksi. Biji melinjo kerikil diekstrak menggunakan ultrasonic bath pada frekuensi 40 kHz dengan berbagai suhu (25, 30, 35, 40, 45oC), waktu ekstraksi (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 menit) dan konsentrasi pelarut etanol (40, 50, 60, 70 80%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum ekstraksi biji melinjo kerikil berbantu gelombang ultrasonik adalah pada suhu 30,18oC, waktu 33,01 menit dan konsentrasi pelarut etanol 71,04%. Pada kondisi ini, diperoleh yield ekstrak 18,41 ± 0,01%, total fenolik 11,26 ± 0,06 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid 533,70 ± 0,18 mg CE/100g, resveratrol 7,64 ± 0, 03%, IC50 sebesar 59,52 ± 0,04 ppm dan reducing power 76,31 ± 0,08%. Sebagai kesimpulan, optimasi ekstraksi biji melinjo kerikil berbantu gelombang ultrasonik menggunakan response surface methodology ini cukup baik karena nilai respon yang sebenarnya sesuai dengan nilai respon yang diprediksi.Melinjo kerikil seeds contain phenolic and resveratrol compounds so that it has the potential as an antioxidant, therefore extraction needs to be done. Conventional extraction methods (maceration, boiling, refluxing) have the disadvantage of devasting phenolic compounds due to oxidation, hydrolysis and ionization reactions during the extraction process. Therefore, in this study the extraction of melinjo kerikil seeds done by using the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. The study aims to optimize ultrasonic-assisted extraction of melinjo kerikil seeds that be done at various extraction times, extraction temperatures and ethanol solvents concentrations. Response surface methodology was used to optimize experimental condition for extraction. Melinjo kerikil seeds were extracted by using ultrasonic bath at a frequency of 40 kHz with various temperatures (25, 30, 35, 40, 45oC), extraction time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes) and ethanol solvents concentrations (40, 50, 60, 70 80 %). The results showed that the optimum conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of melinjo kerikil seeds were at a temperature of 30.18oC, a time of 33.01 minutes and an ethanol solvent concentration of 71.04%. In this condition, obtained the extract yield 18.41 ± 0.01%, total phenolic 11.26 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g, total flavonoids 533.70 ± 0.18 mg CE/100g, resveratrol 7.64 ± 0,03%, IC50 in the amount of 59.52 ± 0.04 ppm and reducing power 76.31 ± 0.08%. As a conclusion, the optimization ultrasonic-assisted extraction of melinjo kerikil seeds by using response surface methodology is quite good because the actual response value is in accordance with the predicted response value.

scholarly journals Brewer’s Spent Grains: Possibilities of Valorization, a Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 5619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ancuța Chetrariu ◽  
Adriana Dabija
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Spent Grain

This review was based on updated research on how to use brewer’s spent grains (BSG). The use of BSG was considered both in food, as an ingredient or using value-added components derived from brewer’s spent grain, or in non-food products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, construction, or food packaging. BSG is a valuable source of individual components due to its high nutritional value and low cost that is worth exploiting more to reduce food waste but also to improve human health and the environment. From the bioeconomy point of view, biological resources are transformed into bioenergetically viable and economically valuable products. The pretreatment stage of BSG biomass plays an important role in the efficiency of the extraction process and the yield obtained. The pretreatments presented in this review are both conventional and modern extraction methods, such as solvent extractions or microwave-assisted extractions, ultrasonic-assisted extractions, etc.

scholarly journals Optimization and Quality Analysis of Different Extraction Methods of Palm Seed Oil

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Qi-Zhao Li ◽  
Zheng-Qun Cai
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Enzymatic Extraction ◽  
Hydrolysis Time ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Hydrolysis Temperature

The extraction process of palm seed oil was optimized. Using palm seed as raw material, oil extraction rate was used as an index. The effects of flash extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, supercritical extraction, and aqueous enzymatic extraction on the yield of palm seed oil were investigated. The extraction methods and technological conditions of palm seed oil were optimized by the orthogonal method on the basis of single factor. The seed oil was analyzed and detected. The results showed that the water enzymatic extraction method was the best, and the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: enzymatic hydrolysis time 16 h, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 50°C, and enzymatic content 2.0%. The oil yield of palm seed was 16.48%. Conclusion. Water enzymatic extraction process of palm seed oil is reasonable, the active ingredients are rich, and the quality of seed oil is better, providing reference for the development and research of palm seed oil.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION SEQUENTIAL MICROWAVE ULTRASONIC ASSISTED EXTRACTION TO EXTRACT POLYPHENOL FROM MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES USING MULTIRESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 444-451
Author(s):  
G. Restu Prinanda ◽  
◽  
Aji Prasetyaningrum ◽  
Wahyudi a ◽  
Dwi Purwati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Leaves ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction

Moringa leaves contain phenolic compounds and flavonoids which are useful as antioxidants. The disadvantages of traditional extraction methods, such as maceration, include a lengthy extraction process and the use of excessive solvent. Therefore, in this study, moringa leaf extraction was carried out using sequential microwave ultrasonic-assisted extraction (MUAE) to speed up the extraction time, and get more yields. This study aimed to improve the extraction of Moringa leaves with MUAE by adjusting the extraction time, temperature, and ethanol percentage. The conditions varied at extraction time (0, 10, 15, 20, 30 minutes), temperature (30, 40, 50, 60, 80 oC), and ethanol concentration (0, 30, 50, 70, 90%). The findings revealed that the best conditions for extraction Moringa leaves with sequential microwave-ultrasonic assisted extraction were at a time of 15 minutes, a temperature of 55oC, and an ethanol percentage of 54%. In this condition, the extract yield was 12.95%, total phenolic 330.38 GAE mg / 100 g, flavonoids in total 298.15 QE mg / 100 g, the IC50for antioxidant activity is 78.37 ppm.

Extraction of Mogroside and Limonin with Different Extraction Methods and its Modeling

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Can Liu ◽  
Yonghai Rong ◽  
Long Rong
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Ultrasonic Extraction ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Economical Method ◽  
Siraitia Grosvenorii

The extraction yields of mogroside from Siraitia grosvenorii fruits and limonin from orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco) seeds were compared with different extraction methods, respectively. Maceration extraction, stirring extraction, ultrasonic extraction and flash extraction were used for the extraction. The extraction process was modeled using the concept of thin film which provides the resistance to transfer. The results showed that the maximum yields of mogroside (4.11%) and limonin (0.65%) were obtained by ultrasonic extraction and flash extraction respectively. Owing to its shorter extraction time, flash extraction would be an economical method for the mass production of triterpenes from natural products. The model was found to be fit for the comparison of methods for the extraction and provided good correlation of the data. The model could be mainly used in the practical extraction process.

scholarly journals Phycocyanin content and nutritional profile of Arthrospira platensis from Mexico: efficient extraction process and stability evaluation of phycocyanin

BMC Chemistry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghamitra Khandual ◽  
Edgar Omar Lopez Sanchez ◽  
Hugo Espinosa Andrews ◽  
Jose Daniel Padilla de la Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Dry Biomass

AbstractPhycocyanin is a blue natural food colorant with multiple health benefits. Here we propose an efficient phycocyanin extraction method from Arthrospira platensis from Mexico. Three extraction methods were applied to optimize the extraction process, using water and buffer as solvents, with three pH values at two agitation times. The highest phycocyanin, 54.65 mg/g, was extracted from dry biomass with water as a solvent using an ultrasonication bar. The optimum condition of extraction was determined to be 1:50 biomass/solvent ratio for dry biomass, with the freeze/thaw method for 20 min repeated twice, and then agitated at 120 rpm for 24 h. The phycocyanin content was 48.88 mg/g biomass, with a purity of 0.47. For scalable phycocyanin productivity, the sonication method is recommended as there is no statistical difference. The phycocyanin stability was best at − 20 °C storage temperature at pH 7 for 35 days. Partial purification with ammonium sulfate was found to be suitable as a fractional precipitation method, first at 0–20% and then 20–65%, to get purity nearly 1. Total protein was found to be 55.52%, and total amino acids after phycocyanin extraction was 33%. The maximum phycocyanin yield using water as a solvent was the most interesting result regardless of the method used for extraction.

scholarly journals Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Using an Optimised Dual Extraction Process to Study Human Brain Cancer Cells and Tissues

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Alison Woodward ◽  
Alina Pandele ◽  
Salah Abdelrazig ◽  
Catherine A. Ortori ◽  
Iqbal Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Serum Starvation ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Dual Extraction

The integration of untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics from the same population of cells or tissue enhances the confidence in the identified metabolic pathways and understanding of the enzyme–metabolite relationship. Here, we optimised a simultaneous extraction method of metabolites/lipids and RNA from ependymoma cells (BXD-1425). Relative to established RNA (mirVana kit) or metabolite (sequential solvent addition and shaking) single extraction methods, four dual-extraction techniques were evaluated and compared (methanol:water:chloroform ratios): cryomill/mirVana (1:1:2); cryomill-wash/Econospin (5:1:2); rotation/phenol-chloroform (9:10:1); Sequential/mirVana (1:1:3). All methods extracted the same metabolites, yet rotation/phenol-chloroform did not extract lipids. Cryomill/mirVana and sequential/mirVana recovered the highest amounts of RNA, at 70 and 68% of that recovered with mirVana kit alone. sequential/mirVana, involving RNA extraction from the interphase of our established sequential solvent addition and shaking metabolomics-lipidomics extraction method, was the most efficient approach overall. Sequential/mirVana was applied to study a) the biological effect caused by acute serum starvation in BXD-1425 cells and b) primary ependymoma tumour tissue. We found (a) 64 differentially abundant metabolites and 28 differentially expressed metabolic genes, discovering four gene-metabolite interactions, and (b) all metabolites and 62% lipids were above the limit of detection, and RNA yield was sufficient for transcriptomics, in just 10 mg of tissue.

scholarly journals Inferring Long-Term Demand of Newly Established Stations for Expansion Areas in Bike Sharing System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6748
Author(s):  
Hsun-Ping Hsieh ◽  
Fandel Lin ◽  
Jiawei Jiang ◽  
Tzu-Ying Kuo ◽  
Yu-En Chang
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Real World ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Bike Sharing ◽  
The Government ◽  
Short Time

Research on flourishing public bike-sharing systems has been widely discussed in recent years. In these studies, many existing works focus on accurately predicting individual stations in a short time. This work, therefore, aims to predict long-term bike rental/drop-off demands at given bike station locations in the expansion areas. The real-world bike stations are mainly built-in batches for expansion areas. To address the problem, we propose LDA (Long-Term Demand Advisor), a framework to estimate the long-term characteristics of newly established stations. In LDA, several engineering strategies are proposed to extract discriminative and representative features for long-term demands. Moreover, for original and newly established stations, we propose several feature extraction methods and an algorithm to model the correlations between urban dynamics and long-term demands. Our work is the first to address the long-term demand of new stations, providing the government with a tool to pre-evaluate the bike flow of new stations before deployment; this can avoid wasting resources such as personnel expense or budget. We evaluate real-world data from New York City’s bike-sharing system, and show that our LDA framework outperforms baseline approaches.

Effects of long-term oral administration of silver nanoparticles on the cognitive functions of mammals

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Anna Alexandrovna Antsiferova ◽  
Marina Yurievna Kopaeva ◽  
Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Kochkin ◽  
Pavel Konstantinovich Kashkarov
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Impaired Cognitive Function ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. Since the beginning of the XXI century, silver nanoparticles have been widely used in various industries, medicine and pharmaceuticals due to their pronounced antibacterial, antiviral and fungicidal properties. In connection with such a high demand for the use of silver nanoparticles, it is very important to understand the associated potential risks from their use. Materials and methods. In the course of the work, there has been a study of the effects of the long-term oral administration of a commercially produced dietary supplement based on silver nanoparticles with a size of 34 nm and stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone in an amount of 50 μg/day/animal on the cognitive functions of C57Bl/6 mice, as well as their accumulation in the brain by the method of instrumental neutron activation analysis. The dietary supplement used is recommended for people as a treatment for gastrointestinal infections. Results. It was found that after 180 days of administration, silver nanoparticles impair long-term contextual memory, and over time, the content of silver in the brain increases. Conclusion. Presumably impaired cognitive function with accumulation of silver in the brains of mice. This poses the risk of prolonged oral use of the silver nanoparticles.

Mechanochemical Treatment of Quercetin and Curcumin to Obtain Eutectic Mixtures with High Antioxidant Activity

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Fernando D'Vries ◽  
Valentina Renza-Diaz ◽  
Martin emilio Gonzalez ◽  
Kriss Dayhana Pantoja
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Mechanochemical Treatment ◽  
Natural Antioxidant ◽  
Eutectic Mixtures ◽  
High Antioxidant Activity ◽  
The Creation

Quercetin and curcumin are well-known natural antioxidant molecules used to prevent the malignant effect caused by free radicals on biological systems. This work addressed the creation of eutectic mixtures from...

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