Anthropometric characteristics and dietery intake of swimming athletes with disabilities before the competition

ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Kajian status gizi pada atlet renang merupakan hal yang fundamental karena berperan dalam menunjang performa. Sementara itu atlet difabel memiliki beberapa karakteristik yang berbeda dengan atlet biasa, sehingga perlu memperoleh perhatian tersendiri. Studi mengenai kajian status gizi pada atlet difabel di Indonesia belum pernah dilakukan, sehingga penulis mencoba mengkaji status gizi atlet difabel cabang olahraga renang dari aspek antropometri serta asupan makanan dan cairan.Tujuan: Mengkaji status gizi atlet renang difabel dari segi antropometri serta asupan makanan dan cairan.Metode: Subjek yang terlibat adalah atlet difabel renang sebanyak 18 orang (16 laki-laki dan 2 perempuan) berusia 15-34 tahun yang sedang menjalani masa karantina untuk persiapan ASEAN Para Games 2017 di Malaysia. Pengukuran antropometri meliputi komponen berat badan, tinggi badan, persen lemak, dan somatotype. Penentuan status gizi berdasarkan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) dan Lingkar Lengan Atas (LLA). Kajian asupan makanan dan cairan dilakukan dengan wawancara recall 24-hours yang menanyakan asupan makan dalam satu hari terakhir dan Semi Quantitative Fluid Frequency yang menanyakan asupan cairan selama satu minggu terakhir. Seluruh data dianalisa secara deskriptif serta ditampilkan dalam bentuk rata-rata dan nilai simpang baku (SD).Hasil: Sebanyak 11 dari 18 atlet memiliki status gizi normal, sementara sisanya memiliki status gizi berlebih atau overweight. Hasil pengukuran persen lemak adalah 16% pada atlet laki-laki dan 29% pada atlet perempuan, lebih tinggi dari persen lemak atlet renang profesional (13% dan 26%). Somatotype atlet renang difabel didominasi kategori ectomorphic mesomorph. Asupan energi zat gizi makro dan mikro masih tergolong kurang dengan pemenuhan di bawah 80% dari kebutuhan yang direkomendasikan. Kesimpulan: Beberapa aspek antropometri belum sesuai dengan standar atlet profesional, dan pemenuhan asupan makanan serta cairan belum optimal sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Diperlukan pemberian diet dan latihan yang tepat untuk mencapai perawakan fisik terbaik dan meningkatkan asupan makanan.KATA KUNCI : difabel, renang, antropometri, asupan makan, status giziABSTRACTBackgrounds: In the strategy of fostering athletes’ performance, examining their nutrition status is essential as the guide to plan the proper diet and physical training. However, physical impairment in disabled athletes gives extra challenge in assessing the nutrition profile, particularly on anthropometric measurements.Objectives: To identify the nutrition status based on anthropometry value, food and fluid intake of disabled swimming athletes.Methods: Descriptive quantitative design was used in this study. Subjects participated in the study were 18 disabled swimmers in national training camp for 2017 ASEAN Para-Games. Anthropometry measurement consists of body weight, height, %body fat, and somatotype. Nutrition status was identified according to BMI and MUAC. Food and fluid intake were assessed using 24-hour dietary recall and Semi Quantitative Fluid Frequency Questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 16, and the result was presented in mean and deviation standard.Results: Nutrition status of athletes based on BMI and MUAC illustrated that 11 (61%) athletes had normal nutrition status, 6 (34%) were overweight, and 1 (5%) was obese. Body fat percentage for female and male athletes were 29% and 16%, respectively, higher than recommended value (26.6% and 13%) Endomorphic mesomoprh was dominant as the somatotype value of athletes, contradicted to standard value in professional swimmer (balanced mesomoprh or central). Dietary intake of athletes was found to be inadequate with %intake for energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate were 55%, 66%, 79%, and 49%. The inadequate fluid intake was also found with the intake was 3222 ml/day.Conclusions: The results indicate that several anthropometry values such as %body fat and somatotype of disabled swimming athletes in this study were still differ from anthropometry standard of professional swimmers. Total energy, macro nutrients, micro nutrients, and fluid intake were inadequate compared to dietary recommendation.KEYWORDS: disabled athlete, swimming, anthropometry, dietary intake, nutrition status

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Identifikasi status gizi, somatotipe, asupan makan dan cairan pada atlet atletik remaja di Indonesia

Journal of Community Empowerment for Health ◽

10.22146/jcoemph.38410 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 85

Author(s):

Mirza Hapsari Sakti Titis Penggalih ◽

Mustika Cahya Nirmala Dewinta ◽

Kurnia Mar'atus Solichah ◽

Diana Pratiwi ◽

Ibtidau Niamilah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Fluid Intake ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Total Fluid Intake ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Percentage Of Body Fat ◽

Food And Fluid Intake

Athletes’ nutrition status, somatotype, and adequate dietary intake are strongly related to their sport performance. Examining those markers in adolescent age is essential in order to develop the optimum physical characteristics for the future. This study was conducted to identify the nutrition status based on anthropometry value, somatotype, food and fluid intake of youth athletic athletes in Indonesia. Descriptive quantitative design was used in this study. Subjects participated in the study were 25 youth athletic athletes from Students Education and Training Program (Program Pembinaan dan Pelatihan Pelajar) in Yogyakarta and Aceh, and School of Sports (Sekolah Keolahragaan) Ragunan, Jakarta Selatan. Anthropometry measurement consists of body weight, height, body fat percentage, and somatotype. Nutrition status was identified according to BMI/age and height/age. Food and fluid intake were assessed using 24-hour dietary recall interview and semi quantitative fluid frequency questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed and the result was presented in mean and deviation standard. BMI/age values in male and female athletes were -2 SD ≤ Z ≥ +1 SD (normal) and +1 SD ≤ Z ≥ +2 SD (overweight), respectively. Height/age value for both gender was normal in -2 SD ≤ Z ≥ +2 SD. Percentage of body fat ranged in 12-16% for males and 18-28% for females. Somatotype category for males was ectomorphic mesomorph (2.3-5.0-3.3) and endomorphic mesomorph (4.4-5.6-2.0) for females. Fulfillment of energy and carbohydrate was found inadequate (< 80%), whereas fat intake was found excess (> 110%). Total fluid intake was ranged from 2700 ml to 5800 ml per day. Overweight nutrition status was still found in female athletes. Ideal somatotype was found only in male athletes. Excessive percentage of body fat was detected in both gender. Total energy, macro nutrients, micro nutrients, and fluid intake were inadequate compared to dietary recommendation.

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PO-085 Investigation and assessment of nutritional status among Chinese elite artistic swimming athletes

Exercise Biochemistry Review ◽

10.14428/ebr.v1i3.11463 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Liang Li ◽

Jianfang Xu ◽

Huayu Fang ◽

Xiaojing Wang

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Early Morning ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Food Material ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Waist Hip Ratio

Objective The sport of artistic swimming is unique which requires a mixture of endurance, power, acrobatics, ﬂexibility, and eurhythmics to produce an artistic performance. Optimal nutrition plays an important role in attaining high level of achievements for artistic swimming athletes, a poor nutritional status will significantly affect their health, athletic performance and post-exercise recovery. However, the assessment of nutritional status among artistic swimming athletes is very lack. The purpose of present study was to assess the nutritional status of Chinese elite artistic swimming athletes and provide suggestions for them to modify their dietary structures. Methods During the summer training season before the 17th FINA World Championships, 17 Chinese elite artistic swimming female athletes participated in this study. After an overnight fast, the anthropometric data including height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), and waist/hip ratio were collected in the early morning around 7 a.m. before breakfast. The 24 hours dietary recall was used to collect dietary intake data of individuals, the athletes were required to record their daily dietary intake in the structured questionnaire for 2 work days and 1 weekend day. During data processing, the cooked foods were converted into raw amounts of each food material by standardized recipe method, and the nutritive value was calculated by using a dietary nutrients analysis software. Results The athletes were 19.6±1.7 years old and their training age was 10-12 years. The athletes’ BMI was 18.3±1.4 kg/m2, their BF% and waist/hip ratio was 16.6±2.6% and 0.85±0.02 respectively. Even the athletes’ body composition level was in the normal range, the BMI and BF% were lower than Russia and Spain artistic swimming athletes. The daily energy intake was 1528±276 kcal which was composed of 435±50 kcal breakfast, 477±62 kcal lunch, 402±49 kcal supper, and 214±22 kcal snacks. However, the energy intake was much lower than the recommendation of 3500 kcal/day. Carbohydrates provided approximately 51% of total energy which was lower than the practical demands, but both fats and proteins provided more energy (31.3% and 17% respectively) than the recommendations. In addition, the supplementation of many important vitamins and minerals, except vitamin E and sodium, were not reached the recommended level, for example, the consumption of vitamin C and calcium was only 46±12 mg and 430±72 mg per day. Conclusions The data showed that the nutritional status was unsatisfactory among Chinese elite artistic swimming female athletes, the dietary energy intake and many important vitamins and minerals were much lower than the recommendations. In order to keep healthy and increase the exercise performance, it was suggested that the artistic swimming athletes should modify their dietary structures to supply more energies, vitamins and minerals according to their physical conditions and training arrangements.

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PERBEDAAN ASUPAN ENERGI, MAKRONUTRIEN, STATUS GIZI, DAN VO2 MAKS ANTARA ATLET SEPAK BOLA ASRAMA DAN NON ASRAMA [The Differences of Energy, Macronutrient Intake, Nutritional Status, and VO2 Max between Boarding and Non-Boarding Football Athletes]

Media Gizi Indonesia ◽

10.20473/mgi.v14i1.14-26 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Ayu Alfitasari ◽

Fillah Fithra Dieny ◽

Martha Ardiaria ◽

A. Fahmi Arif Tsani

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Body Fat ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Macronutrient Intake ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Vo2 Max ◽

Cross Sectional

Football athletes require high-quality physical fitness that affects achievement. Nutritional status was the outcome of dietary intake and can influence physical fitness. Athletes who boarded have an organized eating arrangement, so the dietary intake is more assured. The objective of this study was to analyze the differences of energy, macronutrients intake, nutritional status, and V2 max between boarding and nonboarding football athletes aged 13 - 18 years. A cross-sectional study was done in 32 people who divided into two groups (boarding and non-boarding football athletes).The collected datas included food intake using 6x24 hoursfood recalls, height using microtoise, weight using digital scales, BMI for Age using WHO Anthro Plus, body fat percentage using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, VO2 max using Cooper Test 2.4 km. Nutrient values were analyzed using NutriSurvey. Statistical analysis using Independent TTest. There were significant differences between energy and macronutrient intake (p=0.001), body fat percentage (p=0.004), and VO2 max score (p=0.001) of boarding and non-boarding athletes. Energy and macronutrient intake of boarding and non-boarding athletes were still in the deficient category; however, the average nutritional intake of boarding athletes were still higher than non-boarding athletes. Most nutritional status of athletes based on BMI/Age were in normal category (87.5% in boarding athletes and 62.5% in non-boarding athletes). There was no over in non-boarding athlete. However, there were 12.5% of boarding athletes in the over fat category. 25% of non-boarding athletes were in the under fat category, while in boarding athletes, none of athlete in under fat category. 62.5% boarding athletes had VO2 max score at a very good level, while 87.5% of non boarding athletes were in enough category. There were significant differences between energy and macronutrient intake, body fat percentage, and VO2 max score between boarding and non-boarding football athletes.

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Timing and Frequency of Daily Energy Intake in Adults with Prediabetes and Overweight or Obesity and Their Associations with Body Fat

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113484 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3484

Author(s):

Christina Sonne Mogensen ◽

Kristine Færch ◽

Lea Bruhn ◽

Hanan Amadid ◽

Inge Tetens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Body Fat ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Eating Patterns ◽

Daily Energy Intake ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Daily Energy

Knowledge on how energy intake and macronutrients are distributed during the day and the role of daily eating patterns in body composition among adults with overweight/obesity and prediabetes is lacking. Therefore, we evaluated the diurnal dietary intake and studied the associations of daily eating patterns with body fat percentage. A total of 119 adults with prediabetes were included (mean (SD) HbA1c 41 (2.3) mmol/mol, BMI 31.5 (5.0) kg/m2, age 57.8 (9.3) years, 44% men). Information on dietary intake was obtained from self-reported food records for three consecutive days. All foods and beverages (except water) were registered with information on time of ingestion. Body fat was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. A total of 60.5% of the participants reported a daily eating window of 12 or more hours/day, and almost half of the daily total energy intake was reported in the evening. In analyses adjusted for age, gender, and total daily energy intake, having the first daily energy intake one hour later was associated with slightly higher body fat percentage (0.64% per hour, 95% CI: 0.28; 1.01; p < 0.001), whereas higher meal frequency was associated with slightly lower body fat percentage (0.49% per extra daily meal, 95% CI: −0.81; −0.18; p = 0.002). Prospective studies are warranted to address the clinical implications of daily eating patterns on body fat and cardiometabolic health.

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Usia Menarche pada Siswi SD dan SLTP di Kota Bandung

Kesmas National Public Health Journal ◽

10.21109/kesmas.v2i6.243 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

pp. 243

Author(s):

Dian Aryati

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

Body Fat ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Dominant Factor ◽

P Value ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

International Conference ◽

The Impact ◽

Menarche Age

Secara global, kesehatan reproduksi mendapat perhatian yang berbeda sejak konverensi internasional Demografi (International Conference on Demography) (ICPD) di Kairo pada tahun1994. Tahap seksual remaja diinisiasi oleh pertumbuhan lengkap pada organ reproduksi yang mengantarkan seorang wanita pada menstruasi. Selama bertahun-tahun, usia menarche telah menurun yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor biologi dan lingkungan. Penurunan usia menarche berakibat pada peningkatan kehamilan yang tidak diharapkan yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas seksual sebelum menikah. Hal tersebut dapat meningkatkan tindakan abortus dan penyakit menular seksual pada remaja dan kelainan ingestion. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui berbagai faktor yang berhubungan dengan usia menarche pada remaja. Penelitian dengan desain studi kross sectional ini dilakukan pada siswi kelas lima sekolah dasar sampai kelas satu sekolah lanjutan pertama di kota Bandung, pada tahun 2007. Ditemukan bahwa persentase lemak tubuh rata-rata para responden adalah 22.9%. Status nutrisi adalah 18.7%, rerata usia menarche adalah 11, 61 tahun dan rerata usia menarche ibu rata-rata adalah 12.96 tahun. Persentase lemak tubuh merupakan faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi umur menarche. Ada dua variabel yang terdeteksi memenuhi kriteria kandidat model multivariat yaitu persentase lemak tubuh (nilai p = 0,002 ;) dan status nutrisi ( nilai p = 0,015). Namun, hasil analisis multivariat hanya memperlihatkan persentase lemak tubuh yang berhubungan dengan usia menarche (nilai-p = 0,002 : OR = 4,957). Untuk menghindari dampak peningkatan usia menarche, pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi pada remaja sebaiknya dimulai dari sekolah dasar dan diawasi oleh sekolah, orang tua, dan pemerintah.Kata kunci : Usia menarche, remaja, kesehatan reproduksiAbstractGlobally, reproduction health received particular attention since International Conference on Demography (ICPD) in Cairo 1994. Sexual stages on teenager are initiated by completion of reproductive organ which leads to menstruation on girl. For years, menarche age has decreased due to biological and environmental factors. The acceleration of menarche age has consequence in increasing unexpected pregnancy caused by pre-marital sexual activity and thus increasing abortion and sexually transmitted diseases on teenagers as well as ingestion disorder. This research is to reveal which factors related to menarche age among fifth grade elementary school until first grade junior high school students. Quantitative cross sectional method is used in this research. As the result, body fat percentage of respondents is 22.89% in average. Nutrition status is 18.7%, menarche age of the respondents is 11.61 years old, menarche age of the relatives is 12.96 years old and menarche age of the mothers is 12.96 years old in average. Body fat percentage is a dominant factor which influences menarche age. Early reproductive health education on teenager should be started from elementary school and supervised by schools, parents, and goverment to avoid the impact of menarche age acceleration. Based on bivariate analysis result, there are two related variables, body fat percentage ( p value = 0,002 ; OR 4,957) and nutrition status ( p value = 0,015 : OR 3,767). Meanwhile, multivariate analysis result only showed body fat percentage which is significantly related (p value = 0,002 : OR 4,957).Key words: Menarche age, teenagers, reproduction health

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Dietary Intake of Two Elite Male Cyclists during 10-Day, 2,050-Mile Ride

International Journal of Sport Nutrition ◽

10.1123/ijsn.5.1.56 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 56-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Kathe A. Gahel ◽

Adrienne Aldous ◽

Chad Edgington

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Fluid Intake ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Total Fluid Intake ◽

Mountain Ranges ◽

Food And Fluid Intake ◽

High Calorie ◽

Total Fluid

Food and fluid intake of 2 male cyclists was assessed to describe dietary intakes of athletes participating in an endurance ride. Cyclists rode 15 to 18 hr each day for 10 days to travel 2,050 miles on the original Pony Express Trail over seven major mountain ranges. Food and fluids were weighed or measured by researchers. Average kilocalorie intake was 7,125 ± 340 (M±SEM), or 113 kcal/kg/day. Percentages of protein, carbohydrate, and fat kilocalories were 10, 63, and 27, respectively, with 44% of the carbohydrate kilocalories from simple sugars, cookies, sweetened drinks, and candy. Vitamin and mineral intakes were two to three times the RDA for most vitamins and minerals. Total fluid intake averaged 10.5 L per day with an average of 620 ml/hr of riding time. Of fluid intake, 54% was water. Cyclists traveling long distances need a variety of high-calorie foods and ample amounts of fluids to maintain performance for this type of event.

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Dietary intake habits and controlled training on body composition and strength in elite female volleyball players during the season

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0100 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (8) ◽

pp. 827-834 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Juan Mielgo-Ayuso ◽

Michael C. Zourdos ◽

Julio Calleja-González ◽

Aritz Urdampilleta ◽

Sergej M. Ostojic

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

High Intensity ◽

Bench Press ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Back Squat ◽

Power Clean

The purpose of this study was to assess dietary intake of elite female volleyball players (EFVPs, n = 22) during the first 11 weeks of the competitive season. Further, we compared findings for total energy intake and specific macronutrient distribution with the established recommendations for high-intensity athletes. Subjects also engaged in periodized training and we assessed changes in body composition (BC) and strength. Twenty-two EFVPs had dietary intake (7-day dietary recall and food-frequency questionnaire), BC (body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, fat mass, muscle mass), and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) strength (bench press, military press, back squat, power clean, clean and jerk, pull-over) assessed at baseline (T0, before preseason) and 11 weeks later (T11). Athletes consumed less total kilocalories and carbohydrates (CHO) compared with established recommendations (total kilocalories: 40.7 ± 5.2 kcal/(kg·day)–1 vs. recommendations: 50–80 kcal/(kg·day)–1; CHO: 4.3 ± 0.6 g/(kg·day)–1 vs. recommendations: 5–8 g/(kg·day)–1). Further, subjects consumed greater protein (2.1 ± 0.4 g/(kg·day)–1) compared with recommendations (1.6–1.8 g/(kg·day)–1) and greater fat (36.1 ± 4.6% of total kilocalories) than recommendations (20%–35% of total kilocalories). There were improvements (p < 0.05) in BC from T0–T11 (body fat percentage: 17.9% ± 4.2%–16.8% ± 3.6%, –4.7% ± 7.4%; fat mass: 12.7 ± 4.2–11.9 ± 3.8 kg, –4.0% ± 9.2%; muscle mass: 42.8% ± 3.4%–43.3% ± 3.0%, +1.3 ± 3.1%) and 1RM strength (bench press: 39.1 ± 4.5–43.4 ± 4.9 kg; +11.4% ± 9.3%; clean and jerk: 29.7 ± 6.3–34 ± 5.8 kg; +17.7% ± 23.8%); however, there was no change (p > 0.05) in BMI or military press and pull-over. Back squat (p = 0.054; +33.0% ± 83.7%) and power clean (p = 0.056; +26.2% ± 49.0%) increases approached significance. Our findings indicate that EFVPs improved BC and strength despite a dietary intake different from recommendations. This is possibly due to different substrate utilization during exercise in females versus males, thus new recommendations should be considered for high-intensity athletes, which are sex-specific.

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