Percepção dos estudantes de medicina sobre medicina de família e comunidade

Avaliar a influência de uma matriz curricular na percepção dos discentes de medicina sobre medicina de família e comunidade e na escolha por essa especialidade. Estudo qualitativo-quantitativo de cunho exploratório e transversal, efetuado por meio de questionário semiestruturado com acadêmicos do primeiro e do décimo-segundo semestres de medicina de um centro universitário brasileiro. Foram realizadas as análises descritivas e não paramétricas, com um nível de significância de 5%. Egressos conheciam bem a especialidade medicina de família e comunidade, ao contrário dos que estavam iniciando o curso. Dentre os fatores curriculares estudados, apenas o contato com um profissional modelo médico de família e comunidade foi estatisticamente significante para a escolha pela carreira (p-valor de 0,02). Este estudo sugere que o contato com médicos de família e comunidade e a inserção precoce e contínua na atenção básica durante a graduação contribuem para o interesse por essa especialidade.Descritores: Educação Médica, Medicina de Família e Comunidade, Currículo. Medical students’ perceptions on family medicineAbstract: To evaluate the influence of a medical program in medical students’ perceptions towards family medicine and in choosing a career in this field. A cross-sectional exploratory and qualitative-quantitative survey accomplished by the application of a semi-structured questionnaire. This research encompasses first and twelfth semesters medical students from a Brazilian university center. We performed a descriptive and a non-parametric analysis, with a significance level of 5%. Family Medicine was not well known by medical students who were beginning their graduation and very well known by those finishing medical school. Among the curriculum aspects studied, only the contact with a family medicine physician role model was statistically significant to affect the graduates’ career choice in family medicine (p-value 0.02). This study suggests that the contact with family physicians and the early and continued insertion in primary care during graduation contribute to a greater interest in this specialty.Descriptors: Medical Education, Family Practice, Curriculum. Percepción de los estudiantes de medicina sobre medicina de família y comunidadResumen: Evaluar la influencia de una matriz curricular en la percepción de los estudiantes de medicina con foco en la medicina de família y comunidade. Estudio cualitativo-cuantitativo de cuño exploratório trabajando la transversalidad, efectuado por medio de cuestionários semi estructurado aplicado a academicos de medicina de una institución universitária brasileña. Fueron realizadas los análisis descriptivas y no paramétricas, con un nível de significancia de un 5%. Egresos conocian bien la especialidad, En oposición a los que estaban iniciando el curso. Entre los factores curriculares estudiados, fué registrado como importante el contacto con un profisional modelo médico de família y comunidad que resultó estadísticamente significante para la elección de esta carrera (p-valor 0,02). Este Estudio sugiere que el contacto con médicos de família y comunidade, la inserción precoz y contínua em los servicios de atención básica durante la graduação contribuyen para despertar el interés por esa especialidad.Descriptores: Educación Médica, Medicina de Família y Comunidad, Currículum.

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Pattern and determinants of obesity among undergraduate medical students of Delhi

International Journal of Scientific Reports ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20205497 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 56

Author(s):

Yachna Setu ◽

Anika Sulania ◽

Ravi Prakash Jha ◽

Shelesh Kumar Goel

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Role Model ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

World Health ◽

P Value ◽

Undergraduate Medical Students ◽

Height Measurement ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity

Background: Obesity is one of the most serious public health challenge of 21st century. Overweight and obese children are more likely to develop non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in their adolescent age group. For the last few years prevalence of obesity among adolescent has risen dramatically. According to few recent studies, prevalence of obesity is high among medical students. Aims and objectives of the research was to study the prevalence of obesity among undergraduate medical students and to assess the determinants of obesity.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 undergraduate medical students in a medical college of Delhi. A pre-designed, pretested and semi-structured interview schedule was used. And for anthropometric measurements, digital weighing scale for weight measurement, stadiometer for height measurement and non-stretchable inch tape for waist-circumference/hip-circumference (WC/HC) measurement. Results: A total of 200 medical students were surveyed for a period of 6 months. It was observed that according to World Health Organization (WHO) Asian – pacific classification of body mass index (BMI), 21% (42/200) were overweight and 29% (58/200) were obese. Among the study participants, socio demographic variables which were found to be associated with increased BMI were mother’s education (p value=0.02), father’s education (p value=0.01) and type of the area (p value=0.03). Occupation of mothers and father was not found to be significantly associated with the BMI.Conclusions: Medical students are our future doctors and role model for the community, so it is very important to modify the dietary and lifestyle factors in order to decrease the prevalence of overweight and obesity among medical students.

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Investigating Different Dimensions of Nomophobia among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 573-578 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mohammad Darvishi ◽

Majid Noori ◽

Mohammad Reza Nazer ◽

Soheil Sheikholeslami ◽

Ebrahim Karimi

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Mobile Phone ◽

Mobile Phones ◽

Cell Phone ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level

BACKGROUND: Today, mobile phones are recognised as an inseparable part of our daily lives, facilitating communication between users. Based on the studies, addiction to cell phones can lead to several complications including depression, anxiety, anger, and aggression. AIM: This study aimed to investigate nomophobia (no mobile phone phobia) among medical students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 students studying in different majors of medical sciences in Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch, from 2016 to 2017. Demographic data of all participants were recorded in a data sheet. In the next stage, a questionnaire was designed by the researcher to evaluate the effect of age, gender, education, and the duration of using cell phone variables on discomfort, anxiety, and insecurity due to lack of access to cell phone or other related issues. Raw data were analysed using SPSS statistical software version 21. The significance level was considered P < 0.05. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that participants with lower mean age felt more discomfort, anger, anxiety, and insecurity due to lack of access to mobile phones and other related issues compared to other people. However, no variable was statistically significant (P-value > 0.05). Except anxiety, results showed that longer duration of mobile phone use might lead to a significant decrease in discomfort, anger, and insensibility variables among users (P-value > 0.05). The incidence of nomophobia (with its different aspects) was significantly lower in females (P-value > 0.05). Also, in participants with higher educational status, the nomophobia was recorded to be more frequent (P-Value > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Understanding the pattern of nomophobia occurrence among cell phone users can facilitate our path to prevent its harms including discomfort, anger, anxiety, and feeling of insecurity among users of technology.

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REASONS FOR CHOOSING SPECIALTY AFTER GRADUATION AMONG STUDENTS OF A PRIVATE MEDICAL COLLEGE IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan Journal of Public Health ◽

10.32413/pjph.v7i2.41 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 90-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Imran Shaikh ◽

Khola Noreen ◽

Nadia Khalid ◽

Riasat Ali Nehra ◽

Kauser Aftab Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Medicine ◽

Medical Students ◽

Family Medicine ◽

General Surgery ◽

Role Model ◽

Ethical Review ◽

Undergraduate Medical Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

First Choice

Background: Diverse factors influence the career choice of undergraduate medical students. This study was carried out to identify career preferences and factors influencing their selection among undergraduate medical students Methods: The descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among under graduate students. Final MBBS medical students (84) were interviewed. They were interviewed for career preference after finishing medical school and then for reasons of choosing a specific specialty. All information gathered was on voluntary basis. Anonymity and confidentiality was maintained. The study was approved by the college ethical review committee Results: Out of total 84 students 61 (72.6%, males & females) decided about the specialty in final year while 23 (27.4%, males & females) were undecided in choosing their specialty. Among those who have decided in males (n=13) Internal Medicine was the first choice with 68.4% (n=13), general surgery 63% (n=12) followed by Pediatrics 31.6% (n=7). Among females n=31, internal medicine was the first choice with 59% (n=31), Pediatrics 38% (n=16) followed by Family Medicine 38% (n=16) and General Surgery 35% (n=15). Regarding factors influencing choice of specialty personal interest is the top factor in males & females with 72%(n=44), content of specialty 16% (n=10), role model and close interaction with patients15% (n=9), financial reward ranks fourth13% (n=8) and intellectual challenge & desire practice setting 11.5% (n=7). Among undecided for specialty (males & females) n=23, most of the students are of the opinion that insufficient information is the top most reason (56%) n=13, followed by lack of guidance (43%) n =10, lack of role model (39%) n=9 is the third leading factor for being undecided. Conclusion: The trend of preferring Clinical over Basic Sciences is evident in the study. Interestingly Family medicine was also a preferred specialty among females. In improving the health outcomes Pakistan needs Family physicians trained to provide low cost services at community level.

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Competency differences in ECG interpretations between medical students, interns, and family residents

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.0376 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

H Alanazi ◽

A Ahmed ◽

M Alsadi ◽

S Almousa ◽

E Homoud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Family Medicine ◽

Care Facility ◽

Health Care Facility ◽

P Value ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Multiple Choice Questions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical Interns ◽

Family Medicine Residents

Abstract Background The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is an indispensable screening and diagnostic tool used to identify cardiovascular abnormalities as well as fatal cardiac emergencies. Our aim was to identify whether a competency difference in interpreting ECG strips between medical students, interns, and family residents exists. Methods A cross-sectional, single-center study conducted at tertiary health care facility and its academic institution. Participants were given a self-administered questionnaire which consisted of a demographic sheet and 10-ECGs each with 9 multiple choice questions about the basic ECG parameters. Correct answer was given a 1-point score, with the minimum and maximum scores being 0 and 90, respectively. Results The total participants were 93; 54 (58.1%) medical students, 27 (29.0%) interns, and 12 (12.9%) family Medicine residents. Medical students had a statistically significant higher mean score 84.7±9.5 when compared to the medical interns 73.4±12.9 (p<0.001) and family medicine residents 58.2±18.0 (p<0.001). There were no differences in the mean scores between male and female medical students and interns. However, female family medicine residents had a higher mean score when compared to their male colleagues (p-value=0.04). Medical students performed better in detection of more than 65% of all ECG parameters when compared to the interns and residents. Fifty-seven (61.3%) reported that ECGs exposure during their medical program was not sufficient. Lectures were reported as the most effective modality of ECG teaching among 38 medical students (70.4%) and 9 residents (75.0%). However, 9 medical interns reported self-teaching (33.3%) as effective as standard lectures (33.3%) in teaching ECG. Conclusion Among our study cohort, medical students had higher ECGs-related skills, interpretation skill and more reading competency than medical interns and family residents. Most used method of learning ECG in all levels was lectures. Although Study generalizability is limited, refining ECG reading skills is required. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

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A cross-sectional study exploring attitudes of first year medical students towards psychiatry and factors they identified that would help stimulate their interest

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2021.412 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (S1) ◽

pp. S146-S146

Author(s):

Isabel Mark ◽

Victoria Fernandez Garcia De Las Heras

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Communication Skills ◽

Role Model ◽

P Value ◽

First Year ◽

Free Text ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Awareness Campaigns ◽

First Year Medical Students

AimsPsychiatry has had long standing recruitment difficulties. Many efforts have been made to explore strategies that encourage interest in the specialty, with early university experience being an important factor in ultimate career choice. The Royal College of Psychiatrists ‘Choose Psychiatry’ guidance for medical schools outlines four key areas of focus: teaching excellence, placement quality, leadership and enrichment activities, with other research reporting similar conclusions. The aim of this study was to assess attitudes towards psychiatry amongst first year medical students, examine what input they would welcome from psychiatrists at this stage of their career and consider if their wishes are in keeping with the ‘Choose Psychiatry’ guidance.MethodAll first-year medical students at St George's University of London were approached in October 2019 and offered the opportunity for early psychiatry exposure. 60 students were recruited. Data were collected in November 2019 via an online questionnaire comprising of baseline demographics, the 30-item Attitudes Towards Psychiatry questionnaire (ATP-30) and a free-text question asking what students would like from psychiatry at this stage of their education. Quantitative data were analysed using Excel, whilst qualitative data were analysed thematically.ResultThe mean ATP-30 score was 113.83 (SD 12.57, range 70-135). Gender, ethnicity and religious background were not associated with a change in ATP score. Undergraduates’ attitudes were more positive than those of postgraduates (independent t-test revealed a p-value of 0.087). Seven themes were identified outlining what students wanted from psychiatry, the most prominent being: (a) learning about the lifestyle of a psychiatrist and finding a role model, (b) exploring the patient perspective, (c) exploring the interaction between psychiatry and specialities and (d) having an opportunity to develop communication skills.ConclusionThe findings demonstrate higher ATP-30 results than previous literature has reported, potentially due to mental health awareness campaigns in recent years. As undergraduates were found to have a higher mean score, targeting them for additional psychiatry contact may be beneficial. Themes identified by students in this study support ‘Choose Psychiatry’ guidance, whilst also highlighting the potential for combining some psychiatry with other specialties in the curriculum. Integration with communication skills teaching might help engage those not initially psychiatry-inclined. Further study will be required to establish whether implementing the suggested strategies can lead to improvement in student ATP-30 scores and ultimately increased recruitment rates.

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Maternal Knowledge Factor, Maternal Age and Maternal Parity Associated with Genesis of Normal Delivery at Palembang Hospital of Bari Year 2017

SRIWIJAYA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE ◽

10.32539/sjm.v1i1.7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 43-50

Author(s):

Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih

Keyword(s):

Maternal Age ◽

World Health ◽

Survey Method ◽

P Value ◽

Maternal Knowledge ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Normal Delivery ◽

Significance Level ◽

Birth Canal ◽

Maternal Parity

Childbirthis a processLabor of opening and depleting the cervix and the fetus down into the birth canal. Birth is a process in which the fetus and amniotic are pushed out through the birth canal. (Sarwono, 2008). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates more than 585,000 mothers annually die during pregnancy or childbirth. Indonesia Health Demographic Survey (SDKI) Survey in 2012, Maternal Mortality Rate in Indonesia is still high at 359 per 100,000 live births. The purpose of this study is the knowledge of maternal knowledge, maternal age, and maternal parity associated with normal birth events at Palembang Bari Hospital 2017. This study used analytical survey method with cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all maternal mothers at the Palembang Bari Hospital in 2017. Sampling in the study was conducted non-randomly with the technique of "Accidental Sampling". Data analysis was done univariat and bivariate with Chi-Square statistical test with significance level α = 0,05. The result of this research shows that there is correlation between mother's knowledge with normal delivery incidence with p value 0,001, there is correlation between mother age with normal delivery incidence with p value 0,009, there is relation between mother parity with normal delivery incidence with p value 0,001. From result of this research hopes healthcare workers can improve normal delivery care services and more often to carry out maternal safety counseling.

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Burden of Care Among Mothers Having Children with Congenital Heart Diseases

Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society ◽

10.3126/jnps.v40i2.26885 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 72-77

Author(s):

Nita Sharma ◽

Pratima Sharma ◽

Tulashi Adhikari Mishra

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Congenital Heart ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Health Condition ◽

P Value ◽

Burden Of Care ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level

Introduction: Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is a problem with structure and function of the heart that is present at birth. Children with CHD require special care, treatment and follow up for a number of common conditions which may be quite straining to the care givers. The objective of the study was to find out the burden of care among mothers having children with CHD. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a cardiac centre of Nepal. A total of 95 mothers having children with CHD attending outpatient department of our institute were selected as the sample for the study using non-probability purposive sampling technique. A semi structured interview questionnaire consisting of the Modified Caregiver Strain Index was used to assess the burden of care among mothers having children with CHD. Frequency and percent were used to describe the variables and chi- square test at 0.05 significance level was used to analyse associations. Results: Most (77.9%) of the mothers were regularly strained to find that their children’s health condition was deteriorating due to CHD. Nearly half (44.2%) of the mothers always had financial constrain while giving care to the child, nearly half (40%) of the mothers had done emotional adjustments to take care of their children with CHD, another two-fifths (28.4%) of the mothers sometimes had disturbed sleep and almost half (46.3%) of the mothers were always upset due to some behaviour of their child with CHD. Half (50.5%) of the mothers had high level of burden of care. Statistically significant association were found between age of the mother and level of burden of care (p value = 0.05). Similarly, the type of family (p value = 0.005), age of the children (p value = 0.000) and type of CHD (p value = 0.002) were significantly associated with the level of burden of care among the mothers. Conclusion: The study concluded that mothers tend to feel less burden of care as the child grows older, mothers having children with cyanotic heart disease tend to experience more burden of care. Mothers of less than thirty years of age and living in a joint family also experience more burden of care.

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HUBUNGAN ANTARA UMUR IBU DAN JARAK KEHAMILAN DENGAN KEJADIAN PERDARAHAN POSTPARTUM DI RUANG KEBIDANAN RSUD KOTA PRABUMULIH TAHUN 2016

Jurnal Kebidanan : Jurnal Medical Science Ilmu Kesehatan Akademi Kebidanan Budi Mulia Palembang ◽

10.35325/kebidanan.v7i2.115 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Desti Widya Astuti Desti Widya Astuti

Keyword(s):

General Hospital ◽

Post Partum ◽

District General Hospital ◽

Study Data ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Post Partum Bleeding

ABSTRAK Berdasarkan data di RSUD Kota Prabumulih bahwa terdapat peningkatan jumlah kejadian perdarahan post partum, tahun 2014 sebanyak 178 orang, tahun 2015 sebanyak 246 orang dan tahun 2016 sebanyak 151 orang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan umur ibu dan jarak kehamilan terhadap kejadian perdarahan post partum di RSUD Kota Prabumulih Tahun 2016. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasi yang digunakan adalah semua ibu bersalin di RSUD Kota Prabumulih, sebanyak 1.296 ibu bersalin dan 306 sampel. Pengambilan sampel dengan mengunakan random sampling, analisa data menggunakan analisa univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan uji statistik chi-square dengan derajat kemaknaan 0,05. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa dari 288 ibu bersalin terdapat 151 yang mengalami perdarahan post partum sebagian besar adalah ibu dengan umur resiko tinggi sebanyak 43 orang (40,9%) dan ibu dengan jarak kehamilan resiko tinggi sebanyak 21 orang (17,3%). Hasil uju chi-square umur didapatkan p.value 0,000 < α 0,05 dan uji chi-square untuk jarak kehamilan didapatkan p.value 0,000 < α 0,05. Maka ada hubungan umur ibu dan jarak kehamilan terhadap kejadian perdarahan post partum di RSUD Kota Prabumulih Tahun 2016. ABSTRACK Based on the data at District General Hospital (RSUD) Prabumulih, there was increasing of post-partum bleeding, in 2014, there were 178 people. In 2015, there were 246 people. And in 2016, there were 151 people. The purpose of the study was to know relationship between maternal mother and the distance and old post-partum bleedingat District General Hospital (RSUD) Prabumulih in 2013. The study was analytic researchwith cross sectional design. Population thas was used in the study was all maternal mother ar District General Hospital (RSUD) Prabumulih. It was about 1.296 maternal mother and from 306. Random sampilng was done in the study, data analyses used univariate and bivariate analyses by using chi-square statistic test with significance level 0,05. The study result showed that from 306 maternal mother, there were 151 mother who experienced old post-partum bleeding, the large of that was high maternal mother 43 people (40,9%) and mother age high distance 21 people (17,3%). The result of chi-square test was p value 0,000 < α 0,05 and chi-square test for age was p value 0,000 < α 0,05. It meant that there was relationship between maternal mother and the distance and of post-partum bleeding at District General Hospital (RSUD) Prabumulih in 2016.

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e-Learning: Practices Among Undergraduates of a Medical College of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry ◽

10.36283/pjmd9-4/018 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Information Technology ◽

Medical Students ◽

Background Information ◽

P Value ◽

Undergraduate Medical Students ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Learning Practices ◽

E Learning

Background: Information technology (IT) is a new way of teaching and learning. One of the promising media of information technology is e-Learning, which is used to enhance knowledge and skills among users. A student gains better and deep knowledge through a useful tool. This survey aimed to determine practices among medical students for e-Learning. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 184 students amongst the 500 students currently enrolled in medical college. Data was collected using questionnaires and were analyzed through SPSS version 22. Chi-square was used for qualitative values. Results: Majority 90.80% (n=167) students were aware of e-Learning and were statistically high in ﬁrst year students (p-value: 0.018). The student did not show statistically signiﬁcant results for content learned through e-Learning with a p-value of 0.063. Different resources were used for e-Learning in which videos had the highest percentage (87.60%) and audios were used as the least resource for e-Learning (29.20%). Daily, 56% of the students use e-Learning for 1 hour or less and only 3% of the students used it for more than 4 hours. Conclusion: Majority of undergraduate medical students were aware of the use of e-Learning and most of them preferred e-Learning for their course work and studies showing a signiﬁcant increase in understanding and use, compared to studies conducted earlier. Participants found e-Learning useful and effective tool in increasing knowledge and understanding of their subject. Keywords: e-Learning; Practices; Students.

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Perceptions of Final Year Medical Students about Family Medicine as A Career Choice in Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry ◽

10.36283/pjmd9-1/023 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dur-e- Nishat

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Family Medicine ◽

Medical Profession ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: Family medicine is a field in which complete and detailed set of healthcare services are provided to the patients and their families. In developed countries, freshly graduated students choose family medicine as a priority for their career. However, in Pakistan it is not the case. The present study is undertaken to determine the perceptions of final year medical students’ about Family Medicine as a viable career. Methods: A total number of 504 students participated in the study. This was a cross-sectional study. The study participants were in their final year of medical college. Data was collected using a preapproved questionnaire. Data was entered and analyzed via SPSS version 17 and Chi-Square test was used post-stratification. Results: Only 14.3% (n=72) medical students had heard about Family Medicine. Only 18% (n=92) would select family medicine as a profession. The most frequent rationale for choosing the field of Family Medicine was the variety of patients seen in general practice (55.4% n=51). Conclusion: There is a dire need to focus on increasing awareness about the field of family medicine among medical students. The students should be counseled on the advantages along with the disadvantages of choosing this field as a medical profession.

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