scholarly journals Antitumor Activity of Protons and Molecular Hydrogen: Underlying Mechanisms

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
Luc Rochette ◽  
Marianne Zeller ◽  
Yves Cottin ◽  
Catherine Vergely
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Particle Therapy ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Proton Beam Radiotherapy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Understanding the structure and dynamics of the various hydrogen forms has been a subject of numerous studies. Protons (H+) and molecular hydrogen (H2) in the cell are critical in a wide variety of processes. A new cancer treatment uses H2, a biologically inactive gas. Due to its small molecular weight, H2 can rapidly penetrate cell membranes and reach subcellular components to protect nuclear DNA and mitochondria. H2 reduces oxidative stress, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and acts as a modulator of apoptosis. Exogenous H2, administered by inhalation, drinking H2-rich water, or injecting H2-rich saline solution, is a protective therapy that can be used in multiple diseases, including cancer. In particle therapy, cyclotrons and synchrotrons are the accelerators currently used to produce protons. Proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) offers great promise for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers due to the sharp decrease in the dose of radiation at a defined point. In these conditions, H2 and different types of H2 donors may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment.

The Role of NIR Fluorescence in MDR Cancer Treatment: From Targeted Imaging to Phototherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (33) ◽  
pp. 5510-5529
Author(s):  
Zengtao Wang ◽  
Qingqing Meng ◽  
Shaoshun Li
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Drug Efflux ◽  
Nir Dyes ◽  
Nir Imaging ◽  
Drug Efflux Pumps

Background: Multidrug Resistance (MDR) is defined as a cross-resistance of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutics and has been demonstrated to correlate with drug efflux pumps. Visualization of drug efflux pumps is useful to pre-select patients who may be insensitive to chemotherapy, thus preventing patients from unnecessary treatment. Near-Infrared (NIR) imaging is an attractive approach to monitoring MDR due to its low tissue autofluorescence and deep tissue penetration. Molecular NIR imaging of MDR cancers requires stable probes targeting biomarkers with high specificity and affinity. Objective: This article aims to provide a concise review of novel NIR probes and their applications in MDR cancer treatment. Results: Recently, extensive research has been performed to develop novel NIR probes and several strategies display great promise. These strategies include chemical conjugation between NIR dyes and ligands targeting MDR-associated biomarkers, native NIR dyes with inherent targeting ability, activatable NIR probes as well as NIR dyes loaded nanoparticles. Moreover, NIR probes have been widely employed for photothermal and photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment, which combine with other modalities to overcome MDR. With the rapid advancing of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles are incorporated with NIR dyes to provide multifunctional platforms for controlled drug delivery and combined therapy to combat MDR. The construction of these probes for MDR cancers targeted NIR imaging and phototherapy will be discussed. Multimodal nanoscale platform which integrates MDR monitoring and combined therapy will also be encompassed. Conclusion: We believe these NIR probes project a promising approach for diagnosis and therapy of MDR cancers, thus holding great potential to reach clinical settings in cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Application of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials in Thermal Ablation Therapy of Cancer

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhannat Ashikbayeva ◽  
Daniele Tosi ◽  
Damir Balmassov ◽  
Emiliano Schena ◽  
Paola Saccomandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Thermal Ablation ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Ablation Therapy ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Thermal Ablation Therapy ◽  
Heating Capacity ◽  
Tumor Region

Cancer is one of the major health issues with increasing incidence worldwide. In spite of the existing conventional cancer treatment techniques, the cases of cancer diagnosis and death rates are rising year by year. Thus, new approaches are required to advance the traditional ways of cancer therapy. Currently, nanomedicine, employing nanoparticles and nanocomposites, offers great promise and new opportunities to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment in combination with thermal therapy. Nanomaterials can generate and specifically enhance the heating capacity at the tumor region due to optical and magnetic properties. The mentioned unique properties of nanomaterials allow inducing the heat and destroying the cancerous cells. This paper provides an overview of the utilization of nanoparticles and nanomaterials such as magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoshells, nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes, and other nanoparticles in the thermal ablation of tumors, demonstrating their advantages over the conventional heating methods.

scholarly journals Applications of Supercritical Anti-Solvent Process in Preparation of Solid Multicomponent Systems

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Guijin Liu ◽  
Junjian Li ◽  
Shiming Deng
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Continuous Manufacturing ◽  
Multicomponent Systems ◽  
On Line ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Solid multicomponent systems (SMS) are gaining an increasingly important role in the pharmaceutical industry, to improve the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In recent years, various processes have been employed for SMS manufacturing. Control of the particle solid-state properties, such as size, morphology, and crystal form is required to optimize the SMS formulation. By utilizing the unique and tunable properties of supercritical fluids, supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) process holds great promise for the manipulation of the solid-state properties of APIs. The SAS techniques have been developed from batch to continuous mode. Their applications in SMS preparation are summarized in this review. Many pharmaceutical co-crystals and solid dispersions have been successfully produced via the SAS process, where the solid-state properties of APIs can be well designed by controlling the operating parameters. The underlying mechanisms on the manipulation of solid-state properties are discussed, with the help of on-line monitoring and computational techniques. With continuous researching, SAS process will give a large contribution to the scalable and continuous manufacturing of desired SMS in the near future.

Innovatory role of nanomaterials as bio-tools for treatment of cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khuram Shahzad Ahmad ◽  
Muntaha Talat ◽  
Shaan Bibi Jaffri ◽  
Neelofer Shaheen
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cancerous Cells

AbstractConventional treatment modes like chemotherapy, thermal and radiations aimed at cancerous cells eradication are marked by destruction pointing the employment of nanomaterials as sustainable and auspicious materials for saving human lives. Cancer has been deemed as the second leading cause of death on a global scale. Nanomaterials employment in cancer treatment is based on the utilization of their inherent physicochemical characteristics in addition to their modification for using as nano-carriers and nano-vehicles eluted with anti-cancer drugs. Current work has reviewed the significant role of different types of nanomaterials in cancer therapeutics and diagnostics in a systematic way. Compilation of review has been done by analyzing voluminous investigations employing ERIC, MEDLINE, NHS Evidence and Web of Science databases. Search engines used were Google scholar, Jstore and PubMed. Current review is suggestive of the remarkable performance of nanomaterials making them candidates for cancer treatment for substitution of destructive treatment modes through investigation of their physicochemical characteristics, utilization outputs and long term impacts in patients.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage regeneration: from characterization to application

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangkang Zha ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
Zhen Yang ◽  
Guangzhao Tian ◽  
Zhiqiang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Cartilage Repair ◽  
Cartilage Damage ◽  
Cartilage Regeneration ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractArticular cartilage is susceptible to damage but hard to self-repair due to its avascular nature. Traditional treatment methods are not able to produce satisfactory effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown great promise in cartilage repair. However, the therapeutic effect of MSCs is often unstable partly due to their heterogeneity. Understanding the heterogeneity of MSCs and the potential of different types of MSCs for cartilage regeneration will facilitate the selection of superior MSCs for treating cartilage damage. This review provides an overview of the heterogeneity of MSCs at the donor, tissue source and cell immunophenotype levels, including their cytological properties, such as their ability for proliferation, chondrogenic differentiation and immunoregulation, as well as their current applications in cartilage regeneration. This information will improve the precision of MSC-based therapeutic strategies, thus maximizing the efficiency of articular cartilage repair.

Bridging employee curiosity and service creativity: a new lens

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuen-Hung Tsai ◽  
Li-li Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
Frontline Employees ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Task Autonomy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Task

PurposeThis study develops a framework to examine how, why and when different traits of employee curiosity affect service creativity by considering the roles of knowledge sharing and task autonomy.Design/methodology/approachTo reduce common method bias, this work separated the variables investigated into three parts, each of which was randomly used to collect data at three different periods. A total of 822 matched questionnaires obtained from frontline employees of service firms provided useable data for hypothesis tests. A moderated mediation approach was employed to analyse the data.FindingsResults are as follows: (1) Deprivation sensitivity, joyous exploration and social curiosity have positive effects on knowledge collecting (KC) and knowledge donating (KD). (2) KD mediates the relationships between the three curiosity traits and service creativity. (3) Task autonomy enhances and suppresses the mediating effects of KC and KD, respectively, on the curiosity–service creativity relationship.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has two main research implications: First, as different types (traits) of employee curiosity have different effects on service creativity, a single-dimensional view of employee curiosity may mask the differences of individual dimension and lead to a oversimplified conclusion. Second, lifting the vein from employee curiosity to service creativity has to consider the roles of knowledge sharing and task autonomy.Originality/valueThis research is the first to contribute to the service innovation literature by revealing the underlying mechanisms through which different types of employee curiosity affect service creativity and uncovering the moderating roles of task autonomy in the process mechanisms.

scholarly journals Advances in Studies on the Pharmacological Activities of Fucoxanthin

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 634
Author(s):  
Han Xiao ◽  
Jiarui Zhao ◽  
Chang Fang ◽  
Qi Cao ◽  
Maochen Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Organ Fibrosis ◽  
Active Can

Fucoxanthin is a natural carotenoid derived mostly from many species of marine brown algae. It is characterized by small molecular weight, is chemically active, can be easily oxidized, and has diverse biological activities, thus protecting cell components from ROS. Fucoxanthin inhibits the proliferation of a variety of cancer cells, promotes weight loss, acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, interacts with the intestinal flora to protect intestinal health, prevents organ fibrosis, and exerts a multitude of other beneficial effects. Thus, fucoxanthin has a wide range of applications and broad prospects. This review focuses primarily on the latest progress in research on its pharmacological activity and underlying mechanisms.

CRISPR/Cas9 for cancer treatment: technology, clinical applications and challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Cheng ◽  
Shaoyi Fan ◽  
Chengcai Wen ◽  
Xianfa Du
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
General Function ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Function Mechanism ◽  
Target Effects

Abstract Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is described as RNA mediated adaptive immune system defense, which is naturally found in bacteria and archaea. CRISPR-Cas9 has shown great promise for cancer treatment in cancer immunotherapy, manipulation of cancer genome and epigenome and elimination or inactivation of carcinogenic viral infections. However, many challenges remain to be addressed to increase its efficacy, including off-target effects, editing efficiency, fitness of edited cells, immune response and delivery methods. Here, we explain CRISPR-Cas classification and its general function mechanism for gene editing. Then, we summarize these preclinical CRISPR-Cas9-based therapeutic strategies against cancer. Moreover, the challenges and improvements of CRISPR-Cas9 clinical applications will be discussed.

Bilingualism and cognition: A focus on mechanisms

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIRGINIA VALIAN
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Old People ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The goal of my keynote article, “Bilingualism and Cognition” (Valian, 2014), was to resolve the inconsistencies in effects of bilingualism on executive functions, whether the individuals were children, young adults, or old people. To summarize (and sharpen) my argument: 1.Especially in children and young adults, benefits of bilingualism for executive functions are not reliable. In old people, there are benefits for executive functions but contradictory results on delay of cognitive impairment, depending on whether studies are retrospective or prospective.2.All experiences that have benefits for executive functions and aging – and there are many – yield inconsistent effects. Bilingualism is not alone.3.Three reasons for inconsistencies in bilingualism and other experiences are: a.Executive function and cognitive reserve are broad cover terms for a variety of mechanisms, most of which are ill-understood. Because we mean different things by ‘executive function’ from one experiment to the next, we can both think we don't have an effect when we do and think we have an effect when we don’t.b.Tasks are impure: apparently similar tasks measure different aspects of executive function and measure other aspects of cognition as well. Because we lack a good analysis of tasks, we too often do not know what we are measuring. I encourage readers to examine the demos in the supplementary materials of the keynote article to see for themselves what the tasks are like.c.Individuals engage in many different activities that may be on a par with bilingualism in their benefits.4.Different types of bilingual experience are unlikely to explain the variability of findings, given the inconsistencies in extant data on varieties of bilingualism.5.There is a benefit of bilingualism, but bilingualism competes with other sources of benefits. Especially for children and young adults, whose daily lives are full of cognitively enriching and challenging experiences, we should expect variability in effects of being bilingual.6.The way forward is to focus on underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Exercise and other non-pharmaceutical interventions for cancer-related fatigue in patients during or after cancer treatment: a systematic review incorporating an indirect-comparisons meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 651-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Hilfiker ◽  
Andre Meichtry ◽  
Manuela Eicher ◽  
Lina Nilsson Balfe ◽  
Ruud H Knols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Cancer Related Fatigue ◽  
Different Types ◽  
After Cancer ◽  
Indirect Comparisons ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AimTo assess the relative effects of different types of exercise and other non-pharmaceutical interventions on cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in patients during and after cancer treatment.DesignSystematic review and indirect-comparisons meta-analysis.Data sourcesArticles were searched in PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL and published meta-analyses.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesRandomised studies published up to January 2017 evaluating different types of exercise or other non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce CRF in any cancer type during or after treatment.Study appraisal and synthesisRisk of bias assessment with PEDro criteria and random effects Bayesian network meta-analysis.ResultsWe included 245 studies. Comparing the treatments with usual care during cancer treatment, relaxation exercise was the highest ranked intervention with a standardisedmean difference (SMD) of −0.77 (95% Credible Interval (CrI) −1.22 to −0.31), while massage (−0.78; −1.55 to −0.01), cognitive–behavioural therapy combined with physical activity (combined CBT, −0.72; −1.34 to −0.09), combined aerobic and resistance training (−0.67; −1.01 to −0.34), resistance training (−0.53; −1.02 to −0.03), aerobic (−0.53; −0.80 to −0.26) and yoga (−0.51; −1.01 to 0.00) all had moderate-to-large SMDs. After cancer treatment, yoga showed the highest effect (−0.68; −0.93 to −0.43). Combined aerobic and resistance training (−0.50; −0.66 to −0.34), combined CBT (−0.45; −0.70 to −0.21), Tai-Chi (−0.45; −0.84 to −0.06), CBT (−0.42; −0.58 to −0.25), resistance training (−0.35; −0.62 to −0.08) and aerobic (−0.33; −0.51 to −0.16) showed all small-to-moderate SMDs.ConclusionsPatients can choose among different effective types of exercise and non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce CRF.

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