scholarly journals Toward a Difference Approach: A Discrete Meat Demand System

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. p66
Author(s):  
Shu Tsuchida
Keyword(s):  
Budget Constraint ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Difference Quotient ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Partial Difference ◽  
Meat Demand ◽  
Differential Approach ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Continuous Demand

While the differential approach to economic analysis is useful, the difference approach is indispensable as almost all economic data are discrete, rather than continuous. Thus, we must to investigate the integration of the differential with difference approaches. We show a difference quotient corresponding to a differential quotient, which is generally called a derivative, and a partial difference quotient corresponding to a partial differential quotient, which is generally called a partial derivative. From these, the difference approach produces a discrete demand system with logarithmic mean elasticities as parameters that corresponds to a continuous demand system with point elasticities as parameters produced by the differential approach. These systems should satisfy each budget constraint: the former for finite-change variables and the latter for infinitesimal-change variables. Based on these, we consider a discrete meat demand system, apply it to monthly demand for fresh meat in Japan, and estimate it using a weighted RAS method. The estimated demand system has two desirable properties: each estimated demand (theoretical value) of the conditional demand function coincides with each observed demand, and this system satisfies the difference budget constraint.

scholarly journals Meat Demand in South Korea: An Application of the Restricted Source-Differentiated Almost Ideal Demand System Model

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shida Rastegari Henneberry ◽  
Seong-huyk Hwang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
System Model ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Almost Ideal Demand System ◽  
The South ◽  
Meat Demand ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Meat Market

The first difference version of the restricted source-differentiated almost ideal demand system is used to estimate South Korean meat demand. The results of this study indicate that the United States has the most to gain from an increase in the size of the South Korean imported meat market in terms of its beef exports, while South Korea has the most to gain from this expansion in the pork market. Moreover, the results indicate that the United States has a competitive advantage to Australia in the South Korean beef market. Results of this study have implications for U.S. meat exports in this ever-changing policy environment.

Effect of Flaw Dimensions on Ductile Fracture Behavior of Non-Aligned Multiple Flaws in a Plate

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumasa Miyazaki ◽  
Kunio Hasegawa ◽  
Koichi Saito
Keyword(s):  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Fracture Behavior ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Surface Flaws ◽  
Fracture Tests ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Maximum Minimum

The fitness-for-service codes require the characterization of non-aligned multiple flaws for flaw evaluation, which is performed using a flaw proximity rule. Worldwide, almost all such codes provide their own proximity rule, often with unclear technical bases of the application of proximity rule to ductile or fully plastic fracture. In particular, the effect of flaw dimensions of multiple surface flaws on fully plastic fracture of non-aligned multiple flaws had not been clear. To clarify the effect of the difference of part through-wall and through-wall flaws on the behavior of fully plastic fracture, the fracture tests of flat plate specimens with non-aligned multiple part through-wall flaws were conducted. When the flaw depth a was shallow with 0.4 in ratio of a to thickness t, the maximum load Pmax occurred at penetration of multiple flaws and the effect of vertical distance of non-aligned multiple flaws H on Pmax was not so significant. However, when flaw depth was deep with 0.8 in a/t, Pmax occurred after penetration of flaws and the effect of H on Pmax could be seen clearly. It was judged that the through-wall flaw tests were appropriate for discussion of the effect of H on Pmax and the alignment rule of multiple flaws. In addition, in order to clarify the appropriate length parameter to estimate Pmax of test specimens with dissimilar non-aligned through-wall multiple flaws, the fracture tests of plate specimens were also conducted. The effect of different flaw length on Pmax was discussed with maximum, minimum and averages of dissimilar non-aligned multiple flaw lengths. Experimental results showed that the maximum length lmax would be an appropriate length parameter to estimate Pmax, when the non-aligned multiple through-wall flaws were dissimilar.

United Front: Partisans of the Leningrad Region and their connections with the Central Asian Soviet Republics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 214-225
Author(s):  
Sergey Kulik ◽  
Аnatoliy Kashevarov ◽  
Zamira Ishankhodjaeva
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
World War ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All

During World War II, representatives of almost all the Soviet Republics fought in partisan detachments in the occupied territory of the Leningrad Region. Among them were many representatives of the Central Asian republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Many Leningrad citizens, including relatives of partisans, had been evacuated to Central Asia by that time. However, representatives of Asian workers’ collectives came to meet with the partisans. The huge distance, the difference in cultures and even completely different weather conditions did not become an obstacle to those patriots-Turkestanis who joined the resistance forces in the North-West of Russia.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF SMES CREDIT RESTRUCTURING POLICY IN ECONOMIC RECOVERY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
Lussi Agustin ◽  
Moh. Yusron Solikin ◽  
Zunairoh .
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Industry Sectors ◽  
The Impact

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis seberapa maksimal proses kebijakan retrukturisasi Kredit UMKM dalam Pemulihan Ekonomi di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Kondisi perekonomian global sedang mengalami goncangan hebat akibat mewabahnya Covid-19. Dampak dari pandemic ini sangat mempengaruhi segala aspek terutama pada kondisi Kesehatan dan perekonomian suatu negara, tidak terkecuali Indonesia. Secara keseluruhan, hampir semua sektor industry mengalami goncangan dan tidak terkecuali sektor UMKM. Maka dari itu dikeluarkanlah kebijakan retrukturisasi Kredit UMKM guna mendorong optimalisasi fungsi intermediasi pada perbankan dan menjaga stabilitas sistem keuangan serta mendukung pertumbuhan perekonomian. Program restrukturisasi kredit menjadi program dari OJK yang dapat diterapkan oleh perbankan kepada UMKM. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan studi empiris dari penelitian terdahulu serta peraturan-peraturan terkait dengan restrukturisasi kredit yang dikeluarkan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan restrukturisai kredit bagi UMKM sudah berjalan dan digunakan oleh para pelaku UMKM. Kemudian berdasarkan implementasinya kebijakan ini merupakan kebijakan top-down dimana memerlukan banyak Lembaga untuk bekerja sama dan keputusan berasal dari Peraturan pemerintah baru di teruskan ke Lembaga-lembaga lain di bawahnya hingga informasinya sampai dan bisa dirasakan oleh para UMKM.  This research aims to analyze the policy of restructuring SMEs Credit in Economic Recovery during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The global economy is experiencing severe shocks due to the outbreak of Covid-19. The impact of this pandemic greatly affects all aspects, especially on the health and economic condition of a country, not least Indonesia. Overall, almost all industry sectors are experiencing shocks and are no exception to the SMEs sector. Therefore, the policy of restructuring SMEs Credit was issued to encourage optimization of intermediation function in banking and maintain the financial system stability and support economic growth. Credit restructuring program becomes a program from OJK that can be applied by banks to SMEs. The method used in this research is a qualitative method using empirical studies from previous research as well as regulations related to credit restructuring issued by the Financial Services Authority. The results of this research show that the implementation of credit restructuring policy for SMEs is already running and used by SMEs. Then based on the difference in implementation of this policy is a top-down policy that requires many Institutions to cooperate and decisions derived from the new government regulations are forwarded to other institutions under it until the information reaches and can be felt by SMEs.

scholarly journals Insertions and deletions trigger adaptive walks in Drosophila proteins

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1740) ◽  
pp. 3075-3082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Leushkin ◽  
Georgii A. Bazykin ◽  
Alexey S. Kondrashov
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Molecular Adaptation ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
Adaptive Walks ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All

Maps that relate all possible genotypes or phenotypes to fitness—fitness landscapes—are central to the evolution of life, but remain poorly known. An insertion or a deletion (indel) of one or several amino acids constitutes a substantial leap of a protein within the space of amino acid sequences, and it is unlikely that after such a leap the new sequence corresponds precisely to a fitness peak. Thus, one can expect an indel in the protein-coding sequence that gets fixed in a population to be followed by some number of adaptive amino acid substitutions, which move the new sequence towards a nearby fitness peak. Here, we study substitutions that occur after a frame-preserving indel in evolving proteins of Drosophila . An insertion triggers 1.03 ± 0.75 amino acid substitutions within the protein region centred at the site of insertion, and a deletion triggers 4.77 ± 1.03 substitutions within such a region. The difference between these values is probably owing to a higher fraction of effectively neutral insertions. Almost all of the triggered amino acid substitutions can be attributed to positive selection, and most of them occur relatively soon after the triggering indel and take place upstream of its site. A high fraction of substitutions that follow an indel occur at previously conserved sites, suggesting that an indel substantially changes selection that shapes the protein region around it. Thus, an indel is often followed by an adaptive walk of length that is in agreement with the theory of molecular adaptation.

scholarly journals City-Scale Distance Sensing via Bispectral Light Extinction in Bad Weather

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1401
Author(s):  
Dong Zhao ◽  
Yuta Asano ◽  
Lin Gu ◽  
Imari Sato ◽  
Huixin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Coefficient ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Light Extinction ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Infrared Wavelengths ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
Almost All

In this paper, we propose a novel city-scale distance sensing algorithm based on atmosphere optics. The suspended particles, especially in bad weather, would attenuate the light at almost all wavelengths. Observing this fact and starting from the light scattering mechanism, we derive a bispectral distance sensing algorithm by leveraging the difference of extinction coefficient between two specifically selected near infrared wavelengths. The extinction coefficient of the atmosphere is related to both wavelength and meteorological conditions, also known as visibility, such as the fog and haze day. To account for different bad weather conditions, we explicitly introduce visibility into our algorithm by incorporating it into the calculation of extinction coefficient, making our algorithm simple yet effective. To capture the data, we build a bispectral imaging system that is able to take a pair of images with a monochrome camera and two narrow band-pass filters. We also present a wavelength selection strategy that allows us to accurately sense distance regardless of material reflectance and texture. Specifically, this strategy determines two distinct near infrared wavelengths by maximising the extinction coefficient difference while minimizing the influence of building’s reflectance variance. The experiments empirically validate our model and its practical performance on the distance sensing for the city-scale buildings.

scholarly journals The importance of beech forests as reservoirs of moth diversity in Mediterranean Basin (Lepidoptera)

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Infusino ◽  
Stefano Scalercio
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
European Distribution ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All

Study analyzes the macrolepidoptera assemblages in beech woodlands of the Orsomarso Mountains (Pollino National Park, Southern Italy) to assess the role of beech forests in preserving diversity in Mediterranean Basin. Research was run between 2015 and 2016 in 15 stands representative of the main successional stages of forest maturation, placed between 990 and 1,475 meters of elevation. Monthlybased sampling was performed using UV-LED light traps. A total of 33,957 individuals belonging to 410 species was collected. The community is rich and the most abundant and characteristic species (Eilema lurideola, Operophtera fagata, Campaea margaritata) are almost all trophically linked to broadleaves or lichens. The community structure appears fairly constant and recognizable in all stands over the two years of sampling. Young beech forests hosted the greatest number of species compared to other forest maturation stages, though the difference is small. The greatest differences in the community structure are found in the clearings, where generalist and/or related to the herbaceous layer species are mostly represented. Biogeographically widely distributed species prevail, 87% of them having European or Asian-European distribution. There are a number of species of faunistic interest, among which Perizoma juracolaria, Chelis maculosa, Tiliacea citrago, Poecilocampa populi, Triphosa dubitata, Sideridis reticulata, Nebula senectaria, including 13 Italian endemics such as Coenotephria antonii. Populations of many species show significant genetic diversities compared to other European populations. The Orsomarso Mountains beech forests represent an important biodiversity reservoir, even at the genetic level, and show a good degree of naturalness.

scholarly journals Midwifery matters: resilience and subjective wellbeing of midwives

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Caiazzo ◽  
L Kundisowa ◽  
G Bocci ◽  
N Vonci ◽  
L Alaimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction Resilience is the ability to resist, cope with life positively after suffering a negative event. Midwifery has been defined as ’emotionally demanding’; midwives with an higher levels of resilience experience higher levels of subjective well-being (SWB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between resilience and SWB amongst midwives. Materials and methods Data were collected using a questionnaire, distributed between September 2018-January 2019 in hospitals in the Tuscany region (Italy). For evaluation of SWB, we used OECD scale (2013) evaluating three items: actual happiness (AH); emotive wellbeing (BE) composed of positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) and life satisfaction (LS). Also, job satisfaction (JS) was evaluated. Resilience (RS) was evaluated using the Italian version of the Resilience Scale by Wagnild and Young. All items were expressed on the Likert scale, statistical analysis was performed with Minitab 18. Results In total 123 questionnaires were analyzed. The average scores were: AH: 6.9±1.8; BE: 5.9±1.6; PA: 6.0±1.8; NA: 4.2±2.1; LS: 7.1±1.6; JS: 6.5 ± 2.4. Average R was 130.3±18.1. RS was correlated (p < 0.001) to AH (Coef=0.4), PA (Coef=0.4), BE (Coef=0.3) e LS (Coef=0.4). The sample was divided into three groups according to RS: low (LR)<116, medium (MR):116-139 and high (HR) ≥140. MR represented 44%, followed by HR (35%). AH, PA, BE values were significantly higher in the HR group (ANOVA; Tukey; p < 0.001). For NA the highest values were observed in the LR group, but the difference was not significant. LS resulted significantly lower in LR group (ANOVA; Tukey; p < 0.001) and JS was significantly higher in medium resilience group in confrontation to other two groups (ANOVA; Tukey; p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results confirmed, that the higher levels of RS influenced positively almost all components of SWB (AH, PA, BE, LS). On the other hand to achieve a higher level of JS the level of RS should not be nor too high, nor too low. Key messages Midwifery has been defined as ’emotionally demanding’, higher levels of resilience influenced positively almost all components of subjective wellbeing. The medium resilience was correlated to higher level of job satisfaction.

scholarly journals Investigation of GPS draconitic year effect on GPS time series of eliminated eclipsing GPS satellite data

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Allahverdi-zadeh ◽  
J. Asgari ◽  
A.R. Amiri-Simkooei
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Year Effect ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Gps Satellites ◽  
Position Time Series ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Original Time ◽  
Almost All ◽  
New Time

AbstractGPS draconitic signal (351.6 ± 0.2 days) and its higher harmonics are observed at almost all IGS products such as position time series of IGS permanent stations. Orbital error and multipath are known as two possible sources of these signals. The effect of Earth shadow crossing of GPS satellites is another suspect for this signal. Up to now there is no serious attempt to investigate this dependence. AMATLAB toolbox is developed and used to determine the satellites located at the earth shadow. RINEX observation files and precise ephemeris are imported to the toolbox and a cylindrical model is used to detect the shadow regions. Data of these satellites were removed from the RINEX observation files of three IGS permanent stations (GRAZ,ONSAandWSRT) and new RINEX observation fileswere created. The time span of these data is about 11 years. The new and original fileswere then processed using precise point positioning (PPP) method to determine position time series, for further analysis. Both the original and new time series were analyzed using the least squares harmonic estimation (LS-HE) in the following steps. The 1st step is the validation of the draconitic harmonics signature in the original position time series of the three stations. The 2nd step does the same for the new time series. It confirms that the power spectrum at the draconitic signals decreases to some extent for the new time series. The difference between the original and new time series (difference between all three position quantity (X, Y and Z)) is then analyzed in the 3rd step. Signature of the draconitic harmonics is also observed to the differences. The results represent that all eight harmonics of GPS draconitic period do exist at the residuals and mainly they decrease. All of the three stations were then processed together using the multivariate LS-HE method. At the 4th step, the difference of the spectral values between the original time series and new times serieswere analyzed. Decreasing of the spectral values at most harmonics (e.g. 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th) represents the effect of removing satellite observations at shadow of the earth on draconitic harmonics. At least, five harmonics among seven shows the amelioration of results (draconitic error reduction) after removing the earth shadowed data from RINEX raw data. The results show that the draconitic year’s component of data is in part due to eclipsing satellites.

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