scholarly journals Garbage collectors, far from health: A study of dermatitis in Middle Java, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Grefima Pramudani ◽  
Ipop Sjarifah ◽  
Yusuf Ari Mashuri
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Garbage Collector ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Household garbage collectors are one of the groups who are at risk of getting dermatitis due to their work. This study aims to determine the relationship between the length of service and the use of long-sleeved work clothes and gloves with dermatitis on the household garbage collector in Surakarta. This was an observational analytic study using a cross-sectional study. The subjects of the study were household garbage collector in Jebres sub-district, Surakarta. A total of 134 respondents was recruited as samples using simple random sampling. A questionnaire sheet was used to collect individual data and dermatitis status was determined by the doctor’s diagnosis. A Chi-square test was used to investigate the relationship between the length of service and the use of long-sleeved work clothes and gloves with dermatitis. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with dermatitis. There was a significant relationship between the length of service with dermatitis p=0.000 (p<0.05). There was also a significant relationship between long-sleeve work clothes and gloves with dermatitis p=0.003 (p<0.05). The multivariable test showed that workers with a long length of service had a higher risk of having dermatitis compared to a short length of service (OR=6,701, p=0.000). It was also showed that more frequent use of long-sleeved work clothes intensity reduces the risk of getting dermatitis compared to sometimes use (OR=0.341, p=0.017). There is a significant association between the length of work and the use of long-sleeved work clothes and gloves with dermatitis on household garbage collectors in Surakarta.

scholarly journals Hubungan antara Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Sikap dengan Tindakan Pencegahan Penyakit Rabies pada Warga di Wilayah Puskesmas Kuta II

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Ni Kadek Ayu Septiani Sarjana ◽  
Arsita Eka Prasetyawati ◽  
Dyah Ratna Budiani
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
The Relationship

<p><strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong><em> </em><em>Rabies is a disease of animals (usually vertebrate) which is zoonotic (transmissible to humans). Rabies occurs in 24 out of the 34 provinces of Indonesia. Rabies is caused by a virus in the Family: Rhabdivoridae, Genus: Lyssavirus. Control the dog population and dog vaccination is effective and economical method to prevent the incidences of rabies in humans. This study aims to investigate the relationship between level of knowledge and attitude to the practice in prevention rabies infection in residents lived in area covered by Puskesmas Kuta II.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> </em><em>This study was a cross-sectional study and carried out by simple random sampling of 96 residents in the area of Puskesmas Kuta II. In this study, the independent variables are knowledge of and attitudes towards rabies disease while the dependent variable is the </em><em>practice </em><em>to prevent </em><em>rabies infection in human. Data were collected by a questionnaire-based interview. Analyses were then carried out using the chi-square (x<sup>2</sup>) followed by multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regressions.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> </em><em>This study showed that knowledge has a significant relationship with </em><em>practice</em><em> for rabies disease prevention (p = 0.013; OR 4.240; 95% CI 1.352 up to 13.296). Attitude has a significant positive relationship with the value of p</em><em>ractice </em><em>for rabies disease prevention (p = 0.015; OR 3.073; 95% CI 1.233 up to 7.627). The combined effect of knowledge and attitudes to pr</em><em>actice </em><em>for rabies prevention were approximately 20.90% (Negerkerke R square = 0.209).</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions:</em></strong><em> </em><em>There was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes with the </em><em>practice </em><em>for rabies disease prevention in residents in the area of Puskesmas Kuta II, the higher level of knowledge and improved attitudes will improve </em><em>practice for</em><em> rabies disease prevention amongst residents in the area of Puskesmas Kuta II.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Key words</em></strong><em>: </em><em>Rabies;  Rabies;  Preventio; Knowledge; Attitude;  Practice</em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Obesity and Smoking to Hypertension Incidence

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Tifani Lasianjayani ◽  
Santi Martini
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTHypertension is a disease that causes morbidity and mortality about 20–50% of all deaths. In the worldwide, about 927 people suffer hypertension and that number will be increase to 29,2 in 2025. Obesity and smoking are one of risk factors to hypertension incidence. The purpose of this research was to analayze the relationship between obesity and smoking to hypertension incidence. The cross sectional design is used in this research and involved 75 samples who ware selected from cardiology’s patients at Haji Hospital Surabaya by simple random sampling on May 2014. The variables are sex, obesity, and smoking behavior. In the smoking behavior data, the history of smoking, filters used, smoking periode, total cigarette, and types of cigarette are used. In this research, crosstabulation with Chi Square test is used on data analysis. There are 45 people (60%) had hypertension and 64,4% from sample with hypertension was women. The result of this research showed that there was a significant relationship between obesity and hypertension (p = 0,014) with coeffisient contingension about 0,299. Otherwise, there was no a significant relationship between history of smoking (p = 0,211), filters used (p = 0,378), smoking periode (p = 1,000), smoker criteria (p = 0,848), and types of cigarette (p = 0,673) to hypertension incidence. The conclution of this research was only obesity which had a relationship with hypertension incidence.Keywords: hypertension, sex, obesity, smoking behavior

scholarly journals Hubungan perilaku Keluarga Sadar Gizi (KADARZI) dan Perilaku Hidup Bersih Sehat (PHBS) pada tatanan rumah tangga dengan status gizi balita usia 24-59 bulan

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Hartono Hartono ◽  
Bagoes Widjanarko ◽  
Mexitalia Setiawati EM
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Family ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: The prevalence of malnutrition among toddler in Kotabaru district was still high at 20,86 %. The family implemented Kadarzi was 56,24 % while the family who implemented PHBS was 42,48 %, this prevalence was still low. Objective: The purpose was analyzed the relationship between Kadarzi and PHBS behavior of households with nutritional status of toddler of 24-59 months.  Methods: The design was cross sectional study conducted in Puskesmas Dirgahayu. Subjects were children aged 24-59 months who lived in Puskesmas Dirgahayu area, who coverese with inclusion and exclusion criteria twose, subjects are 90 respondens. Sampling technical by simple random sampling. Analysis tests used chi square test and logistic regression with 95% confidence level. Questionnaire was used as tools research, energy and protein intake was measured by recall method.Results: The results showed 27,8 % children was categorized as malnutrition status, 72,2 % family implemented Kadarzi and 70,0 % Kadarzi behave uncategorised healthy home. Analysis of the data showed no significant relationship between Kadarzi behavior with nutritional status (p=0,000, OR=31,13). There was a significant relationship between clean and healthy behavior with nutritional status (p=0,000, OR=22,56). Analysis of multiple logistic regression test obtained dominant factor associated with nutritional status is Kadarzi behavior (p=0,000, OR=0,08). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between Kadarzi and PHBS behavior of households with nutritional status of toddler 24-59 months.

scholarly journals Hubungan Tindakan Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk (PSN) dengan Keberadaan Jentik Vektor Chikungunya di Kampung Taratak Paneh Kota Padang

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutia Dwi Putri ◽  
Adrial Adrial ◽  
Lili Irawati
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Wire Gauze ◽  
The Relationship

AbstrakKampung Taratak Paneh merupakan daerah yang paling banyak terjadi kasus Chikungunya pada tahun 2012 (45 kasus). Penyebaran Chikungunya dipengaruhi faktor lingkungan dan tindakan Pemberantasan Sarang Nyamuk (PSN). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat hubungan PSN terhadap keberadaan larva vektor Chikungunya. Penelitian ini adalah analitik dengan desain cross sectional study. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kampung Taratak Paneh dengan jumlah subjek sebanyak 87 orang. Subjek diambil dengan metode proporsional simple random sampling.  Data disajikan dalam bentuk tabel distribusi dan dianalisis dengan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara tindakan PSN dengan keberadaan jentik (p=0,000). Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara menguras TPA untuk keperluan mandi (p=0,029) dan keperluan rumah tangga (p=0,038),  menutup TPA setiap kali digunakan (p=0,013),  mengubur barang bekas (p=0,034), menabur bubuk abate (p=0,001), dan membersihkan talang air (p=0,000)  terhadap keberadaan jentik vektor Chikungunya. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara tindakan memelihara ikan pemakan jentik (p=0,760), pencahayaan dan ventilasi yang cukup (p=0,053), menggantung pakaian di dalam kamar (p=0,068), memasang kawat kasa (p=0,274), membersihkan pot/vas bunga berisi air/tempat minum burung (p=0,915), menggunakan kelambu (p=0,619), menggunakan obat anti nyamuk (p=0,209) dan menutup lubang  pohon (p=0,123) terhadap keberadaan jentik vektor Chikungunya.Kata kunci: PSN, jentik, vektor chikungunya AbstractTaratak Paneh is the most common area of Chikungunya cases in 2012 (45 cases).The spreading of Chikungunya is influenced by environmental factor and practice of breading place eradication. The objective of this study was to discover the relationship between breading place eradication practice and the presence of larvae Chikungunya vektor.This was an analytic research with cross-sectional study design. The research was held in Taratak Paneh on 87 samples.The samples were taken by proportional simple random sampling methods. Data were presented in distribution table and analyzed statistically with chi-square test. This study showed that there was relationship between breading place eradication practice and the presence of larvae Chikungunya vektor (p= 0,000). There is relationship between draining landfill (p=0.029), covering landfill (p=0,013),  burying the junk (p=0,034), sowing abate powder (p=0.001), cleaning the gutter (p=0,000) to the presence of larvae Chikungunya vektor. There is no relationship between maintain a larva-eating fish (p=0,760), lighting and ventilation (p=0.053) , hang clothes in the room (p=0.068) , install wire gauze (p=0.274), clean the pot/birdbath (p=0.915), use of mosquito nets (p=0.619) , use of anti-mosquito drugs (p=0.209) and cover the holes of trees (p=0.123) to the presence of larvae Chikungunya vector.Keywords: breading place eradication practice, larvae, chikungunya vector

scholarly journals PENDAMPINGAN SUAMI TERHADAP KELANCARAN PROSES PERSALINAN DI BPM ARIFIN S SURABAYA

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmah Nur Lailia ◽  
Fauziyatun Nisa
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Labor Process ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Relationship

The continuity of laboring process can be seen from the length of delivery takes and do not undergo complications during childbirth. In fact, there are many women who have suffered due to an excessive fearness therefore they had labor disfluencies which can be hindering the delivery process of laboring. This study aims to determine the relationship between mentoring husband with the continuity of labor process in BPM Arifin S Surabaya.The design which is used is analytic cross-sectional study design. The population study is all women who is giving birth in the moment of January to May with 142 respondents. The sampling technique using simple random sampling, 61 respondents. The independent variable (mentoring husband) with the dependent variable (continuity laboring process). The collecting data using partograf. Data anlysis using Chi-Square α = 0.05.The results showed that 85.3%of respondents who accompanied by husband during laboring process, they will have precious continuity of laboring. The results of chi-square test with α = 0.05 is ρ = 0.000 obtained significant ρ < α Ho have been ignored, it means that there is a relation between accompanied husband and the continuity laboring process.The concusions of this study, there is a relation between accompanying by husband while laboring process and a fluency of laboring process. Unaccompanied by husband while labor process will increase the risk uncontinuity of laboring process. Hence, this is truly necessary for husband having counseling about the importance of accompanying mothers while laboring process.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Obesity and Smoking to Hypertension Incidence

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Tifani Lasianjayani ◽  
Santi Martini
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTHypertension is a disease that causes morbidity and mortality about 20–50% of all deaths. In the worldwide, about 927 people suffer hypertension and that number will be increase to 29,2 in 2025. Obesity and smoking are one of risk factors to hypertension incidence. The purpose of this research was to analayze the relationship between obesity and smoking to hypertension incidence. The cross sectional design is used in this research and involved 75 samples who ware selected from cardiology’s patients at Haji Hospital Surabaya by simple random sampling on May 2014. The variables are sex, obesity, and smoking behavior. In the smoking behavior data, the history of smoking, filters used, smoking periode, total cigarette, and types of cigarette are used. In this research, crosstabulation with Chi Square test is used on data analysis. There are 45 people (60%) had hypertension and 64,4% from sample with hypertension was women. The result of this research showed that there was a significant relationship between obesity and hypertension (p = 0,014) with coeffisient contingension about 0,299. Otherwise, there was no a significant relationship between history of smoking (p = 0,211), filters used (p = 0,378), smoking periode (p = 1,000), smoker criteria (p = 0,848), and types of cigarette (p = 0,673) to hypertension incidence. The conclution of this research was only obesity which had a relationship with hypertension incidence.Keywords: hypertension, sex, obesity, smoking behavior

IDENTIFIKASI SERTA HUBUNGAN KONSTRUKSI SUMUR GALI TERHADAP KANDUNGAN COLIFORM PADA AIR SUMUR GALI DI DUSUN JIKEN KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Dini Yuliansari
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Variable ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Dug Well ◽  
The Relationship

The well is one of the source water used for bathing, washing, and drinking by the citizens in Jiken Hamlet, Rarang Village, Terara Sub-District. Poor dug well construction conditions can affect the amount of coliform bacteria contained in the dug well water. The purpose of this study is to identify the construction of dug wells and the content of coliform bacteria in dug well water and determine the relationship between dug well construction and the content of coliform bacteria. This research is analytic with a cross sectional study design. The results were obtained from 11 samples of dug wells which were observed in construction and the coliform content was known that all samples did not requirements as good dug well construction. Coliform content test results showed that as many as 5 dug well water samples did not pass the clean water quality standards. The results of data analysis with the chi-square test variable construction of dug wells with coliform content variable  showed 0,172 > 0,05, then the concluded is the dug well not suitable to use by people in that area as a source of water for daily needs.

scholarly journals Setting – based prevalence and correlates of central obesity: findings from a cross-sectional study among formal sector employees in Dodoma City, Central Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam John Munyogwa ◽  
Kaloli Sayi Ntalima ◽  
Secilia Ng’weshemi Kapalata
Keyword(s):  
Central Obesity ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Background Obesity at the workplace has been associated with symptoms of lower self-esteem, increased individual and employer healthcare costs, increased absenteeism and presenteeism and reduced productivity. Therefore, this study was designed to study the prevalence and correlates of central obesity among formal sector employees in Dodoma City. Methods Study design was a cross-sectional survey conducted from March to June, 2019. Participants were employees from formal sector employment defined as those paid regular monthly wage and with either a secured permanent or temporary contract. Simple random sampling was used to select four out of fifteen large buildings hosting various establishments. Respondents were obtained conveniently and interviewed face to face. Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference greater than 102 cm for males and greater than 88 cm for females. Chi-square test was conducted to assess the differences among the groups. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were fitted to identify the correlates of central obesity. Results A total of 392 respondents (98% response rate) agreed and participated in the study. The overall prevalence of central obesity was found to be 41.8% (164/392). The prevalence of central obesity was significantly higher among females (67.4% p < 0.001), respondents aged ≥51 years (60%, p = < 0.001), administrators (55.1% p = < 0.05), respondents with salary of > 1,000,000 Tanzanian Shilling (TSh.) per month (54.4%, p = < 0.05), respondents who eat homemade meals at the workplace (64.2%, p = < 0.05) and respondents with hypertension (62.5%, p = < 0.05). Correlates of central obesity were found to be female sex (AOR = 9.53; 95% CI: 5.49, 16.78), increased age, eating homemade meals at the workplace (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.04, 4.19) and hypertension (AOR = 3.15; 95% CI: 1.41, 6.91). Conclusions The present study revealed high prevalence of central obesity among formal sector employees in Dodoma City. Scholars and stakeholders are urged to generate more evidences and design appropriate interventions to curb the situation.

HUBUNGAN KEMAMPUAN ADAPTASI DAN TEMPAT TINGGAL DENGAN TINGKAT DEPRESI PADA MAHASISWA BARU

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Ajeng Febrianti Rahayu ◽  
Bagas Aidi ◽  
Meirna Mega Rizki ◽  
Ayik Mirayanti Mandagi
Keyword(s):  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
New Students ◽  
Depression Level ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTFirst year student are one of the groups that are prone to depression. This is because the first year student is in a transition period or in a new condition that initially senior high school student becomes a college student. In addition, busy schedules, new learning environments and homesickness can trigger depression in college students. This study used a cross sectional study design. Respondents in this study were new students of the Study Program Outside the Main Campus (PSDKU) of Airlangga University in Banyuwangi, class 2019 with a total of 110 students. Depression levels were obtained from the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) questionnaire. Meanwhile, the adaptability was obtained from the Communicative Adaptability Scale (CAS) questionnaire and the place of residence was obtained from questions about where to live during college. A total of 53 out of 110 students (49,1%) experienced low depression and students who experienced high depression were 57 out of 110 students (50,9%). The results of the chi square test regarding the relationship between residence and the level of depression of new students, obtained data p= 0.008 (p <0.05). Chi-square test results regarding the relationship between adaptation ability and depression level of new students, obtained data p = 0.001 (p <0.05). There is a relationship between residence and adaptability with the degree of depression of new students. Higher education institutions are expected to pay more attention to the psychological conditions of students and new students are expected to maintain good coping management in facing the new environment.Keywords: depression level, adaptability, place to live, new students ABSTRAKMahasiswa baru adalah salah satu kelompok yang rentan mengalami depresi. Hal ini dikarenakan mahasiswa baru berada pada masa transisi atau suatu kondisi baru yang awalnya siswa SMA menjadi mahasiswa. Selain itu, jadwal yang padat, lingkungan belajar yang baru dan homesickness dapat memicu depresi pada mahasiswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian crosssectional. Responden pada penelitian ini yaitu mahasiswa baru Program Studi Diluar Kampus Utama (PSDKU) Universitas Airlangga di Banyuwangi angkatan 2019 dengan jumlah 110 mahasiswa. Tingkat Depresi didapatkan dari kuisioner Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Sedangkan kemampuan adaptasi didapatkan dari kuisioner Communicative Adaptability Scale (CAS) dan tempat tinggal didapatkan dari pertanyaan mengenai tempat tinggal selama kuliah. Sebanyak 49,1% (53 dari 110 mahasiswa) mengalami depresi ringan dan mahasiswa yang mengalami depresi berat sebanyak 50,9 (57 dari 110 mahasiswa). Hasil uji chisquare mengenai hubungan tempat tinggal dengan tingkat depresi mahasiswa baru, diperoleh data p=0,008 (p<0,05). Hasil uji chisquare mengenai hubungan kemampuan adaptasi dengan tingkat depresi mahasiswa baru, diperoleh data p=0,001(p<0,05). Terdapat hubungan antara tempat tinggal dan kemampuan adaptasi dengan tingkat depresi mahasiswa baru. Institusi perguruan tinggi diharapkan lebih memperhatikan kondisi psikologis mahasiswa dan mahasiswa baru diharapkan tetap mempertahankan manajemen koping yang baik dalam menghadapi lingkungan baru.Kata Kunci: tingkat depresi, kemampuan adaptasi, tempat tinggal, mahasiswa baru

scholarly journals Kondisi Kebersihan Lingkungan Berhubungan dengan Risiko Penularan Kasus Leptospirosis di Area Pasar Tradisional

2020 ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Dyah Widiastuti ◽  
Dwi Priyanto
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Gathering Place ◽  
The Relationship

Leptospirosis is associated with occupations which exposed workers to contaminated environments. The risk of leptospirosis exposure in the market as a gathering place for many people needs to be assessed, to obtain the basis for decision making to anticipate leptospirosis transmission. This study aimed to determine the relationship between market environmental conditions including market sanitation conditions, the level of rat density and the presence of leptospira-positive rats  toward the history of leptospirosis exposure among market workers (traders and janitors). A cross sectional study conducted in 35 markets in Banjarnegara and 175 market workers randomly selected. Blood samples analysed using ELISA against 40 Kda pathogenic Leptospira protein. Rat trapping  conducted in each market for two days with 100 traps. The caught mice examined with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of Leptospira bacteria in their kidneys. Leptospirosis exposure was spread in 17 markets in Banjarnegara. The PCR examination showed that the pathogenic Leptospira infected rats were spread in four markets in Banjarnegara. Chi square test showed that the hygene condition in market area was significantly associated with the leptospirosis exposure. Markets workers (traders and janitors) were at risk for leptospirosis proved by high seroprevalence of leptospirosis in this study.

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