scholarly journals Climatic risk adaptation strategies by smallholder livestock farmers in Eastern Amhara Region, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Habtemariam Assefa ◽  
Paul Kibwika ◽  
Florence Birungi Kyazze ◽  
Zeleke Mekuriaw ◽  
Fred Kalanzi
Keyword(s):  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Severity Level ◽  
Livestock Farmers ◽  
Climatic Risks

The study was conducted to analyze the predominant climatic risks and the strategies livestock farmers used to adapt climatic risks in Eastern Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Cross-sectional research design was used with mixed quantitative and qualitative research approach. The data were collected from 317 livestock farmers using household survey; and FGDs, key informant interviews and personal observation for complementation. The data were analyzed using STATA (version-14) and SPSS (version 23) software. The result shows that, 79.8% of livestock farmers were affected by different climatic risks over the period of 2009-2018. They were affected by drought, animal disease outbreak (ADOB), flood and frost. The percentage of the farmers affected by climatic risks have been fluctuating from year to years but the trends show increased over the last ten years. Every year, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.4% and 3.6% of livestock farmers were affected by drought, frost, animal disease outbreak (ADOB) and flood, respectively. Seasonally, livestock farmers impacted by drought, flood and frost in autumn, summer and spring, respectively. Animal disease outbreak has occurred in all seasons but higher in autumn. The perception of the farmers was measured based on the frequencies of climatic risks occurrences and the severity level of their impacts. Majority of the farmers perceived that the frequencies of droughts (49.8%) and frosts (43.2%) increased over the last ten years; whereas flood (68.8%) and ADOB (67.5%) decreased. The impacts of drought and ADOB were found at moderate level of severity with the value of 2.2 and 1.8 WAI, respectively; whereas frost and flood at lower severity level, which accounts for 1.4 and 1.3 WAI values, respectively. Saving surplus feed (99.4%), using modern animal healthcare (91.8%), conserving soil and water resources (70.8%) and improving/ customizing animal shelters/shades (60.3%); and keeping stress resistance breeds (52.7%) were major strategies for livestock farmers to adapt to climatic risks. These findings imply that drought and ADOB are the predominant climatic risks for livestock farmers in Eastern Amhra Region. Drought majorly occur in autumn; whereas ADOBs occur throughout the year. The farmers also use multiple strategies to adapt to the diverse impacts of the risks. However, the farmers are still vulnerable to the risks and remaining in food insecure. To be the farmers more effective, therefore, the existing adaptation strategies should be supported with science and technology to create stress resistance breeds, improve the quality and availability of feeds and animal health management.

scholarly journals Agricultural information sharing for climatic risk adaptation by smallholder livestock farmers in Eastern Amhara Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Habtemariam Assefa ◽  
Paul Kibwika ◽  
Florence B. Kyazze ◽  
Million Getinet
Keyword(s):  
Information Diffusion ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Credit Access ◽  
Climatic Risk ◽  
Livestock Farmers ◽  
Climatic Risks

This study aims at appraising the needed agricultural information, sources and the pathways that livestock farmers used for climatic risk adaptation in Eastern Amhara Region and also, determining factors that influenced farmer’s decision in selecting information pathways. Cross-section survey research design was used for the study. Sample was selected using multistage sampling design. From three agroecological zones, three districts and nine PAs were covered by the study. In the household survey, 317 livestock farmers were interviewed for quantitate data collection. Furthermore, FGD and Key Informant interviews were conducted to supplement survey’s result. Data were analysed using STATA (version 14) software. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were deployed. The study revealed that livestock farmers needed different agricultural information to adapt climatic risks. The prominent information was relating to feed quality improvement, feed preservation, animal health management and soil and water conservations. Most farmers obtained the information from relatives, extension workers and fellow farmers. Informal discussion, farm-visit, training and village-meetings were the pathways that livestock farmers used to acquire agricultural information. The decision of a farmer in selecting information pathways was determined by different factors, but they differ from pathway to pathways. For example, radio selection was influenced by livestock size the farmer owned and extension access, while train was influenced by membership of farmer groups and credit access. In conclusion, livestock farmers need a diverse agricultural information to adapt climatic risks. They acquire the information from their intimate sources through affordable information pathways. To be effective in climatic risk adaptation, information provision should be need based, delivered through multisource and pathways. Besides, the existing conventional information pathways should also be supported by ICT resources and demonstration. Considering the determinate factors of information pathway selection is very crucial in designing information diffusion strategy.

Preparing for a Foreign Animal Disease Outbreak Using a Novel Tabletop Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 640-646
Author(s):  
Eric J. Linskens ◽  
Abby E. Neu ◽  
Emily J. Walz ◽  
Kaitlyn M. St. Charles ◽  
Marie R. Culhane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Food System ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Foreign Animal Disease

AbstractIntroductionForeign animal disease (FAD) outbreaks can have devastating impacts, but they occur infrequently in any specific sector anywhere in the United States (US). Training to proactively discuss implementation of control and prevention strategies are beneficial in that they provide stakeholders with the practical information and educational experience they will need to respond effectively to an FAD. Such proactive approaches are the mission of the Secure Food System (SFS; University of Minnesota; St. Paul, Minnesota USA).MethodsThe SFS exercises were designed as educational activities based on avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in commercial poultry scenarios. These scenarios were created by subject matter experts and were based on epidemiology reports, risk pathway analyses, local industry practices, and site-specific circumstances. Target audiences of an exercise were the groups involved in FAD control: animal agriculture industry members; animal health regulators; and diagnosticians. Groups of industry participants seated together at tables represented fictional poultry premises and were guided by a moderator to respond to an on-farm situation within a simulated outbreak. The impact of SFS exercises was evaluated through interviews with randomized industry participants and selected table moderators. Descriptive statistics and qualitative analyses were performed on interview feedback.ResultsEleven SFS exercises occurred from December 2016 through October 2017 in multiple regions of the US. Exercises were conducted as company-wide, state-wide, or regional trainings. Nine were based on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks and two focused on outbreaks of co-circulating HPAI and low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI). Poultry industry participants interviewed generally found attending an SFS exercise to be useful. The most commonly identified benefits of participation were its value to people without prior outbreak experience and knowledge gained about Continuity of Business (COB)-permitted movement. After completing an exercise, most participants evaluated their preparedness to respond to an outbreak as somewhat to very ready, and more than one-half reported their respective company or farms had discussions or changed actions due to participation.Conclusion:Evaluation feedback suggests the SFS exercises were an effective training method to supplement preparedness efforts for an AI outbreak. The concept of using multi-faceted scenarios and multiple education strategies during a tabletop exercise may be translatable to other emergency preparedness needs.LinskensEJ, NeuAE, WalzEJ, St. CharlesKM, CulhaneMR, SsematimbaA, GoldsmithTJ, HalvorsonDA, CardonaCJ. Preparing for a foreign animal disease outbreak using a novel tabletop exercise. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):640–646.

Special Incidents

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Greaves ◽  
Paul Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Health Agency ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
General Information ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Animal Disease Control ◽  
Major Incidents ◽  
Network Flooding

Chapter 6 covers general information on animal health, the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), animal disease control including UK disease alert status, how to deal with an exotic disease outbreak, stages of a foot and mouth disease incident, major incidents on the rail network, flooding and national rescue programme, air incidents, river and maritime incidents, dealing with a suspect package (‘white powder incident’), and risk assessment.

The impact of extreme climatic events on pasture-based dairy systems: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chang-Fung-Martel ◽  
M. T. Harrison ◽  
R. Rawnsley ◽  
A. P. Smith ◽  
H. Meinke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Extreme Climatic Events ◽  
Dairy Systems ◽  
The Impact

Extreme climatic events such as heat waves, extreme rainfall and prolonged dry periods are a significant challenge to the productivity and profitability of dairy systems. Despite projections of more frequent extreme events, increasing temperatures and reduced precipitation, studies on the impact of these extreme climatic events on pasture-based dairy systems remain uncommon. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated Australia to be one of the most negatively impacted regions with additional studies estimating Australian production losses of around 16% in the agricultural sector and 9–19% between the present and 2050 in the south-eastern dairy regions of Australia due to climate change. Here we review the literature on the impact of climate change on pasture-based dairy systems with particular focus on extreme climatic events. We provide an insight into current methods for assessing and quantifying heat stress highlighting the impacts on pastures and animals including the associated potential productivity losses and conclude by outlining potential adaptation strategies for improving the resilience of the whole-farm systems to climate change. Adapting milking routines, calving systems and the introduction of heat stress tolerant dairy cow breeds are some proposed strategies. Changes in pasture production would also include alternative pasture species better adapted to climate extremes such as heat waves and prolonged periods of water deficit. In order to develop effective adaptation strategies we also need to focus on issues such as water availability, animal health and associated energy costs.

Human and animal disease outbreaks in India due to mycotoxins other than aflatoxins

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Raghavender ◽  
B. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
South India ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Western India ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
The People ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Significant Health

Mycotoxins are gaining increasing importance due to their deleterious effects on human and animal health. Chronic health risks are particularly prevalent in India where the diets of the people are highly prone to mycotoxins due to poor harvesting practices, improper storage and transport coupled with high temperature and moisture. This paper reviews disease outbreaks of mycotoxicoses other than aflatoxins in India due to ingestion of mycotoxincontaminated food. Ergotism is one of the earliest known outbreaks of mycotoxins reported in rural areas of western India associated with pearl millet grain. Trichothecenes have been involved in an acute human mycotoxicosis known as alimentary toxic aleukia in India during 1987 and were attributed to the consumption of mouldy wheat. Deoxynivalenol was implicated in an outbreak of emetic syndrome in Kashmir State. An outbreak of acute foodborne disease caused by fumonisin was reported in south India during 1995 affecting 1,424 people due to contaminated sorghum and maize. Rhizopus toxicosis was reported from Maharashtra State and caused the death of three people. These outbreaks continue to be a significant health problem of people in India, because their poor purchasing power compels them to consume contaminated food.

scholarly journals (A189) The U.S. National Veterinary Stockpile: Science-Based Logistics Improving Animal Disease Response

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s54-s54
Author(s):  
L.M. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Homeland Security ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Disease Response ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The Right ◽  
The U.S

BackgroundAgriculture emergency responders always will require equipment and supplies. A rapid and effective logistical response depends upon having the right item in the right quantity at the right time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right responder. Established in 2004 by U.S. Homeland Security Presidential Directive 9, the National Veterinary Stockpile (NVS) within the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services is the nation's repository of critical veterinary supplies, equipment, vaccines, and services appropriate to respond to the most damaging animal diseases affecting human health and the economy. An overview of the NVS program, its capabilities, training and exercise strategy, and outreach to stakeholders will be presented.The NVS ProgramThe goals of the NVS program are to deploy countermeasures against the 17 most damaging animal disease threats within 24 hours, and to help states/tribes/territories plan, train, and exercise the receipt, processing, and distribution of NVS countermeasures. To meet these goals, the NVS program heavily relies upon science-based logistics to identify animal vaccines and other countermeasures to respond, and sound business processes to purchase, hold, maintain, and deploy the countermeasures. Significant resources also are dedicated to the NVS outreach activities, which interface directly with federal/state/tribe/territory animal health stakeholders. NVS team members work hand-in-hand with these leaders to help develop written NVS-specific plans for their jurisdictions, provide logistics training, and sponsor discussion-based and operations-based exercises in accordance with the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program.ConclusionThe USDA NVS exists to provide states/tribes/territories the countermeasures they need to respond to catastrophic animal disease outbreaks created by either terrorists or nature. As logistical experts, the NVS team develops plans for logistical emergency response, manages their supply chain of countermeasures, and helps stakeholders improve logistical response capabilities.

scholarly journals ENDOGENOUS PERCEPTIONS AND MEASURES FOR AGROPASTORALISTS’ ADAPTATION IN THE SAHELIAN AREA OF BURKINA FASO

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 62-74
Author(s):  
Sanou Daouda ◽  
Toe Bernadette ◽  
Traore Almamy ◽  
Kabore Adama ◽  
Tamboura H. Hamidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Pastoral Production ◽  
Livestock Farmers

The study was conducted to understand the perceptions and local adaptation strategies of rural sahelian communities in Burkina Faso to climate change on ruminant rearing practices. For this purpose, the study was carried out in the rural commune of Bani by collecting primary from semi-structured interviews with 143 producers and secondary data of temperature, rainfall and their spatial and temporal evolution from 2005 to 2016. Analysis of these data reveals that 67.13% of the producers are male and 32.86% female, with an average age of 55 ± 0.3 years. These respondents were agropastoralists with an average of 3.5 ha of cultivated land, using traditional seeds (100% of respondents) and improved seeds (58.7%) and rearing local breeds of ruminants. For climate change, respondents notified an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall that corroborates the analysis of the meteorological data collected. The consequences of climate change on livestock farmers' resources are food insecurity, lack of pasture, drought and low animal productivity. The local adaptation strategies applied by livestock farmers are the diversification of agro-sylvo-pastoral production (88.11%) and income-generating activities (70%).  In the study area, diversification is the strategy adopted by agro-pastoralists to ensure food security and provide income to meet the daily needs of families.

scholarly journals Prawo o zdrowiu zwierząt

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Izabela Lipińska
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Animal Disease Control ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Health Legislation

The subject of the article is the issues related to the implementation of EU legal solutions concerning the protection of the health of farm animals, while the purpose of the considerations is to evaluate the legal regulation adopted to implement the package of measures aimed at animal health that have been in place since 2013, and propose the direction of necessary changes in the national legislation in this area. The new animal health legislation entails the amendment or repeal of a number of national provisions on animal disease control, in particular those which were transpositions of directives and EU decisions now repealed. The legal instruments provided for in the regulation are expected to contribute to the achievement of a fully integrated internal market and to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, provided that the existing animal health status is maintained as far as possible.

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