scholarly journals Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland IV. The effect of repeated applications of water and nitrogen fertilization on spring cereals

1972 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-163
Author(s):  
Paavo Elonen ◽  
Osmo Kara
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Salutary Effect ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
The One ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

In 1967 and 1968, in the month of June, irrigation of silty clay soil in southern Finland by a single sprinkling, which involved the application of 30 mm of water, increased the yields of spring wheat by an average of between 880 and 970 kg per ha, or 37—51 %, and the yields of barley by 1140—1340 kg per ha, or 37—42 %. Repeating the irrigation after about one week further increased the wheat yields on the average by from 670 to 800 kg per ha and the barley yields between 810 and 860 kg per ha. The effect of the irrigation on the size of the yields was virtually of the same magnitude both years in spite of the fact that in 1967 both June and July were extremely dry months, whereas in 1968 the dry June was followed by a rainy July. The sprinkling affected the ripening of the grain, on the other hand, differently each year: slightly retarding the ripening in 1967 but considerably hastening it in 1968. In the latter year, the irrigation prevented detrimental late tillering and thereby augmented the hectoliter weight and 1000-grain weight of the crops. In response to the one-time sprinkling, the protein content of the grains decreased in the case of the wheat by an average of 1.0—1.3 and of the barley by 0.1—0.7 %-units. The effect of two sprinklings was corresponding decreases of 1.9—3.1 and 0.8—1.0 %-units. The application to the seedlings as surface dressing immediately before irrigation of calcium nitrate containing 60 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the protein content of the wheat on the average by 1.6 and of the barley by 1.9 %-units. The nitrogen fertilization thus prevented excessive lowering of the protein content by irrigation and, furthermore, considerably intensified the salutary effect of the irrigation in augmenting the yield. A disadvantage of abundant nitrogen fertilization was a slight retardation of ripening. The placement of basal dressing with a fertilizer drill at a depth of 9 cm proved effective, particularly in 1967, when both the wheat and the barley yields increased 22 per cent in comparison with the effect of surface dressing. Use of the fertilizer drill, moreover, promoted the ripening process. Sprinkling did not appear to reduce the placement effect of the fertilizer; rather did these two methods form an exceedingly favorable combination.

scholarly journals Sowing of spring cereals in broad bands and the effect of sowing rate, rolling and irrigation on the results

1972 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Paavo Elonen ◽  
Osmo Kara ◽  
Leo Autio
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Band Method ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

In 1971 two large field experiments, one for spring wheat and the other for barley, were carried out on silty clay soil in southern Finland. Three sowing methods were compared at three sowing rate levels (wheat: 140, 275 or 400 kg/ha, barley: 100, 200 or 300 kg/ha), at two levels of rolling (not rolled or rolled by a Cambridge-roller, 330 kg/m), and at two levels of irrigation (not irrigated or irrigated twice in June, 30 mm at both times). Wheat produced 9 ± 2 % higher grain yields sown with a 12.5 cm spacing between coulters in 7 cm bands than in rows of 2 cm. The increases in yield were almost equal irrespective of the seeding rate, rolling or irrigation. The sowing methods had no noteworthy influence on the ripening or the weight of the wheat grains. Barley responded to the sowing methods to a lesser extent than did wheat. Bands 7 cm wide with 12.5 cm spacing resulted in 5 ± 2 % higher wheat yields and 2 ± 1 % higher barley yields than did bands 10 cm wide with 25 cm spacing. The results indicate that the band method with relatively small spacings between the bands is worth further and more detailed study. An increase in the seeding rate from low to »normal» increased the yields, speeded up ripening and decreased the weight of grains, but when normal seeding rates were exceeded the grain yields were not further improved. Rolling speeded up ripening but did not significantly increase the grain yields. Of the factors included in the study, the sprinkler irrigation affected the yields most by increasing the grain yields of wheat by 23 ± 22 % and those of barley by 29 ± 9 %.

scholarly journals Three mechanical weed control techniques in spring cereals

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LÖTJÖNEN ◽  
H. J. MIKKOLA
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Silty Clay Soil ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control

An inter-row hoe suitable for cereals was developed for the study, and field experiments were conducted to compare inter-row hoeing with weed harrowing, rotary hoeing and chemical control. The treatments were performed once during the growing season. Inter-row hoeing was studied at row spacings of 180 mm and 250 mm. The weeding effect of the different methods was measured by weighing the weeds remaining just before harvesting. Inter-row hoeing was the most effective of the mechanical methods. Weed harrowing was as good as hoeing in silty clay soil but less effective in mull soil. Rotary hoeing was the least effective. Herbicide spraying was more effective than the mechanical methods in both soils. Increasing the spacing between rows from the standard 125 mm to 250 mm decreased the yield of barley by 12-13%. Inter-row hoeing affected the yield very slightly. The yield decreasing was lower at a row spacing of 180 mm than at 250 mm. Weed harrowing and rotary hoeing decreased the yield 5-10%. Although inter-row hoeing seems to be a fairly effective method for weed control, it may be difficult to compensate for the yield loss due to the increase in row spacing.;

scholarly journals Influence of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the amino acid composition of spring wheat

1972 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Paavo Elonen ◽  
Liisa Aho ◽  
Pekka Koivistoinen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Wheat Protein

Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland decreased the protein content of spring wheat flour in five field experiments in the years 1967—70, by 16 ± 4 per cent on an average. The amino acid composition, however, was improved, because the proportion of lysine was increased by 6 ± 4 %. Accordingly, the content of lysine in flour was decreased by irrigation only by 10 ± 5 %. An increase of fertilizer nitrogen from 68 to 144 kg/ha increased the protein content of wheat flour by 19 ± 5 %, but the proportion of lysine in the amino acid composition decreased by 9 ± 4 %. Therefore, the lysine content in flour was increased by nitrogen fertilization only by 8 ± 5 %. It seemed as if urea and ammonium nitrate limestone would have had about the same effect on the quantity and quality of wheat protein. As a consequence of the reversed influences of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the wheat protein it was possible, by means of irrigation and an additional nitrogen fertilization, to produce 65 per cent higher grain yields without any noteworthy changes in the contents of protein or amino acids.

scholarly journals Fertilizing experiments with anhydrous ammonia at Kotkaniemi

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-219
Author(s):  
Yrjö Pessi ◽  
Jorma Syvälahti ◽  
Auvo Leskelä ◽  
Mikko Ylänen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Grain Crop

On spring cereals and in fertilization in connection with the sowing of winter cereals the effectiveness of ammonia is comparable to that of calcium ammonium nitrate. In tests that were arranged at Rikkihappo Oy’s experimental farm Kotkaniemi it was established that anhydrous ammonia given in connection with spring cereal fertilization and autumn cereal earthing is equal to CAN in effect. 16 tests were carried out during a period of five years using placement fertilization the soil being silty clay in most cases. Differences did not occur in the grain yield, the 1000-grain number hl-weight or in the protein content of the grain crop. Urea proved to be less effective than the two other fertilizers.

Yield, nutritive value and ensiling characteristics of whole-crop spring cereals

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Lawes ◽  
D. I. H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Cereal Yields

SUMMARYThe dry-matter yield, in vitro digestibility and crude protein content of four varieties of spring cereals (one barley, one wheat and two oats) were examined at weekly intervals at two levels of nitrogen fertilization during two successive years. The ensiling characteristics of crops cut at two dates were also determined. Dry-matter yields increased until the end of July. Digestibility and crude protein content declined until mid July when values of 56–60 and 6–7% for the barley and wheat, and 53–55 and 5–6% for the oats respectively were maintained. Crops of all varieties were suitable for ensiling at maximum yield.Other experiments investigating level of whole-crop cereal yields obtainable with higher levels of fertility produced yields of over 16 metric tons D.M./ha with applications of 200–250 kg N, P2 O5 and K2O per hectare.

scholarly journals Conventional and Conservation Seedbed Preparation Systems for Wheat Planting in Silty-Clay Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6506
Author(s):  
Roberto Fanigliulo ◽  
Daniele Pochi ◽  
Pieranna Servadio
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Conventional seedbed preparation is based on deep ploughing followed by lighter and finer secondary tillage of the superficial layer, normally performed by machines powered by the tractor’s Power Take-Off (PTO), which prepares the seedbed in a single pass. Conservation methods are based on a wide range of interventions, such as minimum or no-tillage, by means of machines with passive action working tools which require two or more passes The aim of this study was to assess both the power-energy requirements of conventional (power harrows and rotary tillers with different working width) and conservation implements (disks harrow and combined cultivator) and the soil tillage quality parameters, with reference to the capability of preparing an optimal seedbed for wheat planting. Field tests were carried out on flat, silty-clay soil, using instrumented tractors. The test results showed significant differences among the operative performances of the two typologies of machines powered by the tractor’s PTO: the fuel consumption, the power and the energy requirements of the rotary tillers are strongly higher than power harrows. However, the results also showed a decrease of these parameters proceeding from conventional to more conservation tillage implements. The better quality of seedbed was provided by the rotary tillers.

scholarly journals Soil Texture Alters the Impact of Salinity on Carbon Mineralization

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Ruihuan She ◽  
Yongxiang Yu ◽  
Chaorong Ge ◽  
Huaiying Yao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
C Mineralization ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Soil salinization typically inhibits the ability of decomposer organisms to utilize soil organic matter, and an increase in soil clay content can mediate the negative effect of salinity on carbon (C) mineralization. However, the interactive effects of soil salt concentrations and properties on C mineralization remain uncertain. In this study, a laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the interactive effects of soil salt content (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.0%) and texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam and silty clay soil with 6.0%, 23.9% and 40.6% clay content, respectively) on C mineralization and microbial community composition after cotton straw addition. With increasing soil salinity, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the three soils decreased, but the effect of soil salinity on the decomposition of soil organic carbon varied with soil texture. Cumulative CO2 emissions in the coarse-textured (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) soils were more affected by salinity than those in the fine-textured (silty clay) soil. This difference was probably due to the differing responses of labile and resistant organic compounds to salinity across different soil texture. Increased salinity decreased the decomposition of the stable C pool in the coarse-textured soil, by reducing the proportion of fungi to bacteria, whereas it decreased the mineralization of the active C pool in the fine-textured soil through decreasing the Gram-positive bacterial population. Overall, our results suggest that soil texture controlled the negative effect of salinity on C mineralization through regulating the soil microbial community composition.

scholarly journals Gross Ammonification and Nitrification Rates in Soil Amended with Natural and NH4-Enriched Chabazite Zeolite and Nitrification Inhibitor DMPP

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2605
Author(s):  
Giacomo Ferretti ◽  
Giulio Galamini ◽  
Evi Deltedesco ◽  
Markus Gorfer ◽  
Jennifer Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N Losses ◽  
15N Pool Dilution ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Silty Clay Soil ◽  
N Use ◽  
15N Pool Dilution Technique

Using zeolite-rich tuffs for improving soil properties and crop N-use efficiency is becoming popular. However, the mechanistic understanding of their influence on soil N-processes is still poor. This paper aims to shed new light on how natural and NH4+-enriched chabazite zeolites alter short-term N-ammonification and nitrification rates with and without the use of nitrification inhibitor (DMPP). We employed the 15N pool dilution technique to determine short-term gross rates of ammonification and nitrification in a silty-clay soil amended with two typologies of chabazite-rich tuff: (1) at natural state and (2) enriched with NH4+-N from an animal slurry. Archaeal and bacterial amoA, nirS and nosZ genes, N2O-N and CO2-C emissions were also evaluated. The results showed modest short-term effects of chabazite at natural state only on nitrate production rates, which was slightly delayed compared to the unamended soil. On the other hand, the addition of NH4+-enriched chabazite stimulated NH4+-N production, N2O-N emissions, but reduced NO3−-N production and abundance of nirS-nosZ genes. DMPP efficiency in reducing nitrification rates was dependent on N addition but not affected by the two typologies of zeolites tested. The outcomes of this study indicated the good compatibility of both natural and NH4+-enriched chabazite zeolite with DMPP. In particular, the application of NH4+-enriched zeolites with DMPP is recommended to mitigate short-term N losses.

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