scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY BIOASSAY OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF ALYSICARPUS VAGINALIS VAR. NUMMULARIFOLIUS (DC.) MIQ. (FAMILY: FABACEAE)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Susan Kurian ◽  
V. S. Josekumar
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of <em>Alysicarpus vaginalis </em>var<em>. nummularifolius </em>(DC) along with phytochemical analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The crude extract of hexane (AVH), ethyl acetate (AVE) and methanol (AVM) of <em>Alysicarpus vaginalis </em>var<em>. nummularifolius </em>(DC) were prepared and analysed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The cytotoxicity activity of the plant extracts was predicted using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The antimicrobial activity and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts were examined against 5 bacterial and 2 fungal strains using agar well diffusion method, and two fold serial dilution method, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The phytochemical screening studies showed a higher concentration of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, quinones and terpenoids in AVM than the other two extracts. The LC<sub>50</sub> value of AVH and AVE were found to be 900.05 µg/ml and 754.35 µg/ml respectively using BSLA while that of AVM was&gt;1000 ug/ml. All the extracts of the plant showed antimicrobial activity against most of the test organisms. The MIC values of AVM were lower than AVE for all the microbial strains except for <em>Pseudomonas aeroginosa</em> where AVE (107.87µg/ml) exhibited higher value than AVM (51µg/ml).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study concluded AVM with a high presence of phytochemicals. The AVE and AVM were found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards. The AVM exhibited lesser toxicity when compared with AVH and AVE.<strong></strong></p><p> </p>

Antimicrobial potentials, phytochemical screening and determination of bioactive compounds from Three Indian folk medicinal plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vanitha ◽  
S. Vijayakumar ◽  
S. Rajalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Ft Ir

Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of various solvents leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Plumbago zeylanica and Rhinacanthus nasutus against human pathogenic organisms such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Salmonella enteriditis, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Aspergillus fumigatous by agar well diffusion method. Background: Also, this is the first time report on MIC and MBC/MFC activities and identify the phytochemicals and functional groups using HPLC, GC-MS and FT-IR analysis. Objective: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal (MBC/MFC) values were also carried out by the micro dilution method. Methods: Ethyl acetate extract of P. zeylanica showed better antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens, especially for S. pneumoniae (40 mm) followed by ethyl acetate extract of R. nasutus (36 mm) against S. pneumoniae. While least inhibition was observed for aqueous extract of P.zeylanica against S. enteritis (10 mm). Results: The MIC ranged from 3.75 µg/ml to 60µg/ml and MBC/MFC 7.5 µg/ml to 60 µg/ml. Phytochemical analysis exhibited the presence of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, phenolics and cardiac glycoside in all samples of selected plant extracts. Tannins, phenolics and glycoside were found only in the ethyl acetate extract of P.zeylanica. HPLC and GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate leaf extract of P. zeylanica exposed ten major peaks and eleven compounds respectively. Chemical nature of the leaf extract was analysed by FT-IR spectrum. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate leaf extract of P. zeylanica showed better antimicrobial activity than other extracts as well as standard drugs. Therefore, this plant could be studied in detail for the identification of active biomolecules for antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF THE LEAF EXTRACTS OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS

2017 ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Subramanian Abirami ◽  
Kannan Nishanthini ◽  
Mani Poonkothai
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Eucalyptus globulus leaves.Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the leaves of E. globulus extracted with acetone, ethanol and petroleum ether was studied using well diffusion method against the selected bacterial and fungal isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacteria and fungi to various concentrations of the extract was evaluated by the micro broth dilution method. The preliminary phytochemical screening was performed in the acetone extract of E. globulus. The presence of functional groups in the acetone extract of the leaves of E. globulus was determined by Fourier to transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.Results: Results suggested that the acetone extract exhibited maximum antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria and fungi when compared with ciprofloxacin and fluconazole respectively (standard antibiotics). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that the wells containing a concentration of 12.5 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml of acetone extract inhibited the bacteria and fungi effectively. Phytochemical screening of acetone extract of E. globulus showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, quinones, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and leucoanthocyanides. FT-IR spectral analysis of the leaf extract of E. globulus showed the presence of functional groups such as–OH,-NH, C=O and–COOH.Conclusion: Thus to conclude, different plants and their formulations have been used in ayurveda to cure diseases for several decades. The findings of the study indicate the potential to exploit the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus in the treatment of microbial diseases.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of the Aqueous and Methanolic Stem-Bark Extracts of Croton megalocarpus Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Kathare ◽  
◽  
James M Mbaria ◽  
Joseph M Nguta ◽  
Gervason A Moriasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Microbial Strains

Microbial infections are feared to cause over 10 million deaths by the year 2050, whereby 50% of the global burden squarely lies in less developed countries of Africa and Asian continents. The current drugs have suffered resistance by previously susceptible strains, are associated with severe side effects, among other therapeutic and economic drawbacks, hence the need for alternatives. Despite the widespread usage of medicinal plants by over 80% of the global population to treat common ailments, including microbial infections, only a few have been empirically validated. Croton megalocarpus is used to treat microbial-associated infections like pneumonia and typhoid among the Agikuyu community of Kenya. However, its healing claims and safety have not been evaluated empirically to date, hence this study. We investigated the antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, acute oral toxicity, and qualitative phytochemical composition of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of C. megalocarpus. The disk diffusion and broth microdilution techniques described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) were adopted for antimicrobial assays. The acute oral toxicity effects of the studied plant extracts were evaluated according to the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline document number 425. The brine shrimp lethality assay technique was used to appraise the cytotoxic effects of the studied plant extracts. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed following standard procedures. The results revealed that all the studied plant extracts had varied antimicrobial effects on selected microbial strains and showed MIC values of <1000 µg/ml indicating their antimicrobial potential. Moreover, the studied plant extracts had LC50 values of >100 µg/ml and >2000 mg/Kg bw in the brine shrimp lethality and acute oral toxicity assays, respectively, demonstrating their safety. Antimicrobial- associated phytocompounds were detected in the studied plant extracts suggesting they were responsible for the reported bioactivity. Further studies to establish the specific mode(s) of antimicrobial action, toxicological, and safety should be performed. Furthermore, antimicrobial investigations of the studied plant extracts on other clinically significant microbial strains and the isolation, characterization, and optimization of antimicrobials from the studied plant extracts should be done.

scholarly journals Phytochemical analysis and cytotoxicity evaluation of flowering buds of Bauhinia variegata L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Anham Shahid Abbasi ◽  
Qazi Najam-Us-Saqib ◽  
Atta-Ur-Rehman ◽  
Nisar-Ur-Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay ◽  
Bauhinia Variegata ◽  
Cytotoxic Studies

Summary Introduction: Bauhinia variegata is used in traditional medicine in Pakistan. Objective: The present study was designated to analyze phytochemical screening and cytotoxicity assay of crude aqueous and methanol extracts of flowering buds of Bauhinia variegata. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of both extracts were performed by using standard protocols while brine shrimp lethality assay was conducted for cytotoxicity analysis of both extracts. Results: The highest levels of phenolics, flavonoids and terpenoids were observed in methanol extract with respective standard drugs. The aminoacid content was highest followed by phenol and flavonoids in crude aqueous extract of the raw materials. In cytotoxic studies (brine shrimp lethality assay) the use of methanol extract was reported as potent with LD50 of 241.778 µg/ml as compared to aqueous extract with LD50 of 489.7061 µg/ml. Conclusion: This study reveals that the presence of bioactive compounds in both extracts are responsible for the treatment of various ailments and being utilized by the traditional folks as a food as well. And showed that methanol extract possess cytotoxic activity and thus needs further scientific intervention for its value addition.

scholarly journals Ethnobotanical Documentation, Phytochemical Screening, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Medicinal Plants Used to Manage Snakebite Envenomation in Mwingi West Subcounty, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Stella Kwamboka Mokua ◽  
James Mucunu Mbaria ◽  
Timothy Elias Maitho ◽  
Gervason Apiri Moriasi
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a life-threatening global public health problem affecting over 2.7 million persons annually, with a bigger burden lying in the developing world. Despite the successful management of SBE by antivenom therapy in conventional medicine, it is of low efficacy due to the diverse venom composition across snake types, which limits its usefulness. As a result, inhabitants of the sub-Sahara region, where SBE incidence is high, utilise medicinal plants as an alternative remedy for SBE. However, most plants have not been ethnobotanically documented and validated empirically and hence this study is needed. An ethnobotanical survey to document medicinal plants used to manage SBE in Migwani ward, Mwingi West Subcounty, Kitui County, was conducted between January and February, 2021. Ethnobotanical data were collected from 45 purposefully sampled respondents from Migwani ward using semistructured questionnaires, field walks, and oral interviews. In this study, 14 medicinal plants which are used to manage SBE were documented. Four plants with the highest Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) (Entada leptostachya Harms-stem bark (0.58), Senna singueana-roots (0.53), Securidaca longipendunculata-roots (0.36), and Strychnos henningsii-stem bark (0.46)) were selected and extracted using water, methanol, and dichloromethane according to the standard procedures. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts and their cytotoxic effects on brine shrimp nauplii (brine shrimp lethality assay) was conducted according to the standard techniques. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of anti-SBE-associated phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and flavonoids, in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of the studied plant extracts. However, the tested phytochemicals were not detected in dichloromethane extracts of all the studied extracts. The anti-SBE effects of the documented plants could be attributable to these associated bioactive phytocompounds, which are synthesized by the studied plants and transfered to humans when consumed. Furthermore, the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Entada leptostachya and Senna singueana had high LC50 of >1000 µg/ml and were considered noncytotoxic. However, Securidaca longipendunculata had an LC50 of <1000 µg/ml and was considered slightly cytotoxic. Further empirical investigations to characterise the bioactive phytochemicals and their safety should be done.

scholarly journals SCIENTIFIC VALIDATION OF SOME NEPALESE MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM NANGLE BHARE OF KATHMANDU, NEPAL

2019 ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
BIMALA SUBBA ◽  
MAHESH PRASAD TIMILSINA
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Frap Assay ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Percolation Method

Objective: The present study was designed to provide scientific support for the medicinal properties of traditionally used medicinal plants of Nangle Bhare, Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: Plant extracts were prepared by cold percolation method using methanol solvent. Analysis of phytochemical constituents was carried out using standard methods. The brine shrimp toxicity assay for each extract was carried out according to Mayer et al. The 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhyrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used to evaluate in vitro antioxidants activities. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was carried by the disc diffusion method. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the availability of secondary metabolites such as reducing compounds, glycosides, and flavonoids in the methanolic extract of eight plants, namely, frond of Cheilanthes farinosa, leaves of Lyonia ovalifolia, leaves and roots of Rumex nepalensis, aerial stem of Equisetum debile, roots of Coix lacrema-jobi, leaves of Justica adhatoda, leaves of Osyris wightiana, and roots of Rubus ellipticus collected from Nangle Bhare village of Kathmandu district. The brine shrimp bioassay revealed that roots and leaves of R. nepalensis only exhibited lethality against brine shrimp. Frond of C. farinosa and roots of R. nepalensis exhibited good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Both DPPH and FRAP assays showed that among the plant under study, R. ellipticus has lower inhibitory concentration IC50 values than other plants such as L. ovalifolia, R. nepalensis, and C. farinose. Conclusions: On the basis of this study, it was found that scientifically only four, namely C. farinosa, L. ovalifolia, R. nepalensis, and R. ellipticus have medicinal potentials.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis and Investigation of the Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Croton dichogamus Pax Crude Root Extracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Dorine Nyak Matara ◽  
Joseph Mwanzia Nguta ◽  
Fredrick Mutie Musila ◽  
Isaac Mapenay
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

Background. Increasing antimicrobial resistance has led to an arduous search for new potent drugs from nature. In this search, plants have proved to be rich reservoirs of efficacious medicinal components that manage ailments. The current study is designed to investigate the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and the cytotoxicity of the crude root extracts of Croton dichogamus, a shrub that is commonly used in the eastern Africa for the management of infectious diseases. Methods. The roots of Croton dichogamus were obtained, dried, ground, and extracted using three solvents (acetone, distilled water, and 50% ethanol). The antimicrobial activity was tested using agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques against five human pathogens. The brine shrimp lethality assay was used to assess the toxic effect. Results. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, polyuronides, saponins, and anthracenes. The brine shrimp lethality assay indicated that all the extracts were highly cytotoxic with LC50 values below 100 μg/ml. Acetonic extract had an LC50 value of 4.148 μg/ml, hydroethanolic extract had 76.09 μg/ml, and aqueous extract had 42.61 μg/ml. All extracts showed the antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (B. cereus and S. aureus) and a fungal organism, C. albicans. The extracts showed no antibacterial effect on the Gram-negative bacterial strains (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) at a concentration of 250 mg/ml. The highest antimicrobial activity was demonstrated by the acetonic extract on B. cereus which had an MIC of 10.42 mg/ml and a zone of inhibition of 17.33 ± 0.58 at a concentration of 250 mg/ml. Conclusion. In this research work, we report that C. dichogamus had the antimicrobial activity confirming the folklore claim. The results made a strong case for isolation of novel anticancer lead compounds.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of bioactive compounds produced from endophytic fungi of Himalayan yew (Taxus wallichiana) in Nepal

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhurva Prasad Gauchan ◽  
Pratistha Kandel ◽  
Astha Tuladhar ◽  
Ashesh Acharya ◽  
Upendra Kadel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay ◽  
Fungal Extracts ◽  
Taxus Wallichiana

Background: Endophytic fungi are largely underexplored in the discovery of natural bioactive products though being rich sources of novel compounds with promising pharmaceutical potential. In this study, Taxus wallichiana, which has huge medicinal value, was investigated for its endophytic diversity and capability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites by analyzing antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Methods: The endophytes were identified by ITS-PCR using genomic DNA samples. The secondary metabolites were extracted by solvent extraction method using ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography, Total Phenol Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and DPPH assay, and the antimicrobial activity was analyzed by agar-well diffusion method. Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to analyze the cytotoxicity of the fungal extracts. Results: Out of 16 different Taxus trees sampled from different locations of Dhorpatan, 13 distinctive endophytic fungi were isolated and grouped into 9 different genera: Bjerkandera, Trichoderma, Preussia, Botrytis, Arthrinium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Sporormiella and Daldinia. The ethyl acetate extracts isolated from three endophytic fungi: Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Alternaria brassicae showed significant TPC values of 204±6.144, 312.3±2.147 and 152.7±4.958µg GAE/mg of dry extract, respectively, and TFC values of 177.9±2.911, 644.1±4.202 and 96.38±3.851µg RE/mg of dry extract, respectively. Furthermore, these three extracts showed a dose dependent radical scavenging activity with IC50 concentration of 22.85, 22.15 and 23.001 µg/ml, respectively. The extracts of C. cladosporioides and A. brassicae also showed promising antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250μg/ml for all bacteria. Both the samples showed cytotoxic property against shrimp nauplii with LC50 of 104.2 and 125.9µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: The crude fungal extracts obtained from endophytes: A. alternata, C. cladosporioides and A. brassicae upon purification and further identification of the bioactive compounds can be a fascinating source for novel pharmaceutical agents.

scholarly journals Phytochemicals, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Potential Study of Tinospora cordifolia

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Anik Barua ◽  
Md. Rabiul Hossain ◽  
Labonno Barua ◽  
Abu Sadat Md. Sayem ◽  
Md. Zainul Abedin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Property ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cytotoxic Potential ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay ◽  
Stem Extract

Aims: Tinospora cordifolia is a herb used in the traditional folk medicine due to their health benefits. Studies reported the biochemical composition and some biological properties of the plant stem. The aim of the current study was to investigate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties from the extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem. Place and Duration of Study: The study was accomplished by eleven months in the Department of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Bangladesh.  Methodology: Presence of phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins, saponins were evaluated. Antimicrobial activity of the stem extract was assayed separately using an agar diffusion method against some gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The cytotoxic potential of the stem extract was evaluated by the Brine-Shrimp Lethality Assay mathod.  Results: The zone of inhibition formed by the methanolic extract in the antimicrobial assays was significant. In addition, cytotoxicity of the extract was found to be significant as compared to the standard gallic acid in Brine-Shrimp lethality assay. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia may possess significant antimicrobial property which requires more studies to isolate the specific bioactive compound for developing a new antimicrobial agent from this plant.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Cyperus rotundus Leaf Extracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
EO Agbo ◽  
JO Ogenyi ◽  
CA Adah ◽  
CT Agber
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Study Results

Cyperus rotundus, a member of family Cyperaceae is a perennial, stoloniferous herb. The study investigated the secondary metabolites present in the leaf of Cyperus rotundus and antimicrobial activities of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and terpenoids. The qualitative test of the extracts show the presence of steroid only in the hexane extract; flavonoid, cardiac glycoside in both the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts; saponin and tannin and phenolics in just the methanol extract. While alkaloid was present in all the extracts, terpenoid was absent in all. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts were monitored using the agar disk-diffusion method against strains gram-positive bacterial: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonela typhi, and strains of fungi: Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was monitored at different concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL prepared from the stock concentration (100mg/mL) by serial dilution; with standard drugs: ciprofloxacin and fluconazole. The inhibition of the test organisms were concentration dependent. The methanol extract showed significantly higher Inhibition Zone (IZ) and Activity Index (AI) against the microbes at all concentrations compared to the ethyl acetate and hexane extracts due to the much phytochemicals (saponins, tanins, phenols, flavonoids, cardiac glycocides and alkaloids) found present in its extract. The overall study results signify the potential of Cyperus rotundus as a source of therapeutic agents. The methanol extract showed the best activity against both bacterial and fungal pathogens at the highest concentration of 100 mg/mL, especially the most susceptible bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (IZ of 25.0±1.5; AI of 0.96) and Candida albicans (IZ of 25.5±0.5; AI of 0.91). At MIC, MBC and MFC of 6.25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, the plant extracts showed effective bactericidal and fungicidal effect against the test microbes.

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