scholarly journals Evaluating bull fertility based on non-return method

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Igor Prka ◽  
Dragan Vukovic ◽  
Stevan Perkovic
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Service Period ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Live Sperm ◽  
Return Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

In order to evaluate the results of reproductive cows and heifers, different parameters of fertility are used, such as the service period, insemination index, intercalving time and others, and of the breeding bulls the values obtained through non-return. An ejaculate is taken up for further processing by veterinary centres only provided it meets the prescribed quality parameters. Rating semen parameters includes a macroscopic (volume, colour, consistency, smell and pH) and a microscopic evaluation (mobility, density, percentage of live sperm and abnormal and damaged sperm). In addition to sperm quality and the fertility of the female animal, the results of the non-return method are also influenced by a number of exogenous causes (season, age, race, insemination techniques) that have no small impact on the end result of insemination - pregnancy. In order to obtain more objective results of the fertility of bulls the following tasks were undertaken, namely: 1. to calculate with the non-return method the fertility of bulls in over 10,000 cows inseminated for the first time during a period of 6 years; and 2. to analyze the impact of semen quality, season, age of cow and bull, and the bull breed on the results of fertility.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns and Poor Semen Quality Risk in Men: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Danielewicz ◽  
Katarzyna Przybyłowicz ◽  
Mariusz Przybyłowicz
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Increased Risk

The etiology of diminished sperm quality in about 30% of male infertility cases generally remains unexplained. Some studies have suggested that specific nutritional factors can affect semen quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate an association between dietary patterns (DPs) and the risk of abnormal semen quality parameters in men. This cross-sectional study was carried out in 114 men aged 20–55 years from Poland. Semen parameters were assessed via computer-aided semen. Diet was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). DPs were derived using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Two DPs were derived: Pro-healthy and Western. After adjusting for potential confounders, the risk of abnormal progressive motility was significantly higher in the middle (OR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.03–8.09) and upper (OR: 7.78, 95% CI: 1.52–15.06) tertiles of the Western DP. A trend for increased risk of the abnormal total count, progressive motility, and morphology (P-trend < 0.050) was found in Western DP. To conclude, the Western DP may increase the risk of abnormal semen parameters, whereas no association was found in the case of Pro-healthy DP. These findings stand in contrast to an increasing number of research findings indicating a positive relation between intake of healthy foods or diet and semen quality parameters. The results highlight the need to study whether modifications in diet and lifestyle factors improve semen quality.

P–024 Health and lifestyle detrimental conditions may impact the association between patient age and semen parameters in male populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M C Guglielmo ◽  
M Vitali ◽  
R Iemmello ◽  
I Caliari ◽  
S Maruccia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Fertility Clinic ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Study question Can health and lifestyle detrimental conditions impact the relationship between paternal age and semen quality parameters in a male population? Summary answer Health and lifestyle detrimental conditions can attenuate the negative relationship between age and sperm concentration in a male population. What is known already Paternal age has increased in parallel with maternal age but its contribution in couple subfertility deserves further investigation. Previous studies suggest that paternal ageing is associated with reduced semen volume and impaired sperm morphology and motility, but not with reduced sperm concentration. Several health and lifestyle conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and smoking can negatively affect semen quality. Since the distribution of these conditions is not homogeneous throughout men’s reproductive life, one can hypothesize that their presence may confound the association between paternal age and semen quality parameters in male populations. Study design, size, duration This is a retrospective study with data from 5565 men examined in a single fertility clinic between 2015 and 2020. The impact of health and lifestyle conditions was assessed by comparing the effects of age on semen parameters in two different patient populations: the overall patient population and a subpopulation excluding patients with detrimental health or lifestyle characteristics, both divided in 4 age groups (A: 25–34, B: 35–39, C: 40–44 and D: ≥45 years). Participants/materials, setting, methods The study includes 5565 men aged 24 to 72 years providing semen samples to assess volume, progressive motility and concentration (WHO) in a single fertility clinic. Patients presenting diabetes, heart/circulatory diseases, andrological disorders, genital neoplasms, cystic fibrosis, Y microdeletions, abusive alcohol intake, smoking and/or recreational use of drugs were excluded from the healthy subpopulation. The effect of age on semen parameters was assessed by ANOVA (motility and volume) or Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA (concentration). Main results and the role of chance: Of 5565 men included in the study, 2150 (38.6%) did not present any of the detrimental health and lifestyle conditions described above. In the overall patient population, semen volume [Mean±SD (mL); A: 3.14 ± 1.55, B: 3.01 ± 1.53, C: 2.83 ± 1.52, D: 2.65 ± 1.58; p &lt; 0.001] and sperm progressive motility [Mean±SD (%); A: 33.1 ± 18.0, B: 31.7 ± 17.7, C: 31.4 ± 17.5, D: 28.4 ± 17.5; p &lt; 0.001] gradually and significantly decreased with paternal age. The same effect was observed in the patient subpopulation excluding detrimental health and lifestyle conditions [(mL; A: 3.21 ± 1.58, B: 3.05 ± 1.51, C: 2.89 ± 1.59, D: 2.78 ± 1.50; p &lt; 0.001); (%; A: 35.85 ± 17.4, B: 33.7 ± 17.4, C: 32.2 ± 17.1, D: 30.3 ± 16.5; p &lt; 0.001)]. However, sperm concentration significantly decreased with paternal age in the subpopulation excluding detrimental health and lifestyle conditions [(Mean±SD) million/mL; A: 43.19 ± 41.0, B: 38.8 ± 38.6, C: 38.4 ± 34.6, D: 36.6 ± 33.9; p &lt; 0.001], but not in the overall population (million/mL; A: 38.17 ± 40.9, B: 36.7 ± 34.7, C: 35.3 ± 35.1, D: 35. 1± 37.5; p = 0.088). Limitations, reasons for caution This study is limited by its retrospective nature and by the accuracy of data on health and lifestyle conditions provided by the patients. Differences between age groups not controlled for in the study could also impact the results. Wider implications of the findings: Ours findings suggest that health and lifestyle conditions may confound the effects of age on semen and sperm quality. Therefore, these data constitute a useful reference for the accurate assessment of the impact of male age on fertility. Trial registration number Not applicable

P–441 Semen quality and cryopreservation in adolescent transgender females

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Amir ◽  
L Perl ◽  
S Barda ◽  
D Lantsberg ◽  
A Sege. Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sperm Cryopreservation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Study question What are the semen quality and cryopreservation outcomes among adolescent transgender females at the time of fertility preservation (FP) before initiating gender-affirming hormone (GAH) treatment? Summary answer Semen quality is strongly reduced among adolescent transgender females before hormone therapy and their stored sperm samples are suitable for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). What is known already The age of individuals seeking treatment for gender affirmation has fallen sharply in recent years and many of them are adolescents. Estrogen, the primary treatment for transgender women, is known to impair semen quality and fertility potential. Sperm cryopreservation enables young transgender females to circumvent GAH therapy-related fertility impairment and have genetically related children. There are recent data on semen quality among adult transgender women who preserve fertility before exposure to GAH therapy, but little is known about pubertal transgender female adolescents. Study design, size, duration This retrospective cohort study included 26 adolescent transgender females who underwent FP between June 2013 and October 2020. Participants/materials, setting, methods Before initiating gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists solely or with GAH treatment, 25 adolescent transgender females were referred to FP in our Fertility Institute of a tertiary university-affiliated medical center. Pre-freezing semen parameters were compared to WHO 2010 reference values. Post-thaw semen parameters were used to determine adequate assisted reproductive technology (ART). A multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of selected medical and lifestyle factors on the semen quality of our study participants. Main results and the role of chance The mean age at which adolescent transgender females underwent sperm cryopreservation was 16.2 ± 1.38 years. The median values of all semen parameters in our study group were significantly lower compared to the WHO data on semen quality in the general population of unscreened men, including volume (1.46 ml vs 3.2 ml, respectively, P = 0.001 ), sperm concertation (28*106/ml vs 64*106/ml, P &lt; 0.001), total sperm number (28.2*106 vs 196*106, P &lt; 0.001), total motility (51.6% vs 62%, P &lt; 0.001), and normal morphology (2% vs 14%, P &lt; 0.001). The frequency of semen abnormalities was teratozoospermia 72%, hypospermia 52%, oligozoospermia 28%, and azoospermia 4%. The median post-thaw total motile count was 0.17*106 per vial, and the quality was adequate only for ICSI in 87.7% of the thawed semen samples. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, history of depression/anxiety, medication for ADHD, and antidepressant drugs were found to correlate with hypospermia. No correlation was found between the time of FP, body mass index, autistic spectrum disorder diagnosis, cannabis use, testis tucking, or the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and testosterone on the semen parameters. Limitations, reasons for caution Because no normal values of semen in adolescents are available and the absence of a matched control group, we used WHO 2010 semen data as reference values, and they may not be representative of the adolescent population. Wider implications of the findings: Although adolescent transgender females have poor semen quality and limited stored semen samples suitable for advanced ART interventions, even before starting GAH therapy, we highly recommend sperm cryopreservation before initiating GAH treatment and thereby prevent further impairment of sperm quality associated with the hormonal treatment. Trial registration number Not applicable

Determination of NRF2 and GSTM1 Expression and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress on Smoking and Nonsmoking Sperm: A Pilot study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasim Bidram ◽  
Amir Nili-Ahmadabadi ◽  
Iraj Javadi ◽  
Seyedmahdi Tabatabaei
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Biomarkers Of Oxidative Stress

Background and Aims: Smoking has an influence on different semen parameters. It is regarded as a risk factor for infertility. This study aims to evaluate the effect of smoking cigarettes on the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) genes and biomarkers of oxidative stress in sperm. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 15 men smoker (case) and 15 men nonsmokers (control) who had referred to infertility clinics in Isfahan, Iran. After sampling and analysis of semen quality parameters, gene expression of NRF2 and GSTM1 was determined using a Real time-polymerase chain reaction instrument. The lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were evaluated by colorimetric methods. Results: Sperm concentration and their progressive motility in smokers were significantly lower than the nonsmoker population (p<0.001). In addition, the lipid peroxidation level increased and TAC level (p<0.01) as well as gene expression of NRF2 (p<0.05) and GSTM1 (p<0.01) decreased compared to control groups. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that the NRF2 and GSMT1 expressions are significantly lower in human males with low sperm motility and correlated with specific sperm quality parameters.

scholarly journals What Is the Impact of Excessive Iodine and Semen Quality in Fertile Men of China: An Association Study 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Wang ◽  
Fang Lv ◽  
Ge Yu ◽  
Cuige Shi ◽  
Shangming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Iodine is an essential element for hormones synthesized by the human thyroid gland. Thyroid hormone deficiency affects all body tissues, including multiple endocrine changes that alter growth hormones, corticotrophin, glucocorticoids, and gonadal function. In many countries, subfertility is an important problem affecting about 10–15% of all couples trying to conceive. Male subfertile factors have accounted for 25–30% of all cases in their studies. The aim of this study was to study the correlation between urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and semen quality of fertile male in China.Methods: semen and urine samples were collected from males who attended a survey for the reproductive physiological constants of male and female in China. All participants were fertile and they should be free from diseases of male reproductive system and thyroid related diseases. We studied the correlation between UIC and semen quality parameters in fertile males and the effect of iodine concentration on male reproduction. Participants were divided into six groups based on UIC. We measured semen parameters and UIC. Semen parameters or time-to-pregnancy (TTP) were analyzed by Spearman correlation, linear regression and multivariable logistic regression. Results: 1089 men were recruited in the study. The mean and median age of participants were 27.46±0.12 and 27±3.88 years, respectively. UIC of 274 (25.16%) men was lower than the UIC of WHO recommended. UIC of 405 men located in the region of WHO recommended. 62.35% of them were not located in the optimal region. Semen concentration and total sperm count were found to decrease when UIC increases when the UIC≥100 ug/L. Conclusions: A male with deficient UIC or excessive UIC has more risk of lower semen quality such as sperm concentration and total sperm count. In addition, if a male with deficient UIC or excessive UIC, his wife has longer TTP than the males who had normal UIC. Deficient UIC associated with lower semen quality and TTP than excessive UIC.

scholarly journals Effect of Supplementation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone in Extender on Buffalo Semen Parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Ismail Khan ◽  
Shamim Akhter ◽  
Sanwal Aslam ◽  
Rabea Ejaz
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Suction Pump ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Buffalo Semen ◽  
Live Sperm ◽  
And Control

The current study was planned to evaluate the supplementation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone in extender on cryopreservation of Nili-Ravi buffalo bull semen. The semen samples were collected from Nili-Ravi buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull kept at SPU Qadirabad, District Sahiwal, Pakistan. Qualifying semen ejaculates having motility >60%, volume >5-6ml and concentration >0.5 billion/ ml were diluted 50 × 106 motile sperm ml approximately at 37°C in Tris-citric acid extender supplemented with different concentrations of PVP (0.01, 0.05, 0.1mM). The extender without PVP was kept as control. Semen was stored at 4°C for a period of 2 h and kept at 4°C for 4h. Semen was filled in 0.5 ml French straws using suction pump at 4°C, plunged and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). Semen straws were rewarmed at 37°C for 30 seconds and assessed for sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), dead sperm percentage and the live sperm percentage. The data on the role of PVP on different parameters of semen quality were analyzed by using ANOVA and RCBD. Higher percentage (P< 0.05) of sperm motility (66.1±7.51 and 59.4±10.72) and PMI (72.9±5.39 and 75.7±6.5) was observed in extenders having 0.05 mM and 0.1mM PVP compared to extenders having 1.5mM PVP and control. The percentage acrosomal integrity was observed greater (P< 0.05) in extended semen containing 0.1mM (68.2±0.50) PVP compared to extenders having 0.01 and control.

scholarly journals Effect of Age and Frequency of Collection on Quality of Jersey Bulls Semen at National Livestock Breeding Center (NLBC), Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sankhi ◽  
K.R. Sapkota ◽  
B. Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
Abnormal Sperm ◽  
Breeding Center ◽  
Live Sperm ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Effect Of Age

Objective: To determine the effect of age and frequency of collection on quality parameters of Jersey bull semen at National Livestock Breeding Center (NLBC), Pokhara. Materials and Methodology: Nine Jersey bulls were selected randomly from NLBC. To obtain the effect of age, six bulls of three different age interval (3-4, 5-7 and 8-9 years) were selected randomly. Remaining three bulls were used to determine the effect of frequency of collection on semen quality. Studies were conducted for three months (Nov/Dec to Dec/Jan, 2016). Semen quality was analyzed using CASA system and SMILE software. ANOVA and paired t- tests were applied to find out level of significance. All the statistical analyses were done using SPSS 17.0 Results: Sperm concentration, post- thaw motility, live sperm, and abnormal sperm were significantly affected by the age of the bulls. Semen quality was found superior in the bulls belonging to 5-7 years of age intervals. Significantly higher value for semen volume, sperm concentration and post- thaw motility was obtained on second collection (P<0.05). However, volume initial motility, pre-filling motility, live sperm and abnormal sperm percentage did not differ significantly among different age intervals and between the frequencies of collection. Conclusion: Different quality parameters of semen like volume, concentration, initial motility, pre-filling motility, post thaw motility, live and normal spermatozoa percentages were higher in 5-7 years old bulls and in second collection of semen. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(1): 88-95

23 Sperm quality of Pure Spanish stallions is affected by inbreeding coefficient and age

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Y. Pirosanto ◽  
M. Valera ◽  
A. Molina ◽  
J. Dorado ◽  
S. Demyda-Peyrás
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Computer Assisted

Inbreeding depression, a genetic condition produced by the mating of close-related individuals, has been associated with a reduction of fertility in several species. However, a loss in sperm quality was also associated with age. In horses, the few existing reports have described a tendency of both parameters to produce a negative effect on sperm quality. However, those reports were performed using a subjective evaluation of sperm motility. In the present study, a total of 692 ejaculates from 86 Pure Spanish stallions (PRE), aged between 3 and 22 years, were evaluated using a computer-assisted methodology to determine the effect of inbreeding in four semen parameters: free-gel volume (V), sperm concentration (C, by haemocytometer), and total (TM) and progressive (PM) sperm motility (by Spermvision sperm class analyser; Minitube). The inbreeding coefficient (F) was estimated using 300 000 PRE pedigree records approximately (minimum pedigree depth, eight equivalent complete generations; range, between 1 and 30.1%). Stallion, age, ejaculate, and season of semen collection were the variables included in the statistical model (general linear model), with ejaculate and season being the variables with a major effect (by variance components analysis). Our results showed that sperm concentration (r=−0.18; P&lt;0.0001) and volume (to a lesser extent) were reduced with advancing age, both showing a major decline after 15 years of age. To the contrary, sperm motility was not affected by age of the stallion. We also found a negative correlation between the inbreeding coefficient and ejaculate volume (r=−0.14; P&lt;0.001), with a marked decrease seen when F was between 7 and 20%. Also, a negative correlation was observed in PM (r=−0.08; P&lt;0.05), although to a lower extent. Conversely, C and TM were not affected by inbreeding depression (P&gt;0.05). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that high levels of inbreeding can compromise severely the sperm quality of the PRE stallion, which, subsequently, may have a negative influence on fertility. Ongoing studies using genomic data will help to detect genetic variants associated with stallion semen quality and how it is influenced by inbreeding in specific genomic regions.

scholarly journals Effect of Age and Frequency of Collection in Quality of Jersey Bulls Semen at National Livestock Breeding Center, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
S. Sankhi ◽  
K.R. Sapkota ◽  
B. Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
Abnormal Sperm ◽  
Breeding Center ◽  
Live Sperm ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Effect Of Age

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of age and frequency of collection on quality parameters of Jersey bull semen at National Livestock Breeding Center (NLBC), Pokhara, Kaski district. Nine Jersey bulls were selected randomly from NLBC. To obtain the effect of age, six bulls of three different age interval (3- 4, 5-7 and 8-9 years) were selected randomly. Remaining three bulls were used to determine the effect of frequency of collection on semen quality. Studies were conducted for three months (Nov/Dec to Dec/Jan 2017). Semen quality was analyzed using CASA system and SMILE software. ANOVA and paired t- tests were applied to find out level of significance. All the statistical analyses were done using SPSS 17.0. Sperm concentration (0.551 ±0.004 to 1.084 ± 0.014x109), post- thaw motility (42.44±0.11 to 51.72±0.03 %), live sperm (45.62 ± 0.13 to 51.23±0.15 %), and abnormal sperm (11.57±0.12 to 19.59±0.24%) were significantly affected by the age of the bulls. Semen quality was found superior in the bulls belonging to 5-7 years of age intervals. On the other hand, volume (3.98±0.09 to 6.72±0.06 ml), initial motility (72.68±0.02 to 78.64±0.15 %) and pre-filling motility (71.34±0.17 to 77.62±0.02 %) did not differ significantly among different age intervals. Significantly, higher value for semen volume (3.98±0.12 to 6.02±0.14 ml), sperm concentration (0.572±0.119 to 1.095±0.015) and post- thaw motility (40.34±0.21 to 48.54±0.06% was obtained on second collection. However, initial motility (70.58±0.06 to 75.64±0.13 %), prefilling motility (68.11±0.12 to 71.62±0.02 %), live sperm (53.27±0.54 to 56.17±0.02 %) and abnormal sperm (12.31±0.12 to 14.3±0.47 %) did not differ significantly between the frequencies of collection. Different quality parameters of semen like volume, concentration, initial motility, pre-filling motility, post thaw motility, live and normal spermatozoa percentage were higher in 5-7 years old bulls and in second collection of semen.

scholarly journals Canine babesiosis – a disease rarely considered in the context of male infertility

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Domosławska ◽  
Sławomir Zdunczyk
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Babesia Canis ◽  
Canine Babesiosis ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fertility Problems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Treatment Of Infection

Abstract Background Little is known about the impact of babesiosis on semen quality and fertility in dogs. Case presentation Four cases of infertility in male dogs after infection with Babesia canis are described. In all dogs sperm quality was low. Two dogs were castrated pharmacologically or surgically. In two dogs fertility was restored after supplementation with selenium and Vitamin E. As possible causes of spermatogenesis disorders due to the treatment of infection with Babesia canis with imidocarb, fever and disturbed testicular microcirculation are discussed. Conclusions These cases indicate that if males have fertility problems, question about babesiosis infection in the past should be a permanent point in the clinical interview.

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