Evolutionary biology and epistemology

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Aleksej Tarasjev
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Epistemology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Biology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Epistemological Basis

Foundation and further development of modern biology raised many epistemological questions and biology was often criticized on that ground. There has been attempts, especially after emergence of molecular biology, to reduce biology to physics and chemistry. Epistemological basis of modern biology were also under ideologically motivated attacks from various positions. On the other hand, there were also attempts to reduce psychology and social sciences to biology. Finally, there were attempts to biologize epistemology itself through so-called evolutionary epistemology. Concise presentation of all that aspects of relationship between epistemology and biology is given.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL OF STUDENTS’ INDEPENDENT WORK UNDER CONDITIONS OF DISTANCE LEARNING

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Olena Osadcha
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Further Development

The article deals with the development of the model of students’ independent work under conditions of distance learning. The importance of the research into this problem is determined, on the one hand, by the growing possibilities of using various information technologies and, on the other hand by the necessity to adapt to the conditions of today’s world where independent work of students is becoming increasingly important. The advantages and disadvantages of distance learning have been explored. The author studied the role of independent work in the formation of the professional competences of students. The issue of modeling in the area of education has been tackled. The approaches to the development of the model of independent work have been identified and analyzed. The components of the model, such as the goal, the tasks, the content, the methods, the means and evaluation of results have been determined and characterized. The prospects of further development of this research are related to the exploration of models of independent work of students majoring in different areas.

scholarly journals Cyclical theories of social change: Spengler and Toynbee

Sociologija ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-312
Author(s):  
Dragoljub Kaurin
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
The West ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Historical Cycles ◽  
Proper Unit ◽  
Oswald Spengler

This paper is centrally concerned with discussing critically and rethinking the theoretical concepts put forward by Oswald Spengler in Decline of the West and Arnold Toynbee in A Study of History. It focuses on the theoretical, heuristic and epistemological value of these theories in the era of renaissance of philosophic history in some quarters (see for example Graham, 2002) and cooperation between social sciences. Spengler is credited with the idea of historical cycles, rethinking of the progressivist view and discovering a radically different approach to the study of the human past, which is embodied in his idea of culture as the proper unit for historical and sociological study. However, some of his views proved to be intrinsically intellectually dubious, but on the whole, his was a major contribution to the study of social change. Arnold Toynbee on the other hand was more empirically and sociologically oriented, while Spengler?s views are more heavily philosophical. Toynbee partly developed his ideas rather consistently, but at the same time included many unclear and inaccurate points in his theory. Both authors can be rightfully considered to be classical authors in this field and both provided incentive for studies that cross-cut social sciences (philosophy, history, sociology). Moreover, Decline of the West and A Study of History are truly post-disciplinary works.

scholarly journals Peranan Maahad Tahfiz Ad-Din Dalam Melahirkan Huffaz di Negeri Perak Darul Ridzuan

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Khairul Firdhaus Abdullah ◽  
Mohamad Marzuqi Abdul Rahim ◽  
Wahyu Hidayat Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Good Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Goals And Objectives

This study aims to evaluate the role of Maahad Tahfiz ADDIN to produce huffaz in the State of Perak Darul Ridzuan based on the implementation of the Tahfiz Al-Quran curriculum with important instruments of collecting quantitative data (questionnaires). A survey method which was used involved 366 students from the Maahad Tahfiz Al-Quran ADDIN in the state of Perak who are randomly selected. The subjects of the study were students aged 13 years to 17 years old. A questionnaire was developed to collect the required data. The findings were analyzed descriptively by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22.0. The results show that the implementation of the goals and objectives of the Quranic Tahfiz curriculum at Maahad Tahfiz ADDIN was the highest mean of 3.60. The conclusions from this study show that the goal and objectives of tahfiz are at a good level and can be further enhanced. On the other hand, the content of the curriculum and time allocation for the Quranic memorization should be given due attention and improvements so that Maahad Tahfiz ADDIN can actually filling the gap in producing more quality huffaz in the state of Perak Darul Ridzuan.

scholarly journals Contribution to identify the causal gents of Dutch elm disease in the Czech Republic

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 142-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dvořák ◽  
M. Tomšovský ◽  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Novotný
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
North America ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Ophiostoma Ulmi ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subspecies Level ◽  
First Time

This study provides new data on Dutch elm disease in the Czech Republic. <I>Ophiostoma novo-ulmi</I> is reported for the first time in the area of the Czech Republic, as well as both subspecies ssp. <I>novo-ulmi</I> (indigenous in the area of the Ukraine and Moldavia), and ssp. <I>Americana</I> indigenous in North America. The majority of the recorded strains belonged to <I>O. n.-u.</I> ssp. <I>novo-ulmi</I>, while <I>O. n.-u.</I> ssp. <I>Americana</I> and hybrids of these two subspecies were found less frequently. On the other hand, <I>Ophiostoma ulmi</I> was not found at all in the investigated samples. Identification on the subspecies level was performed by methods of molecular biology, i.e. PCR and RFLP of gene regions<I> cu</I> and <I>col1</I>.

Politics and Morality in the Thought of Karl Popper

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Minogue
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social

LIKE MANY PEOPLE, I FIND KARL POPPER BOTH FASCINATING and irritating. His vigour and lucidity are irresistible, and no one could complain that he fails to engage with the big questions. The problems begin when we consider his political thought. Some think him one of the great liberal philosophers of the century. I on the other hand, while being fascinated by The Open Society and its Enemies, am repelled by the grossness of its caricaturing of most of the thinkers it touches. The Poverty of Historicism is a marvellous text in the philosophy of the social sciences, but the idea of historicism is a straw man. The paradox seems to be that while there is a lot that refers to the political questions of the day, there is virtually nothing which takes up issues of political philosophy directly. The result is that he seems to me always to be on the wrong foot, and my problem is to discover why.

Sign-Based Construction Grammar: A guided tour

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-217
Author(s):  
FRANK VAN EYNDE
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phrase Structure Grammar ◽  
Diachronic Syntax ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Guided Tour ◽  
Further Development

Sign-Based Construction Grammar (sbcg) is, on the one hand, a formalized version of Berkeley Construction Grammar (bcg), and, on the other hand, a further development of constructionist Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (hpsg). The volume edited by Hans Boas and Ivan Sag is the first book length presentation of the framework. Its centerpiece is a 130-page synopsis of the theory by Ivan Sag. The other contributions to the volume provide background, justification, case studies, an extension to diachronic syntax and a presentation of the FrameNet Constructicon. This review gives a guided tour of the framework, explaining its central notions and assumptions, as well as the notation in which they are cast. It also compares the sbcg framework with other types of Construction Grammar and with hpsg. The case studies are summarized and briefly evaluated.

scholarly journals Science And Religion (Paradigma Al-Qur‘an Untuk Ilmu-ilmu Sosial Menurut Pemikiran Kuntowijoyo)

Dialog ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-96
Author(s):  
ANWAR MUDJAHIDIN
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Policy Sociology ◽  
Good And Evil

This paper aims at analyzing the epistemology of prophetic social science which had proposed by Kuntowijoyo. Sociology as a science cannot decide the direction in which society ought to go, and it makes no recomendations on matter of social policy. Sociology cannot itself deal with problems of good and evil, right and wrong, better and worse, or any others that concern human values. On the other hand religions without any knowledge of social phenomena will not be able to make any changes in the society. Prophetic social science will be able to respond to those dillemas by making the revelation (wahyu) as a source of knowledge. Social sciences do not only produce of statement about what is, but what of value. It can direct where the society ought to changes. According to prophetic social science changes must be directed to humanisation, liberation and trancendency.KATA KUNCI : Ilmu Sosial, al-Qur‘an, Epistemologi

scholarly journals THE ESSENCE OF «SOCIAL ANXIETY» AND ITS PLACE IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
I.S. Duisenova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Anxieties ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The study of social anxieties requires careful research due to the development of modern society. Modern Kazakh society is unique in its own way,and besides, it is not without causes of social anxiety. Moreover, a comprehensive study of social anxieties provides a person with broad opportunities for knowledge and creativity. On the other hand, the coronavirus pandemic has made its own adjustments to the modern world, which is unstable in its development, it remains uncertain and unpredictable, which does not allow a person to feel completely protected, and this all creates anxiety.

scholarly journals How (not) to measure social support networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Hlebec ◽  
Tina Kogovšek
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Work Support ◽  
Precise Data ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Network Composition ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Relation Approach

The name generator approach and the role relation approach are among the most common ways to measure ego-centered social networks. The name generator approach, which first requires of a respondent to name actual persons and then usually asks several additional questions about these persons gives richer data on the respondent's social network, but is, on the other hand, relatively costly and burdensome. On the other hand the role relation approach is simpler to use and probably less burdensome for the respondent (he/she names persons in his/her networks only in terms of their roles, e.g., partner, friend), but provides less precise data on the respondent's network (e.g., network composition and size). Previous experiments which compared both approaches with regard to network composition (proportions of family, friends, neighbors and co-workers) provide incomplete evidence because the two approaches differed in several methodological aspects (e.g., question wording, limitation of the number of named alters, ranking of named alters). In this article, an experiment was designed in which all factors that were found to interact with network composition and the two approaches were controlled for. Based on previous studies, several hypotheses were formulated and tested. Data were collected on a quota sample of 683 respondents by students at the Faculty of Social Sciences and the Faculty of Arts in Ljubljana in October and November 2008. Results show that, in general, differences in frequency distributions were not large. Provision of instrumental support is similar for both approaches, but larger differences appear in emotional, informational and work support. Differences were greater for strong ties and for the category "no one". Differences were also slightly larger for first choices. Dispersion of roles was slightly greater with the name generator approach. Results are discussed in comparison with previous findings.

scholarly journals Evolution of bone cortical compactness in slow arboreal mammals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Alfieri ◽  
J.A. Nyakatura ◽  
E. Amson
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
Simple Relationship ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
Major Topic ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractLifestyle convergences and related phenotypes are a major topic in evolutionary biology. Low bone cortical compactness (CC), shared by the two genera of ‘tree sloths’, has been linked to their convergently evolved slow arboreal ecology. The proposed relationship of low CC with ‘tree sloths’ lifestyle suggests a potential convergent acquisition of this trait in other slow arboreal mammals. ‘Tree sloths’, ‘Lorisidae’, Palaeopropithecidae, Megaladapis and koalas were included in a phylogenetically informed CC analysis of the humerus and femur, as well as closely related but ecologically distinct taxa. We found that ‘tree sloths’ are unparalleled by any analysed clade, in featuring an extremely low CC. A tendency for low CC was however found in palaeopropithecids (especially Palaeopropithecus) and Megaladapis. On the other hand, low CC was not found in ‘Lorisidae’. Koalas, although deviating from the compact structure generally observed in mammals, are not clearly distinct from their sister taxon (wombats) and show humeral CC that is higher than femoral CC. Multiple factors seem to influence CC, preventing the recognition of a simple relationship between slow arborealism and low CC. Highly compact cortical bone in extinct sloths confirms that low CC in ‘tree sloths’ likely represents a recent convergence.

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