Radiotherapy and Its Impact on the Nervous System of Cancer Survivors

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 374-385
Author(s):  
Gautam Kumar ◽  
Priyadarshini Dutta ◽  
Vipan K. Parihar ◽  
Mallikarjuna R. Chamallamudi ◽  
Nitesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Minimal Damage ◽  
Radioactive Seeds ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Late Side ◽  
Cessation Of Treatment

Radiotherapy is routinely used for the treatment of nearly all brain tumors, but it may lead to progressive and debilitating impairments of cognitive function. The growing evidence supports the fact that radiation exposure to CNS disrupts diverse cognitive functions including learning, memory, processing speed, attention and executive functions. The present review highlights the types of radiotherapy and the possible mechanisms of cognitive deficits and neurotoxicity following radiotherapy. The review summarizes the articles from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of science search engines. Radiation therapy uses high-powered x-rays, particles, or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells, with minimal damage to healthy cells. While radiotherapy has yielded relative success in the treatment of cancer, patients are often plagued with unwanted and even debilitating side effects from the treatment, which can lead to dose reduction or even cessation of treatment. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms responsible for the development of these behavioral toxicities; however, neuroinflammation is widely considered as one of the major mechanisms responsible for radiotherapy-induced toxicities. The present study reviews the different types of radiotherapy available for the treatment of various types of cancers and their associated neurological complications. It also summarizes the doses of radiations used in the variety of radiotherapy, and their early and delayed side effects. Special emphasis is given to the effects of various types of radiations or late side effects on cognitive impairments.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Effects of Radiotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8151
Author(s):  
Sharda Kumari ◽  
Shibani Mukherjee ◽  
Debapriya Sinha ◽  
Salim Abdisalaam ◽  
Sunil Krishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Particle ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
High Let Radiation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Let ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Tumor Death

Radiation therapy (RT), an integral component of curative treatment for many malignancies, can be administered via an increasing array of techniques. In this review, we summarize the properties and application of different types of RT, specifically, conventional therapy with x-rays, stereotactic body RT, and proton and carbon particle therapies. We highlight how low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation induces simple DNA lesions that are efficiently repaired by cells, whereas high-LET radiation causes complex DNA lesions that are difficult to repair and that ultimately enhance cancer cell killing. Additionally, we discuss the immunogenicity of radiation-induced tumor death, elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which radiation mounts innate and adaptive immune responses and explore strategies by which we can increase the efficacy of these mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms by which RT modulates immune signaling and the key players involved in modulating the RT-mediated immune response will help to improve therapeutic efficacy and to identify novel immunomodulatory drugs that will benefit cancer patients undergoing targeted RT.

scholarly journals POS1280 SPINAL LOCATION OF TUBERCULOSIS: WHAT HAS CHANGED OVER THE LAST YEARS?

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 923.3-923
Author(s):  
S. Boussaid ◽  
M. Mrabet ◽  
S. Jemmali ◽  
H. Sahli ◽  
H. Ajlani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Lumbar Pain ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Vertebral Collapse ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tuberculous Spondylodiscitis ◽  
Different Parts

Background:Tuberculosis (TB) is no longer a disease limited to developing nations and is still a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It can affect the different parts of the spine.Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine the preferred spinal location of TB.Methods:We conduct a retrospective and descriptive study in a single rheumatology department. Data were collected from observations of patients hospitalized in the past 20 years (2000-2020) who have been diagnosed with tuberculous spondylodiscitis (TS).Results:Fifty-two patients were included (37F/15M). Their mean age was 55.21 years ± 17.79 [19-91]. TS was more frequently unifocal (75%) than multifocal (25%). Lumbar spine involvement was the most common (57.7%) and more frequent in women (63.3%) but with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.2). Other localizations were described such as: dorso-lumbar (21.2%), dorsal (15.4%), lumbosacral (3.8%) and cervical (1.9%). Lumbar pain was present in 34 patients (65.4%) and 29 patients (55.8%) suffered from segmental lumbar stiffness. Imaging was contributive by showing the vertebral location using standard X-rays, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Disc pinch, erosion of vertebral plateaus and vertebral collapse were the major signs (82.7%, 65.4% and 67.3%, respectively).Conclusion:TS is a rare but serious clinical condition which may lead to severe deformity and early or late neurological complications. Spinal involvement is often unifocal and mostly diagnosed with lumbar pain or stiffness. Multifocal forms, touching several parts of the spine, however remain rare. Our findings remain consistent with those of the literature.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Neurological Complications of COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4081
Author(s):  
Ghaydaa A. Shehata ◽  
Kevin C. Lord ◽  
Michaela C. Grudzinski ◽  
Mohamed Elsayed ◽  
Ramy Abdelnaby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders ◽  
Taste And Smell

COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by the newly identified human coronavirus (HCoV) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was discovered in December 2019, and in March 2020, the disease was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to a high number of cases. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the respiratory system, several studies have reported neurological complications in COVID-19 patients. Headache, dizziness, loss of taste and smell, encephalitis, encephalopathy, and cerebrovascular diseases are the most common neurological complications that are associated with COVID-19. In addition, seizures, neuromuscular junctions’ disorders, and Guillain–Barré syndrome were reported as complications of COVID-19, as well as neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. However, the management of these conditions remains a challenge. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of these neurological sequelae that are secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aim to update neurologists and healthcare workers on the possible neurological complications associated with COVID-19 and the management of these disease conditions.

scholarly journals Antitumor Activity of Protons and Molecular Hydrogen: Underlying Mechanisms

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
Luc Rochette ◽  
Marianne Zeller ◽  
Yves Cottin ◽  
Catherine Vergely
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Particle Therapy ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Proton Beam Radiotherapy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Understanding the structure and dynamics of the various hydrogen forms has been a subject of numerous studies. Protons (H+) and molecular hydrogen (H2) in the cell are critical in a wide variety of processes. A new cancer treatment uses H2, a biologically inactive gas. Due to its small molecular weight, H2 can rapidly penetrate cell membranes and reach subcellular components to protect nuclear DNA and mitochondria. H2 reduces oxidative stress, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and acts as a modulator of apoptosis. Exogenous H2, administered by inhalation, drinking H2-rich water, or injecting H2-rich saline solution, is a protective therapy that can be used in multiple diseases, including cancer. In particle therapy, cyclotrons and synchrotrons are the accelerators currently used to produce protons. Proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) offers great promise for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers due to the sharp decrease in the dose of radiation at a defined point. In these conditions, H2 and different types of H2 donors may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Crocetin Mitigates Irradiation Injury in an In Vitro Model of the Pubertal Testis: Focus on Biological Effects and Molecular Mechanisms

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1676
Author(s):  
Giulia Rossi ◽  
Martina Placidi ◽  
Chiara Castellini ◽  
Francesco Rea ◽  
Settimio D'Andrea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Adolescent Cancer ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Infertility is a potential side effect of radiotherapy and significantly affects the quality of life for adolescent cancer survivors. Very few studies have addressed in pubertal models the mechanistic events that could be targeted to provide protection from gonadotoxicity and data on potential radioprotective treatments in this peculiar period of life are elusive. In this study, we utilized an in vitro model of the mouse pubertal testis to investigate the efficacy of crocetin to counteract ionizing radiation (IR)-induced injury and potential underlying mechanisms. Present experiments provide evidence that exposure of testis fragments from pubertal mice to 2 Gy X-rays induced extensive structural and cellular damage associated with overexpression of PARP1, PCNA, SOD2 and HuR and decreased levels of SIRT1 and catalase. A twenty-four hr exposure to 50 μM crocetin pre- and post-IR significantly reduced testis injury and modulated the response to DNA damage and oxidative stress. Nevertheless, crocetin treatment did not counteract the radiation-induced changes in the expression of SIRT1, p62 and LC3II. These results increase the knowledge of mechanisms underlying radiation damage in pubertal testis and establish the use of crocetin as a fertoprotective agent against IR deleterious effects in pubertal period.

scholarly journals The Nanosystems Involved in Treating Lung Cancer

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Andreea Crintea ◽  
Alina Gabriela Dutu ◽  
Gabriel Samasca ◽  
Ioan Alexandru Florian ◽  
Iulia Lupan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Sirna Delivery ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
The Many

Even though there are various types of cancer, this pathology as a whole is considered the principal cause of death worldwide. Lung cancer is known as a heterogeneous condition, and it is apparent that genome modification presents a significant role in the occurrence of this disorder. There are conventional procedures that can be utilized against diverse cancer types, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, but they are hampered by the numerous side effects. Owing to the many adverse events observed in these therapies, it is imperative to continuously develop new and improved strategies for managing individuals with cancer. Nanomedicine plays an important role in establishing new methods for detecting chromosomal rearrangements and mutations for targeted chemotherapeutics or the local delivery of drugs via different types of nano-particle carriers to the lungs or other organs or areas of interest. Because of the complex signaling pathways involved in developing different types of cancer, the need to discover new methods for prevention and detection is crucial in producing gene delivery materials that exhibit the desired roles. Scientists have confirmed that nanotechnology-based procedures are more effective than conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy, with minor side effects. Several nanoparticles, nanomaterials, and nanosystems have been studied, including liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, micelles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes, and even siRNA delivery systems. The cytotoxicity of such nanosystems is a debatable concern, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems must be improved to increase the bioavailability, biocompatibility, and safety profiles, since these nanosystems boast a remarkable potential in many biomedical applications, including anti-tumor activity or gene therapy. In this review, the nanosystems involved in treating lung cancer and its associated challenges are discussed.

213Acute and late side effects in the adjuvant combined radiation therapy of endometrial carcinoma

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. S56
Author(s):  
E. Weiss ◽  
H. Arnold-Bofinger ◽  
N. Weidner ◽  
P. Hirnle ◽  
M. Bamberg
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Endometrial Carcinoma ◽  
Late Side Effects ◽  
Late Side

1128 Total body irradiation (TBI) before bone marrow grafting (BMG): Analysis of late side effects

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. S236
Author(s):  
V. Fayrel ◽  
Th. Schmitt ◽  
J.L. Stephan ◽  
D. Guyotat ◽  
G. Puel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Total Body Irradiation ◽  
Late Side Effects ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Bone Marrow Grafting ◽  
Late Side

Probiotics for the Chemoprotective Role Against the Toxic Effect of Cancer Chemotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aafrin Waziri ◽  
Charu Bharti ◽  
Mohammed Aslam ◽  
Parween Jamil ◽  
Aamir Mirza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
High Degree

Background: The processes of chemo- and radiation therapy-based clinical management of different types of cancers are associated with toxicity and side effects of chemotherapeutic agents. So, there is always an unmet need to explore agents to reduce such risk factors. Among these, natural products have generated much attention because of their potent antioxidant and antitumor effects. In the past, some breakthrough outcomes established that various bacteria in the human intestinal gut are bearing growth-promoting attributes and suppressing the conversion of pro-carcinogens into carcinogens. Hence, probiotics integrated approaches are nowadays being explored as rationalized therapeutics in the clinical management of cancer. Methods: Here, published literature was explored to review chemoprotective roles of probiotics against toxic and side effects of chemotherapeutics. Results: Apart from excellent anti-cancer abilities, probiotics are bearing and alleviate toxicity and side effects of chemotherapeutics, with a high degree of safety and efficiency. Conclusion: Preclinical and clinical evidence suggested that due to the chemoprotective roles of probiotics against side effects and toxicity of chemotherapeutics, their integration in chemotherapy would be a judicious approach.

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