scholarly journals Gender Transformation of Kwan Yin in Central China: The Mother Stereotype

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. p29
Author(s):  
Muyi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Central China ◽  
Chinese Context ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Gender Transformation ◽  
Female Deities ◽  
The Ancient Chinese ◽  
Individual Value

Kwan Yin, although typically depicted as female in Chinese literature and artworks, is originally a male deity Avalokite?vara in India. This essay examines the process, reason, and impact of Kwan Yin’s feminization in the ancient Chinese context and argues that her gender transformation is a transformation to the mother stereotype. The essay mainly relies on primary source of Buddhist texts and folklores of Kwan-Yin in China and secondary sources researching the gender transformation of Kwan-Yin through historical and sociological lens. The essay concludes that while the female Kwan Yin’s popularity could be seen as gender empowering, the mother stereotype she and female deities of other religions embody in fact dismisses woman’s individual value.

An Assessment of Hygiene Maintenance Factors Effect on Employees’ Productivity in Nigerian Telecommunication Industry

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Ann Ogbo ◽  
Kifordu Anyibuofu Anthony ◽  
Okagu Kosisochukwu
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Telecommunication Network ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Telecommunication Industry ◽  
Mobile Telecommunication ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Maintenance Factors ◽  
Geographical Scope ◽  
Survey Approach

The study aimed at establishing an assessment of hygiene maintenance factors effects on employees’productivity. The hygiene/maintenance factors play vital role in employees’ productivity. They do not motivate employee in organization, yet they must be present or dissatisfaction will arise. . The study is aimed to pursue the following objectives: To determine the extent to which working conditions improve the performance of employees, to ascertain the effect of interpersonal relations within the organization on firms’ profitability and to assesthe extent to whichcompensation improve the performance of employees.The study was conducted using the survey approach. The geographical scope of the study was Mobile telecommunication network (MTN), located within Enugu metropolis. Two sources of data were utilized in the study: they included primary and secondary sources. The primary source wasthrough the administration of copies of designed questionnaire to a total of forty one respondents that made up the sample size for the study.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Initial Growth of Different Poplar Clones on Four Sites in Western Slovakia—Preliminary Results

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dávid Heilig ◽  
Bálint Heil ◽  
Christoph Leibing ◽  
Heinz Röhle ◽  
Gábor Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Groundwater Availability ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Short Rotation

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate four hybrid poplar comparison tests along a groundwater availability gradient in Western Slovakia. The weather fluctuation during the 3-year study period was described with indices, such as the Forestry Aridity Index (FAI) or the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC). The soil chemical and physical parameters were determined from soil samples from the two upper horizons. The nutrient status and supply of the trees were categorized based on leaf elemental analysis. Altogether, 21 different clones from 6 genomic groups were compared. The survival (SRV), diameter at breast height (DBH), and height of the trees (H) had been measured annually since the plantations were established, and from these measurements, mean annual height increment (MAHI) values were derived. These weather, edaphic, and clonal factors were evaluated and compared. Significant effects of the site (edaphic factors) were found as the primary source of variance and clonal differences as secondary sources of variance among the growth of trees. The interaction of site × clone effects was not significant. The results showed that for short rotation forestry (SRF), the site parameters—especially groundwater availability—are key factors.

scholarly journals Architectural ruins: geoculture of the anatomy of buildings as illustrated by Casa Ippolito, Malta

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lino Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Building Physics

AbstractRuins are a statement on the building materials used and the construction method employed. Casa Ippolito, now in ruins, is typical of 17th-century Maltese aristocratic country residences. It represents an illustration of secondary or anthropogenic geodiversity. This paper scrutinises these ruins as a primary source in reconstructing the building’s architecture. The methodology involved on-site geographical surveying, including visual inspection and non-invasive tests, a geological survey of the local lithostratigraphy, and examination of notarial deeds and secondary sources to support findings about the building’s history as read from its ruins. An unmanned aerial vehicle was used to digitally record the parlous state of the architectural structure and karsten tubes were used to quantify the surface porosity of the limestone. The results are expressed from four perspectives. The anatomy of Casa Ippolito, as revealed in its ruins, provides a cross-section of its building history and shows two distinct phases in its construction. The tissue of Casa Ippolito—the building elements and materials—speaks of the knowledge of raw materials and their properties among the builders who worked on both phases. The architectural history of Casa Ippolito reveals how it supported its inhabitants’ wellbeing in terms of shelter, water and food. Finally, the ruins in their present state bring to the fore the site’s potential for cultural tourism. This case study aims to show that such ruins are not just geocultural remains of historical built fabric. They are open wounds in the built structure; they underpin the anatomy of the building and support insights into its former dynamics. Ruins offer an essay in material culture and building physics. Architectural ruins of masonry structures are anthropogenic discourse rendered in stone which facilitate not only the reconstruction of spaces but also places for human users; they are a statement on the wellbeing of humanity throughout history.

Using Sources In History Teaching

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-67
Author(s):  
Seema S.Ojha
Keyword(s):  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
History Teaching ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Teaching History ◽  
The World ◽  
Source Materials

History is constructed by people who study the past. It is created through working on both primary and secondary sources that historians use to learn about people, events, and everyday life in the past. Just like detectives, historians look at clues, sift through evidence, and make their own interpretations. Historical knowledge is, therefore, the outcome of a process of enquiry. During last century, the teaching of history has changed considerably. The use of sources, viz. textual, visual, and oral, in school classrooms in many parts of the world has already become an essential part of teaching history. However, in India, it is only a recent phenomenon. Introducing students to primary sources and making them a regular part of classroom lessons help students develop critical thinking and deductive reasoning skills. These will be useful throughout their lives. This paper highlights the benefits of using primary source materials in a history classroom and provides the teacher, with practical suggestions and examples of how to do this.

scholarly journals 中國古代「詩用」語境中的「多重性讀者」

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (35) ◽  
pp. 001-044
Author(s):  
顏崑陽 顏崑陽
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Chinese Poetry ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
May Fourth Movement ◽  
Fourth Movement ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Ancient Chinese ◽  
Art For Art's Sake ◽  
True Intention

<p>「五四」以降，學者普遍抱持著「為藝術而藝術」的「純文學」觀念，以詮釋、批判中國古代文學。這全是新知識分子反儒家傳統之文化意識型態的投射，不合中國古代文學的「動態性歷史語境」。其實，中國古代士人階層的生活中，詩無所不在，乃是他們社會文化行為所使用既普遍又特殊的言語形式，可稱它為「詩用」；因此本人從而系統化的建構「中國詩用學」。本論文題為〈中國古代「詩用」語境中的「多重性讀者」〉，就是在這一「詩用學」的理論基礎上，深入而全面探討中國古代在「詩用」語境中的「多重性讀者」，以及由此所獲致的文本「意義詮釋」，尤其「作者本意」之詮釋如何可能?更是重要問題。這個論點可以對顯現當代很多學者詮釋古代詩歌，由於缺乏「動態性歷史語境」的觀念，往往將文本從此一語境抽離出來，只做靜態性的詮釋，故而誤以為當代讀者是唯一的讀者，完全不了解在漫長的文本傳播過程中，實歷經多重性的讀者；因此，文本意義的詮釋也被現當代學者所簡化了。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>After the May-Fourth Movement, &quot;art for art’s sake&quot; was a &quot;pure literature&quot; concept popular among scholars who interpreted and criticized classic Chinese literature based on this idea. Such a phenomenon was purely an ideological projection of anti-Confucianism by the new intellects, which failed to comply with the &quot;dynamic historical linguistic context&quot; of ancient Chinese literature. In fact, poetry was ubiquitous in the daily life of ancient Chinese intellects. Poetry was the common but unique language form, dubbed as &quot;the use of poetry&quot; as used by literati in sociocultural settings. I, therefore, construct the &quot;the use of Chinese poetry theory&quot; systematically. It is on the basis of the &quot;use of poetry&quot; theory that &quot; ’Readers of plural identifications’ in the linguistic context of ’the use of poetry’ &quot; of the ancient Chinese discusses extensively and profoundly on the &quot;readers of plural identifications&quot; and the &quot;interpretation of meanings&quot; retrieved from the texts, particularly the possibility of the interpretation of the &quot;author’s true intention,&quot; which is the most important issue. The viewpoint may manifest the simplified interpretation of meanings by contemporary scholars due to their lack of the concept of &quot;dynamic historical linguistic context&quot;; as a result, contemporary scholars tend to estrange the text from its linguistic context and make static interpretations, mistaking contemporary readers as the only readers. They fail to understand that during the long process of dissemination, the texts have experienced readers of plural identifications.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Turgenev’s traditions and motifs in the collection “Dragons, Tigers and Dogs” by Ba Jin

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Xiaoxuan Ren
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Narrative Methods ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Ba Jin ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Ancient Chinese ◽  
Literary Techniques

The subject of this research is the adoption and development of the motifs of I. S. Turgenev&rsquo;s &ldquo;Poems in Prose&rdquo; in the lyrical collection &ldquo;Dragons, Tigers and Dogs&rdquo; by Ba Jin, who was dubbed &ldquo;China&rsquo;s Turgenev&rdquo;. Attention is focused on the analysis of literary techniques adopted by Ba Jin from Turgenev, such as: narrative methods, motifs of the dreams, latent psychologism and profound psychologism of the landscape, symbolism, and fundamental musicality of the text. The research material contains the lyrical cycles of both writers, author's commentaries, journal articles published in Russia and China dedicated to examination of Turgenev's impact upon the Chinese writers. The article employs the historical-functional and comparative methods of analysis. The author is first to explore the influence of Turgenev's &ldquo;Poems in Prose&rdquo; on the works of Ba Jin, which defines the scientific novelty of this research. Ba Jin's scrutiny of Turgenev's &ldquo;Poems in Prose&rdquo;, during his work on translations, is reflected in his collection on the level of symbolism and the choice of motifs, command of language and literary style overall. The musicality of Turgenev's &ldquo;Poems in Prose&rdquo; encouraged Ba Jin to pursue the new artistic expressiveness of the language. The aesthetic peculiarities of Turgenev's &ldquo;Poems in Prose&rdquo; are consonant with the traditions and aesthetic requests of the Ancient Chinese literature, which justifies the enduring popularity of Turgenev&rsquo;s works in China.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMING THE POST-MUWAḤḤIDDŪN MAN: MALIK BENNABI’S CRITIQUE OF THE CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETY

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-78
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yusuf Patria
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The State ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Current State ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Society Today

This article is aimed at discussing the critical analysis of a Muslim thinker, Malik Bennabi, of the state of contemporary Muslim society. This discussion uses a descriptive-analytic approach with Bennabi's works as the primary source and other supporting works as secondary sources. Bennabi's definition of a society, especially its origin, basic elements, and its stages, is described in detail as a basis for understanding Bennabi's thoughts. then, the article discusses Bennabi's analysis and criticism of the current state of Muslim society. For him, the root of all the problems experienced by Muslim society today is an internal weakness or what he calls "colonisability". This situation, according to him, creates vulnerable individuals and societies to be "colonized" again. Bennabi referred to these individuals in Muslim society as “Post-Muwaḥḥiddūn man”, as a sign that internal weaknesses began to emerge in Muslim society after the Muwaḥḥid dynasty. Based on his explanation, it can be concluded that the current Muslim society is disoriented and has lost its identity. The author also concludes that Bennabi's approach and analysis are able to describe the current state of Muslim society and the root of the problems it is experiencing.

Hepatitis Viruses: Oysters, Blood Transfusions, and Cancer

2020 ◽  
pp. 187-200
Author(s):  
Michael B. A. Oldstone
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Hepatitis Viruses ◽  
Hbv Vaccine ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Ancient Chinese

This chapter studies the history of hepatitis virus infection. Hepatitis and/or jaundice were recorded in the fourth century BC by Hippocrates and over 1,000 years ago in the ancient Chinese literature. By the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the association of a virus infection with jaundice and liver disease was made. The major hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), and non-A, non-B or hepatitis C (HCV). HAV is transmitted almost always by fecal–oral routes but occasionally by transfusion or inoculation of blood obtained during the transient stage of viremia that occurs during the HAV incubation period. While there is currently no effective vaccine for HCV, an effective vaccine exists for HBV. A problem with the HBV vaccine is individuals refusing to be vaccinated. Nevertheless, recent progress made on the understanding and treatment of these viruses has led to the World Health Organization planning that by 2030 hepatitis infections will be reduced by 90% and deaths by 65%.

Lifestyles and Mobile Services Adoption in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang Gao ◽  
John Krogstie ◽  
Zhihao Chen ◽  
Wenyan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Mobile Services ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Central China ◽  
Potential Importance ◽  
Wireless Technology ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Chinese Context ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quality Awareness

Along with the popularity of mobile devices and advances in wireless technology, mobile services have become more and more prevalent. To the best of knowledge, despite the potential importance of lifestyle, little research has been performed on the effect of various lifestyle factors on mobile services diffusion, particularly in the Chinese context. This study examines the relationship between the lifestyles of Chinese consumers and the adoption of mobile services. Based on a sample of 313 respondents from the biggest city in central China, one can show that consumers with different lifestyles have different preferences related to a number of the identified mobile services. Furthermore, Chinese consumers are clustered into four lifestyle segments by two dimensions: the quality-awareness fashionable dimension and the economical dimension. The findings demonstrate that the quality-awareness fashionable dimension has stronger impact than the economical dimension toward the adoption of all the five types of mobile services.

Written Sources and African History: A Plea for the Primary Source. The Angola Manuscript Collection of Fernão de Sousa

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 77-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrix Heintze
Keyword(s):  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
African History ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
False Sense ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Archival Work

The written sources for African history are scattered throughout the world, often in archives to which access is difficult. To reach them often requires a considerable expenditure of time and money, quite apart from the necessary linguistic knowledge. As a result, at least in the German-speaking world, much of the writing of African history and anthropology has for decades rested exclusively on published sources. Besides often leading to a serious deficiency of information, such an approach limits the degree of control to which written testimony can be subjected: even the most assiduous textual criticism soon reaches its limits if comparable information is lacking. In addition, where there are only a few published sources, the historian may all too easily be lulled into a false sense of security. To remedy this, it is not enough to plead for as much archival work as possible (a requirement that can today usually be taken for granted in any case) and encourage the publication of more primary sources. We should also pay more attention to the distinction between primary and secondary sources, that is, take more explicitly into account the proximity of a source to the historical event or situation concerned--quite apart from observing all the other rules of textual criticism.This paper therefore has two purposes. First, I wish to draw attention to a hitherto-neglected source for Angolan history in the first half of the seventeenth century--the manuscript collection of Fernão de Sousa, Governor of Angola from 1624 to 1630. A rough review of its contents and arrangement will perhaps stimulate scholars to study it and facilitate its use.

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