The Political Reliability of Italian Governments: An Exponential Survival Model

1984 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Cioffi-Revilla
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Survival Model ◽  
The Political ◽  
Breakdown Rate ◽  
Italian Government ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Process Characteristic

Italian cabinets (governi) fall from power in a seemingly haphazard pattern, thus defying most deterministic analyses of their durability. This analysis views Italian government longevity as essentially indeterminate, or stochastic, and it applies the theory of “political reliability” to explain the probability that an Italian government will be in power at time t after it was formed. An exponential survival model R = e−kt, with constant government breakdown rate k = .021 per week, is developed, estimated, tested, and discussed. It is shown that Italian governments have a half-life (τ) of approximately 32.8 weeks, after which their political reliability drops below .50, and their mean duration is 47.7 weeks, so the probability that an Italian government will survive as long as the average is only 36.8%. Theoretical aspects of the model are also discussed, together with characteristic features of exponential political reliability, such as lifetime density, political mortality, and government downfall rate, as well as the systems reliability and crisis process characteristic of Italian governments.

Sa'adyah Gaon

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Brody
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Jewish Culture ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Language Study ◽  
Characteristic Features

Sa'adyah Gaon was an outstanding tenth-century Jewish thinker — a prominent rabbi, philosopher, and exegete. He was a pioneer in the fields in which he toiled, and was an inspiration and basis for later Jewish writing in all these areas. The last major English-language study of his work was published in 1921, long before Genizah research changed the understanding of the time in which he lived. This work, covering Sa'adyah's biography and his main areas of creativity in an accessible way, is a reassessment of an outstanding figure. The opening chapter, on the geonic period that formed the background to Sa'adyah's life, is followed by an overview that brings out the revolutionary aspects of his work and the characteristic features of his writings. Subsequent chapters consider his philosophical works; his Bible commentaries; his pioneering linguistic work; his poetry; his halakhic activity; and his activity as a polemicist, notably against the Karaites. An epilogue sums up his importance in medieval Jewish culture. Particularly valuable features of the book are the copious quotations from Sa'adyah's works, which facilitate familiarity with his style as well as his ideas; the clarity in presenting complex and difficult concepts; the constant assessment of his relationship to his predecessors in his various fields of study and his own unique contributions to each field; and the contextualization of his contribution within the political, cultural, and religious climate of his times so that both revolutionary and conservative elements in his thought can be identified and evaluated.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL REMINISCENCES OF THE COSSACK CHRONICLES IN THE NOVEL “HETMAN IVAN VYHOVSKY” BY I. NECHUY-LEVYTSKY

2019 ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
Оksana Slipushko ◽  
Anastasiya Katyuzhynska
Keyword(s):  
Historical Fiction ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Active Subject ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Artistic Interpretation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Personal Understanding

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the artistic interpretation of historical events and figures in the novel “Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky” by I. Nechuy-Levytsky. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of the specifics of Baroque historiography in the novel. The characteristic features of the author’s historical conception and influence of the cossack chronicles on its formation are determined. The historical fiction of I. Nechuy-Levytsky is represented by author’s historiosophical and ideological-aesthetic views, based on personal understanding of the Ukrainian history. I. Nechuy-Levytsky presents his own historical conception of the period of I. Vyhovsky’s activity, which is connected with certain features and characteristics of the provisions of Baroque historiography. An artistic rethinking of the role and place of personality in history and history in the life of humanity in the worldview of I. Nechuy-Levytsky is analyzed. The peculiarities of the interpretation of hetman Ivan Vyhovsky’s character in the cossack chronicles and the novel by I. Nechuy-Levytsky in the comparative aspect are substantiated. It is determined, that the estimation of hetman’s activity differs from that set out in the cossack chronicles. Therefore, unlike the chroniclers, who negatively characterize the political activity of I. Vyhovsky, the writer represents the human personality as a state creator, active subject in history. In addition, much attention is paid to the individualization of the image of the ruler, in particular the disclosure of the psychology of his actions. In conclusion, in the artistic interpretation of I. Nechuy-Levytsky hetman I. Vyhovsky is represented as the bearer of political views and ideological positions, that played a significant role in the formation and development of the idea of Ukrainian statehood and became a continuation of the historical conception and ideological dominants of the cossack chronicles.

Forms of Organization of Italian Public Undertakings

1933 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 964-971
Author(s):  
G. Lowell Field
Keyword(s):  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Socialist Party ◽  
The Political ◽  
Italian Government ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Goods ◽  
Direct Management

Contrary to expectation, widespread when the Fascists acceded to power, no notable retreat by the national government from the field of economic undertaking has been witnessed under the present Italian régime. The theoretical advocacy of public ownership of business concerns as a goal in itself has, indeed, passed entirely from the political stage with the suppression of the once powerful Socialist party, but the enterprises already operated by the Italian government have for the most part been continued under Mussolini's administration. Fascist theory concedes the private entrepreneur to be the normal and proper producer and distributor of economic goods. The Fascist attitude toward the government in business is expressed in the doctrine of state intervention. When any phase of the national economy fails to operate properly, the state has a right to intervene, even to the extent of becoming an entrepreneur itself. In the ninth declaration of the Charter of Labor, the Fascist social creed, the doctrine is expressed thus: “The intervention of the state in economic production takes place only when private initiative is lacking or is insufficient or when political interests of the state are involved. Such intervention may assume the form of control, assistance, or direct management.”

scholarly journals Towards freedom and social awareness: Hopeful narratives and performatives in American theatre and literature

Ars Aeterna ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Ivan Lacko
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
American Art ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
American Theatre ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
American Society ◽  
The Aesthetic

Abstract The paper addresses the complexity of social issues in contemporary American society through the prism of its reflection in theatre and literature. The characteristic features of American narratives and performatives are freedom and an almost utopian belief in diversity and social understanding. At the same time, the discussed works present a comprehensive look at social issues using a great variety of forms and genres, and appealing to the aesthetic sensitivity of different groups of recipients. In the face of future problems in the political arena, American art offers an interesting transatlantic perspective on the complexity of 21st-century issues which are relevant all over the world.

scholarly journals Media Activities in the Political Realities of Modern Kyrgyzstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
J.T. Abdikerimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
The Political ◽  
Short History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Political Realities

An attempt is made to give a brief overview of the facts of pressure on the media in the short history of the development of democracy in Kyrgyzstan. It is shown that the existing legal and regulatory framework for ensuring freedom of speech does not guarantee the safety of journalists in the performance of their professional duties. The characteristic features of the interaction between the political establishment and the media are highlighted and described.

scholarly journals Comparison between the Polish-Lithuanian Constitution of 3 May 1791 and the Spanish Constitution of 19 March 1812

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
María Ruiz Estévez
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
Spanish Constitution ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Ideological Context

<p>The purpose of this article was to make a brief comparative analysis between the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and the Polish-Lithuanian Constitution of 1791. With this intention, the most characteristic features of each constitutional text were set out, and both the historical and social context prior to its promulgation and the circumstances that led to the drafting of both legal acts were analyzed. The similarities and contrasts of the political models established with both constitutions were observed, as well as the rights and freedoms recognized. Reference was also made to the founding fathers of the Constitutions and the ideological context that influenced them. Finally, the author mentioned the fate of both constitutions that were only in force for a short period of time. The article aimed to present these two legal acts that were a milestone in the constitutional and political history of each nation.</p>

scholarly journals Migration In The Early '90s: Italy Coping With Albanian Illegal Emigration

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Jeta Goxha
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Illegal Immigration ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The Political ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Italian Government ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Italian Legislation

This article aims to study the role that Italy played in confronting the migratory flows in the early 90s, with a separate analysis of the Albanian case. The Italian diplomacy policies regarding the problems caused by the confrontation of the illegal immigration phenomenon will be analyzed. This research intends to provide an overview of the political and social relations between the two countries. The problem is analyzed through a bibliographic search, treating the issues in a historical and political framework. The scientific contributions on the issue under consideration are mainly the Italian legislation, archival resources taken from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives, reports and strategies drawn up by the Italian government, in order to avoid social and economic problems. The study method used is qualitative. This author’s interest relates to the conviction that Italy has played an important role in confronting the Albanian emigrants even though most of the time it appears without a concrete plan and at the same time contradictory. While writing this paper we will review all factors and consequences that were derived in this phenomenon.

Sign Systems in Design in the Context of Innovative Methods of Teaching

ART Space ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 117-119
Author(s):  
Alla Polishchuk
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Innovative Teaching ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Sign Systems ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Process Characteristic

The article deals with sign systems in design in the context of innovative teaching methods that are used in the system of modern educational process. Characteristic features of means of sign systems, forms and methods of innovative teaching are determined, the specifics of their use are revealed.

scholarly journals Emotionality and Intertextuality in Official Discourses of Post-Soviet Authoritanian States (Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Russia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Nataliia Steblyna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Python Language ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Small Period

Official discourses of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia are discovered with formal analysis in the article. The official discourses were represented with presidents’ web-sites. With the help of computer programs (Python language) the indicators of emotionality, direct and indirect intertextuality were calculated. The low emotionality and direct intertextuality are characteristic features of all three discourses. This underlines low intensity (or formality) of political interrelations. Average indicators of Kazakhstan and Russia discourses emotionality are (0,26; 0,24), for Belarus (0,39). These indicators are almost two times smaller, than in countries with more democratic regimes. Additionally, two types of authoritarian discourses are differentiated: more emotional and sporadic (Belarus) and less emotional stable (Kazakhstan, Russia). The positive correlation between the discourses of Kazakhstan and Russia (0,84) is discovered. Thus, similar periods of the discourses development are found: with more salient emotionality (before 2013) and unemotional period afterwards. For Belarus and Russia the periods with high indicators for indirect intertextuality (2012-2014, 2016-2017; and 2005-2010 – respectively) are discovered. The indicators’ values are explained with political interrelations imitation. The big amount of political texts (more than a half, sometimes – 80-90%) are congratulations and commemorations of authoritative leaders towards political actors’ form international community. The small period of such texts domination for Kazakhstan (2011-2012) is differentiated. Thus, the imitation of political interrelations with communication for Russia and Belarus is studied; however, this feature is not a characteristic one for Kazakhstan discourse. It’s concluded that all three discourses have artificial character of political interrelations in official discourses, which can be discovered with clear templates usage for all the political texts.

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