Dietary Intake and Prevalence of Dental Caries among Five-Year-Old Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya

Dental caries is a major public health problem associated with diet and nutrition affecting 60-90% of children globally with the burden in both industrialized and less industrialized countries undergoing nutrition transition. The aim of this study was to assess the relation between the dietary intake and nutritional status on dental caries prevalence of 5-year-old school children in urban and rural areas of Uasin-Gishu County. In this study, 382 five year old children and their parents/caregivers were sampled from urban and rural schools in Uasin-Gishu County to participate in the study. Dental caries status was assessed based on the criteria proposed by WHO for oral health surveys. Structured questionnaires was used to gather information on demographic and socio-economic status. A quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect data on dietary intake. Dietary intake data was analyzed using ENA for SMART computer programmes and the rest of the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21 (2007). The prevalence of dental caries stood at 39.3% with a mean dft of 1.55 and 60.7% being dental caries free. Children met their nutrient requirements for protein, vitamin C, calcium, and phosphorus, but did not meet the requirements for energy, folate, vitamin A, and iron. Many children from urban than rural areas consumed sweets/candies at 33.5% and 15.3% respectively. Children from urban areas (288) had the highest mean dft of 1.83±1.37 while those from rural areas (154) had a mean dft score of 1.16±1.13. This was significantly different (p<0.05). Overweight was higher in the urban population compared to the rural population at 13.64% and 8.96% respectively. The prevalence of underweight was higher in rural areas at 10.7%, stunting at 14.6% and wasting at 6.8%. There is inadequate intake of Energy, Vitamin A and Iron in the diet consumed by the 5-year-old which might be contributing to dental caries prevalence both in the urban and rural areas of Uasin – Gishu County, Kenya. Children should be fed on nutrient rich foods and cariogenic foods should be consumed occasionally.

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SEANUTS: the nutritional status and dietary intakes of 0.5–12-year-old Thai children

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114513002110 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (S3) ◽

pp. S36-S44 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Nipa Rojroongwasinkul ◽

Kallaya Kijboonchoo ◽

Wanphen Wimonpeerapattana ◽

Sasiumphai Purttiponthanee ◽

Uruwan Yamborisut ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Rural Children ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Serum Retinol

In the present study, we investigated nutritional status and health-related factors in a multistage cluster sample of 3119 Thai urban and rural children aged 0·5–12·9 years. In a subsample, blood samples were collected for the measurement of Hb, transferrin receptor, vitamin A and vitamin D concentrations. The prevalence of stunting and underweight was higher in rural children than in urban children, whereas the wasting rate was similar in both rural and urban areas. Among children aged 3·0–5·9 years, the prevalence of overweight was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas and so was the obesity rate in children aged 6·0–12·9 years. Protein intakes of all age groups were relatively high in both the areas. Intakes of Ca, Fe, Zn and vitamin C were significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The prevalence of anaemia in rural areas was twice as high as that in urban areas, particularly in infants and young children. However, the prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia was similar in both urban and rural areas. While the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (by serum retinol cut-off < 0·7 μmol/l) seemed to be very low, vitamin A insufficiency (by serum retinol cut-off < 1·05 μmol/l) was more prevalent (29·4–31·7 %) in both the areas. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency ranged between 27·7 and 45·6 % among the children. The present study indicates that the double burden of malnutrition is still a major public health problem in Thailand. Further studies need to explore the associated risk factors for these nutrient deficiencies. Effective strategies and actions are needed to tackle the nutritional problems in Thai children.

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Correlation of predictions to get a new dental caries with residence area and parental socio-economic conditions in adolescents in Sleman DIY

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v49.i3.p115-119 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Bambang Priyono ◽

Hari Kusnanto ◽

Al Supartinah Santoso ◽

Dibyo Pramono

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Economic Status ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

Survey Study ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Adolescence is a period when an individual experiences physical and psychological growth, thus requiring higher energy intake. As a result, they have a high appetite, but at the same time the supervision of parents on their oral hygiene behavior is decreases. They become free to choose their preferred food, sometimes containing high carbohydrates that may increase risks of dental caries and overweight. Sleman is one of districs in Yogyakarta, also considered as an agglomeration area of Yogyakarta town, which still has urban and rural areas. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the correlation between residence area and parental socioeconomic conditions with prediction to get a new dental caries. Method: This study was an analytic survey study conducted on 275 adolescents in Sleman. Samples were selected by using stratified cluster random sampling technique. Prediction to get a new dental caries was measured by using cariogram, involving 10 variables. Residence area was observed based on territorial characteristics, such as urban and rural areas matched to their ID card. Meanwhile, parental socio-economic condition was measured on daily expenses of their parents. A multiple regression analysis with dummy variables was used to analyses the correlation between the independent and dependent variables at a confidence level of 95%. Result: The results showed that the prevalence of caries in those adolescents in urban areas was 70.7%, while 81.95% in rural areas. The DMFT index in urban areas was 2.27, while 2.65 in rural areas. The mean percentage of prediction to get a new dental caries in urban areas was 47.83 ± 23.63, while 53.61 ± 24.68 in rural areas. The results of the statistical analysis then showed that there was no significant correlation of residence area and parental sosio-econimic conditions with prediction to get a new dental caries. Conclusion: In conclusion, residence areas, rural and urban areas, and parental socio-economic conditions, from low to high economic status were not correlated with prediction to get a new dental caries in adolescents.

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Food consumption and nutritional and biochemical status of 0·5–12-year-old Indonesian children: the SEANUTS study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114513002109 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (S3) ◽

pp. S11-S20 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Sandjaja Sandjaja ◽

Basuki Budiman ◽

Heryudarini Harahap ◽

Fitrah Ernawati ◽

Moesijanti Soekatri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Double Burden ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Indonesia is currently facing the double burden of malnutrition. While undernutrition is still a major public health problem, the prevalence of overnutrition is increasing. The objective of the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) was to provide up-to-date data on nutritional status, food consumption and biochemical parameters related to nutrition for children aged 0·5–12 years. The SEANUTS study in Indonesia was conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 7·211 children using multistage cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size, stratified for geographical location, in forty-eight out of 440 districts/cities. The results show that the growth (weight for age, height for age, weight for height and BMI for age) of Indonesian pre-school- and school-aged children is below the WHO standards. The older the children, the more the deviation from the WHO standard curves. Underweight was more prevalent in rural areas (28·9 v. 19·2 %) and overweight/obesity was observed to be more widespread in urban areas (5·6 v. 3·2 %). The prevalence varied with age groups and sexes. The overall prevalence of stunting was 25·2 and 39·2 % in urban and rural areas, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia was nearly 55 % in children aged 0·5–1·9 years and ranged from 10·6 to 15·5 % in children aged 2–12 years. Fe deficiency was observed in 4·1–8·8 % of the children. The percentage of children with dietary intakes of energy, protein, and vitamins A and C below the Indonesian RDA was high and differed across urban and rural areas and age groups.

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Assessment of multiple factors affecting intelligence quotient of children of rural and urban areas of Rajasthan, India

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20202895 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 2557

Author(s):

Shreyans D. Singhvi ◽

Preksha T. Singh ◽

Gautam Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Intelligence Quotient ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Group 3 ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Children are the future of our country and hence their mental and physical wellbeing should be our upmost priority. Undernutrition is a major public health problem in our country and is one of the most common reasons for morbidity and mortality in children under 5yrs of age. The first few years of life are particularly important because vital development occurs in all domains. Therefore, this study has aimed to study the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of the children of the age group 3-5 in urban and rural areas and study the factors associated with it.Methods: A cross section study of the children group of population was performed. Two sections of the children group were taken for the study- children population residing in an urban area and children population residing in a rural community of Rajasthan, India. The data was compiled and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.Results: In our study, we have found that The following chosen demographic factors were found associated with children Intelligence quotient (IQ) - nutritional status, socioeconomic status, and age, while gender was not found to be associated with IQ.Conclusions: As, cognitive development is fairly important to children and their future, it should be paid more acknowledgment, as well as early preventive methods of it’s associated factors.

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Dentition Status and Treatment Needs of 5 and 12 Year Old School Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Guntur, India

Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry ◽

10.5005/johcd-6-3-126 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 126-130

Author(s):

S Suresh ◽

V Narayana Rao ◽

Zaheer Ahmed ◽

Pratap KVNR

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Deciduous Teeth ◽

Caries Prevalence ◽

Treatment Needs ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the caries prevalence and treatment needs of 5 and 12 year old school children in urban and rural areas of Guntur. Materials and Methods A multi stage random sampling was used to select the sample; survey was conducted among 800 children of 5 and 12 year old in government and private schools from rural and urban areas of Guntur. Results The caries prevalence of 5 year olds was 33.25% (urban 32.5% and; rural 34%) and mean dmft was 0.83±1.5 (urban 0.71 and rural 0.95). The caries prevalence of 12 year olds was 25.75% (urban 31.5% and rural 20%) and mean dmft was0.41±0.89 (urban 0.54 and rural 0.28). Conclusion Caries prevalence was greater in deciduous teeth of 5 year old children than that in permanent dentition of 12 year old children. Among 12 year olds caries prevalence was greater in urban subjects than rural subjects. There is a huge unmet treatment need for dental caries. There is a definite need to bring awareness and motivation in these children to undergo preventive and curative treatments in order to improve their oral health.

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‘Active ageing’: a qualitative study in six Caribbean countries

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x09990286 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 79-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

PATRICK CLOOS ◽

CAROLINE F. ALLEN ◽

BEATRIZ E. ALVARADO ◽

MARIA VICTORIA ZUNZUNEGUI ◽

DONALD T. SIMEON ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Services ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Social Protection ◽

Economic Status ◽

Home Care Services ◽

Active Ageing ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Care Services ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to document the perceptions of elders in six Caribbean countries about ‘active ageing’ and on the basis of their reports to make recommendations to improve their situation. Data were collected principally through 31 focus group discussions conducted in both urban and rural areas. Comparative analysis was carried out of the qualitative information, focusing on three components of ‘active ageing’: health and social services access and use, social support, and economic circumstances. Most of the participants were women, aged 60–79 years, of lower socio-economic status and from urban areas. Large disparities in the responses of Caribbean societies to population ageing were indicated, as well as unequal opportunities to obtain health care and social services, public transport, income and food by both socio-economic status and location. Home-care services are either insufficient or non-existent. Some elders receive social and financial support from relatives while others fear isolation and face deprivation. Social participation varies by place, physical condition, financial situation, association membership, and transport opportunities. Social protection benefits do not provide adequate income and some older people face food insecurity. It was concluded that a comprehensive and multi-sectoral approach using the ‘active ageing’ framework should be implemented to ensure a healthy ageing process.

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Association Between Happiness and Objective/Subjective Economic Status Among Older Adults in Myanmar

10.21203/rs.3.rs-122513/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yuri Sasaki ◽

Yugo Shobugawa ◽

Ikuma Nozaki ◽

Daisuke Takagi ◽

Yuiko Nagamine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Economic Status ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Economic Indicator ◽

Sampling Procedure ◽

Household Asset ◽

Face To Face ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract BackgroundFew studies have examined whether objective or subjective economic status (ES) has a greater effect on the happiness of older adults in developing countries with ageing populations. This study examined whether objective/subjective economic status (ES) is associated with happiness in older adults in Myanmar.MethodA multistage, random sampling procedure and face-to-face interviews were conducted in urban and rural areas in Myanmar. The happiness of 1,200 participants aged 60+ was evaluated using a single happiness score of 0 (very unhappy) to 10 (very happy). The wealth index, used as an objective economic indicator, was calculated from household asset items. Subjective economic status was assessed by asking “Which of the following best describes your current financial situation in light of general economic conditions?” The possible responses ranged from (1) very difficult to (5) very comfortable. ResultsThe mean happiness score was lower among participants with low objective and subjective ES than among those with medium or high objective ES (6.24 versus 6.80 points, p < 0.001) and average or higher subjective ES (5.62 versus 6.83 points, p < 0.001), respectively. Both low objective and subjective ES were negatively associated with happiness after adjusting for confounding variables (B: -0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.69, -0.13 and B: -0.71, 95% CI: -1.00, -0.42, respectively) and stratification by region (low objective ES, urban: B: -0.52, 95% CI: -1.03, -0.02; low subjective ES, urban: B: -0.50, 95% CI: -0.96, -0.03; low objective ES, rural: B: -0.37, 95% CI: -0.73, -0.02; and low subjective ES, rural: B: -0.80, 95% CI: -1.18, -0.41). ConclusionsIn Myanmar, both objective and subjective ES might influence happiness among older adults. Although they had a similar impact on happiness in urban areas, subjective ES had a stronger impact in rural areas. Interventions for promoting happiness in older adults should consider differences in how objective/subjective ES impacts happiness in different regions, and focus should be placed not only on improving objective ES but also subjective ES in society.

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RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (RHD)

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.03.1482 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (03) ◽

pp. 324-327

Author(s):

Ahsan Beg Beg ◽

Muhammad Younas ◽

Touseef Asma

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Economic Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Cardiology Department ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Rheumatic Heart

Objectives: To investigate the role of socio-economic factors for Acute RheumaticFever (ARF) and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) in Pakistan. Methodology: Study Design:Descriptive cross-sectional. Setting: OPD of Pediatric Cardiology Department, CPE Institute ofCardiology, Multan. Period: July 2014 to December 2014. Convenience Sampling was done.Sample size of 130 cases with ages between 5 to 12 years were selected for the study. Results:Overcrowding was noticed in 61% and 85% in urban and rural areas, respectively. In rural areas,most parents were illiterate; similar status was seen in urban areas (64.4%; 67.1% respectively).60% and 55 % patients have habit of hand washing in rural and urban patients respectively.Toilet facility is available to 60% and 55.6% in rural and urban patients respectively. Economicstatus of the family is even worse. Average income per family was only Rs.3800 per month.Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and acute rheumaticfever (ARF) in Pakistan. Overcrowding, poor hygienic conditions, low socio-economic status,illiteracy are major risk factors for ARF and RHD in Pakistan. In order to address this alarmingsituation, platforms like Pakistan Pediatric Cardiac Society and Pakistan Pediatric Associationneed to be mobilized.

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Examining the Role of Health Facilities in Supporting Iron Folic Acid Supplementation Adherence Among Women in Malawi (OR25-03-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz051.or25-03-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Rukundo Benedict ◽

Wenjuan Wang ◽

Lindsay Mallick

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Side Effects ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Health System Strengthening ◽

Gps Data ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Iron Folic Acid

Abstract Objectives Maternal anemia is a major public health problem in many low and middle income countries. In Malawi, consumption of iron folic acid supplements (IFA) has remained low and unchanged since 2004, even with the support of national policy and programs. To understand program implementation challenges, our study examined the relationship between the IFA-related health service environment (HSE) during antenatal care (ANC) and women's adherence to IFA supplementation guidelines. Methods Data from the 2015–16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the 2013–14 Malawi Service Provision Assessment (SPA), both of which collect GPS data of clusters or health facilities, were used. Each DHS cluster was linked to SPA facilities within a specified buffer distance (5 km for urban and 10 km for rural) using GPS data. IFA-related HSE was defined as availability of IFA, observed prescription of IFA, and observed counseling on IFA in health facilities within the buffer. The HSE variables were aggregated to the cluster-level and classified as low, medium, or high. Multilevel logistic regressions, stratified by urban and rural locale, were used to model associations between consumption of IFA and HSE variables controlling for individual-level factors. Results In Malawi 44% of women in urban and 32% in rural areas reported IFA consumption for at least 90 days during their most recent pregnancy. IFA supplements were available in the majority of health facilities (94%) providing ANC. Among clients, 85% received IFA or were given a prescription, 59% were counseled on how to use IFA, and 3% were counseled on side effects. In rural areas, regression models showed that high levels of IFA availability in facilities (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.13–3.80) and IFA counseling (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.12–1.78) were associated with IFA consumption. No associations with any HSE variables were observed in urban areas. Conclusions Despite widespread availability and prescription of IFA supplements from health facilities, receipt of counseling was low, particularly for side effects. Findings in rural areas reinforce the importance of health system strengthening to ensure IFA availability and counseling to support IFA consumption during pregnancy. Further research is warranted to investigate factors that affect IFA consumption in urban areas. Funding Sources United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the DHS Program (7200AA18C00083).

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Unequal education opportunity in Pakistan for rural and urban areas and its evolution

Pacific International Journal ◽

10.55014/pij.v1i1.35 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 01-12

Author(s):

Umer Arshad

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Parental Education ◽

Educational Inequality ◽

Economic Status ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Brothers And Sisters

Since independence, with the expansion of the scale of Pakistani’s education, the level of education, urban and rural residents has been improving year by year, but the educational inequality problems have not been effectively solved. The Survey of the last two decades shows the influence of education, household registration, family, social and economic status, parental education, a number of brothers and sisters, which has been evaluated on three factors high school, college, and university. The study found that the high school entrance opportunity differences in urban and rural areas have not been changed, technical college, college, or university entrance opportunities between urban and rural areas have potentially expanded, father’s occupational status affects children’s education but other factors remain same. The study shows that since 1981 no obvious change in unequal educational opportunities, the other rising trend in educational inequality due to the different number of brothers and sisters. The study shows that after the independence of Pakistan, the education structures and evolution of inequality should be focused on people’s micro mechanism of education decision.

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