MODELS OF TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE IN MACHINE TRANSLATION: PRAGMATIC ASPECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (30) ◽  
pp. 58-74
Author(s):  
Svitlana Hrushko
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect ◽  
Text Content ◽  
Problems Of Translation ◽  
Further Development

The purpose of the article is to study problems of translation equivalence in machine translation, which is based on a sequence of invariable actions (algorithms) with a text to identify linguistic equivalents in a pair of languages at a given direction of translation by means of a computer, in respect of the pragmatic aspect. Translation equivalence is understood as a specific type of equivalence, which is fundamentally different from other types, since it does not correlate with the phenomena that have a special place in the structure of a language, but the phenomena that currently exist in a language correlation or are equivalent to the text content. The translation is formalized, but allows getting an idea of the text content at the introductory level, since it is not an accurate, adequate translation, but performs the function of rendering basic information. Machine translation is not able to render nuances of an original text, not only at the lexical level. When translating, it is necessary to take peculiarities of syntax and semantics into account. Adequate computer translation is almost impossible in this case. This fact is recognized by all scholars who study possibilities of this type of translation only when rendering main content of a document without taking language nuances and features into account. Machine translation can be carried out on a basis of the translation equivalence (objective and dynamic) model. The model in terms of linguistic technology provides an optimal solution of problems of independent linguistic description and algorithm. The system of translation equivalence, which can be implemented within the model of translation equivalence, allows providing sufficient quality of machine translation at the pre-editing stage. When creating a machine translation program, in addition to solving linguistic problems, a program of their implementation is also necessary, since a translation program is a tool for studying and finding information in a foreign language, and the prospects of a machine translation are related to the further development of translation theory and practice in general.

scholarly journals N.G. JUSOITY AS A THEORETIC AND PRACTICE OF ART TRANSLATION

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.Б. ДЗАПАРОВА
Keyword(s):  
Research Field ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Literary Journals ◽  
Poetic Translation ◽  
Problems Of Translation ◽  
First Time

Проблемы теории и практики художественного перевода как феномена межкультурной коммуникации в наше время актуализируются в современной филологической науке. Расширяется исследовательское поле в этой области научного знания для переводоведов и всех, кто интересуется проблемами диалога культур. Выбор темы исследования обусловлен и прошедшим в этом году 95-летим юбилеем известного осетинского поэта, драматурга, литературоведа Нафи Григорьевича Джусойты. В статье рассматривается вклад народного писателя Осетии в теоретическое осмысление проблем художественного перевода; впер­вые анализируется одно из самых сложных для перевода стихотворений А.С. Пушкина «Пророк» в интерпретации Н. Джусойты. В частности, автором в статье представлен анализ опубликованных Джусойты на страницах центральных литературных журналов дискуссионных работ по наиболее актуальным проблемам переводоведения. В них Джусойты фокусирует внимание на вопросах верности перевода оригиналу, повышения качества подстрочников, новаторства и модер­низации классических произведений; обуславливает важность переводческого чтения в процессе постижения оригинала; определяет специфику поэтического перевода; выступает против украшательства в переводе, демонстрации на всесоюзном уровне слабых оригиналов и несовершенных переводов. В целом, Джусойты, полемизируя с известными теоретиками, предлагает свою концепцию перевода, начиная от выбора произведения и до конечного результата – текста на другом языке. Перед нами круг проблем, которые до сих пор волнуют специалистов по художественно­му переводу. Автором статьи также представлен сравнительно-сопоставительный анализ стихотворения А. Пушкина в оригинале и в переводческой интерпретации Н.Г. Джусойты. Сличение текстов на смысловом уровне показало стремление Джусойты найти художественные средства, которые помогают раскрыть основной образ. Но не везде раскрыт двуплановый смысл, запечатленный в лексических единицах исходного языка. The problems of the theory and practice of literary translation as a phenomenon of intercultural communication are still actualized in modern philological science. The research field in this area of scientific knowledge is expanding for translators and those interested in the problems of the dialogue of cultures. The choice of the research topic was also conditioned by the 95th anniversary of the famous Ossetian poet, playwright, literary critic Nafi Grigorievich Jusoyty, celebrated this year. The article examines the contribution of the people’s writer of Ossetia to the theoretical understanding of the problems of literary translation; for the first time one of the most difficult poems for translation by A.S. Pushkin’s «Prophet» in the interpretation of N. Jusoyty is reviewed. In particular, the author in the article presents an analysis of the discussion papers published by Jusoyty on the pages of central literary journals on the most pressing problems of translation studies. In them, Jusoyty focuses on the issues of closeness to the original, improving the quality of interlinear translations, innovation and modernization of classical works; determines the importance of translation reading in the process of comprehending the original; determines the specifics of poetic translation; opposes embellishment in translation, the demonstration of weak originals and imperfect translations at the all-Union level. In general, Jusoyty, arguing with well-known theorists, offers his own concept of translation, starting from the choice of a work and up to the final result – a text in another language. We are faced with a range of problems that still concern specialists in literary translation. The author of the article also presents a comparative analysis of A. Pushkin’s poem in the original and in t/he translation interpretation of N.G. Jusoyty. Comparison of the texts at the semantic level showed Jusoyty’s desire to find close artistic means that help to reveal the main image. But not everywhere is disclosed the two-dimensional meaning embodied in the lexical units of the source language.

scholarly journals PROCEDURES IN STRUCTURING VERBAL SENTENCES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING MALAY-ARABIC TRANSLATION COURSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 1538-1544
Author(s):  
Taj Rijal Muhamad Romli, Ariza Abdullah, Mohd Hilmi Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Message Delivery ◽  
Arabic Translation ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Fourth Step ◽  
Main Basis ◽  
Intensive Reading

This paper discusses the procedures used in teaching and learning Malay-Arabic translation courses for students of Bachelor of Arabic Studies with Education.This procedure is designed to facilitate the problem of students in structuring Arabic sentences based on the correct method of translation. Referring to the natural translation theory by Nida and Taber that prioritizes message delivery despite changes to the original text. This method was introduced as an alternative to students to construct Arabic sentences when translating according to the procedure that has been designed systematically for teaching and learning (T&L). This procedure is divided into five steps. The first step is understanding the text through intensive reading. Next, in the second step is finding the meaning of difficult phrases by using dictionary and discussion. The third step, which  is the main basis of the procedure is breaking the paragraphs of text into short sentences based on verb phrases. The fourth step is categorizing each sentence into the Arabic syntax structure for verb phrases. The fifth step is compiling and building a draft sentence which is translated directly through the translation text based on the steps above. The outcome of using this procedure increases the quality of Malay-Arabic translation and making it more understandable as students apply the structure of a correct Arabic sentence. This procedure will be used as an alternative for students in practising scientific translation in accordance with translation procedures.

scholarly journals A MOOC on Approaches to Machine Translation

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Ruiz Costa-jussà ◽  
Lluis Formiga ◽  
Oriol Torrillas ◽  
Jordi Petit ◽  
José Adrián Rodríguez Fonollosa
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
European Universities ◽  
Video Lectures ◽  
Translation Rule ◽  
On Line

<p>This paper describes the design, development and analysis of a MOOC entitled “Approaches to Machine Translation: rule-based, statistical and hybrid” providing lessons learnt on conclusions to be take into account in the future. The course was developed within a Canvas platform, used by recognized European universities. The course contains video-lectures, quizzes and laboratory assignments. Evaluation is done across on-line quizzes, programming assignments (PAs) evaluated by means of a specific code evaluation and peer-to-peer strategies. This MOOC allows to introduce people from various areas to the Machine Translation theory and practice. It also allows to internationally publisize different tools developed at the Universitat Polit`ecnica de Catalunya.</p>

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL WORDS IN CHINESE TO KAZAKH LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 629-634
Author(s):  
A. Koybakova ◽  
◽  
R. Dossymbekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Open Door ◽  
Chinese Translation ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Problems Of Translation ◽  
The Relationship

This article deals with the issues of Chinese translation, including difficulties in translating words related to Chinese culture into the Kazakh language, methods of translating them, as well as the relationship between language and culture. Cultural words are compared with lexical, stylistic, logical, grammatical aspects and their features and similarities in Kazakh and Chinese are explored in detail. The article also focuses on translating colors and related names, which reflect the material and spiritual culture of each country.Since China's open door reforms, its connection with the outside world has been growing steadily. The Chinese language connection with different languages is growing and the translation industry is developing. Society demand for translators also increased. Translation has also become an integral part of teaching foreign languages to meet the development needs of society. That is why the study of the problem of translating words in each branch of Chinese language is one of the most relevant topics today. Including, recognizing the nature of cultural expressions and their systematic study and translation into our native language will make an important contribution to translation theory and practice.

scholarly journals Development of the prospective specialists’ professional responsibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Liliia Mykolaivna Potapiuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Professional Responsibility ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Professional Requirements ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Further Development

Increasing the level of the prospective specialists' professional responsibility is an important aspect of preparing young people for life and work in a highly-competitive and dynamic society. Professional training of the competitive professionals is inextricably interwoven with the development of their abilities, worldview, cognitive independence, moral and ethical culture, national consciousness, ability to perform tasks at a high professional level, solve life and personal problems. With reference to the scientific sources, the article describes varied approaches to the definition of the concept of responsibility. In the focus of the study are the most essential issues of the notion of future specialist's professional responsibility. The author argues that professional responsibility reflects the objectively necessary relationships in a team, which are characterized by a conscious need to fulfill professional requirements, moral and professional duties, social norms, to be responsible for the professional actions as to the colleagues, team, and society. The article highlights the most important areas of vocational education improvement, focusing on the most favorable conditions for the professional responsibility formation, describes the set of factors, requirements, and influences aimed at facilitating the process. Pedagogical conditions involve the factors and professional interests, which contribute to the future specialist's self-sufficiency and self-criticism development, provide for the disclosure of the personality potential, influence the formation of professionally significant qualities of future specialists, improve the quality of their training and inspire the specialist for further development, transformation, and integration into the European and world community. The study has revealed that the mechanisms of professional responsibility formation work more efficiently owing to the implementation of properly selected pedagogical approaches in the process of training. The main components that determine the level of professional responsibility are identified. The key findings of the study argue that the quality of the formation process of the professional responsibility of the prospective specialist depends greatly on the gradual and manageable training, filling the training content with integrative combination of personal, pedagogical and professional components, development of the organizational principles based on the combination of theory and practice, involving students in various types of activity.

scholarly journals Productivity of word-forming models as a phenomenon of mobility of English language space

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Сафият Крымовна Кубашичева ◽  
Асият Асланбечевна Хатхе
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Forming Analysis ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Systematic Knowledge

Рассматриваются актуальные структурные модели словообразования и экстралингвистические факторы развития лексической системы английского языка. Использование структурно-семантического анализа позволяет выделить группу новых терминов экономической и финансовой сферы; посредством лингвистического анализа определяются неологизмы, образованные продуктивными способами словосложения. Словообразовательный анализ демонстрирует прагматический аспект новообразований, которые содержат дополнительные стилистические коннотации. Полученные данные способствуют достижению более высокого уровня ментальной адекватности перевода специальных текстов и актуализируют дальнейшие разработки переводческих концепций. Теоретическая значимость и практическая ценность работы заключается в осмыслении общетеоретических представлений и дефиниций, систематизации знаний о структурно-семантических особенностях новой терминологической лексики, а также в возможности использовать результаты исследования английского словообразовательного потенциала на курсах лекций по лексикологии, теории и практике перевода. This work explores current structural models of word formation and extralinguistic factors of the development of the Lexical System of the English language. The use of structural and semantic analysis makes it possible to identify a group of new economic and financial terms; through linguistic analysis, neologisms formed by productive ways of making words are defined. Word-forming analysis demonstrates the pragmatic aspect of neologisms that contain additional stylistic connotations. The findings contribute to a higher level of mental adequacy of translation of special texts and update further development of translation concepts. The theoretical significance and practical value of the work lies in the comprehension of general theoretical ideas and definitions, the systematic knowledge of the structural and semantic features of the new terminological vocabulary, as well as the ability to use the results of the study of English word-forming potential in courses in lexicology, theory and practice of translation.

scholarly journals Freedom and culture in Maphalla’s translation of Kipling’s ‘If’ into Sesotho

Literator ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Seema
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Cultural Contact ◽  
Good Leader ◽  
Selection Of

A translation is generally regarded as a transportation of the message from one text into another such that, in prototypical cases, the content of the original or source text is preserved in the target text. Any translation reflects language and cultural contact. It is the effect of a mapping of one language onto another and of one culture onto another. In both cases, it involves a selection of counterparts. Traditionally, translation is thought of as establishing equivalence between the original text and the translated one. This article explores the notion of equivalence and the closely linked but conflicting principles of fidelity and freedom in translation theory and practice. The issues involved in practical translation stem from a critical selective combination of freedom or fidelity on the part of the translator. Manipulation of either may lead to certain problems. Kipling’s poem ‘If’ is a didactic poem meant to give encouragement. It serves as a motivation as manifest in several traits of a good leader. Maphalla took the initiative to translate Kipling’s poem ‘If’ into Sesotho. This article addresses the idea that the translator’s task is not only to convey Kipling’s ideas but also to render his style in such a way as to make the translation road smooth to a native speaker of the target language, which in this case is Sesotho. This article also advocates greater freedom for the translator, based on Derridean theory that offers the translator more freedom.

scholarly journals Modern Thesis Research of Linguoculturological Factors in the Theory and Practice of Translation: Approaches, Gaps, Prospects

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
N. V. Timko
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Cultural Component ◽  
Problems Of Translation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Oriented Research

The thesis research carried out over the past 11 years in line with the culturally oriented concept of translation is considered. The main views on the problems of translation presented in more than 200 thesis in the specialty 10.02.20 for 2009—2020 are summarized. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt is made to review thesis research on translation topics, considering the “cultural component” as an anticommunicative factor that requires neutralization during translation. The relevance of studying this issue is due to the need to systematize diverse and sometimes contradictory studies in the field of translation, as well as to identify scientific gaps in the translation paradigm that need to be filled. In the process of work, the methods of generalization and interpretation of the results revealed the main approaches to the study of key concepts of translation studies: comparative-transformational and communicative-functional. The key concepts relevant for the study of the factor “culture” in translation were “linguo-ethnic barrier”, “without / equivalence”, “non / translatability”, “strategies for linguocultural adaptation of the text”. Particular attention is paid to identifying problem areas of the science of translation that require further development, which will expand the understanding of the state of modern translation, culturally oriented research, as well as contribute to the general theory of translation. 

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