scholarly journals Effect of Chlorides from Chemical De-Icing Agents on Soil Contamination Depending on the Distance from Road and its Effects on Living Organisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-309
Author(s):  
Vilma Jandová ◽  
Martina Bucková ◽  
Jitka Hegrová ◽  
Jiří Huzlík
Keyword(s):  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
White Mustard ◽  
The Road ◽  
Significant Toxicity ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
One Year ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

AbstractThe article deals with the contamination of soil in the vicinity of the D1 motorway caused by the application of chemical de-icing agents in winter. In the selected area, during a period of one year (from October 2017 to October 2018), soil samples were regularly collected once a month at five different distances from the road. Chloride concentrations in aqueous extracts of the soil were monitored and the degree of toxicity was established for the selected living organisms. The resulting chloride load was evaluated with respect to the precipitation activity and the amount of de-icing salt applied in the area. The highest concentrations of chlorides were found at a distance of 2 m from the road. At the distance of 20 m from the road, the concentration of chlorides in the soil was approaching the chloride concentration found in the referential background set for the selected locality. The concentrations of chlorides at the first three measured distances from the road corresponded to the quantity of de-icing salt applied and the precipitation activity recorded during the relevant months. The maximum concentrations were reached in April 2018. Ecotoxicological testing of aqueous extracts of soil did not confirm any significant toxicity to the selected living organisms. From the tested organisms, the white mustard was identified to be the most sensitive to this type of toxicity; the increased toxicity was observed only for aqueous extracts of soil samples collected at distances dI (0 m) and dII (1 m), thus, it could have been related to the increased concentration of chlorides during the relevant period.

scholarly journals Preliminary Results from Unsaturated Zone Studies in Unconfined Unconsolidated Coastal Aquifers

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 642
Author(s):  
Efthymia Zavridou ◽  
Konstantinos Markantonis ◽  
Ioannis Argyrokastritis ◽  
Konstantinos Voudouris ◽  
Andreas Kallioras
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Zone ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Environmental Tracers ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Vacuum Filtration ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Hydrologic Conditions ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Chloride concentration and salinity tend to vary spatially in depth within the unsaturated zone, according to the local hydrologic conditions; and therefore are widely used as naturally occurring environmental tracers. In this study, undisturbed material from the unsaturated zone was collected at regular intervals of 50 cm down to a maximum depth of 300 cm in 17 different locations. Vacuum filtration has been used for extraction of soil water from 75 soil samples, and chemical analyses showed that the chloride concentrations in soils range from 0.4 to 79 meq/L indicating the existence of soluble salts, also verified by elevated electrical conductivity values.

Building Mulholland Highway: The Road to Mulholland Drive

2017 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-226
Author(s):  
Barry Read
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Road Building ◽  
The Road ◽  
Building Technology ◽  
One Year ◽  
Mulholland Drive

A sequel to the author’s article in the preceding issue on the origins, purpose, and planners of Los Angeles’s scenic Mulholland Drive, this article traces the phenomenal accomplishment of the 24-mile mountain road’s construction in one year and under budget. It details the supervision and problem-solving by construction engineer DeWitt L. Reaburn, the bureaucratic streamlining, the use of the latest 1920s road-building technology, and the efficient manpower logistics that made this possible.

Road Salt Application in Highland Creek Watershed, Toronto, Ontario - Chloride Mass Balance

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandana Perera ◽  
Bahram Gharabaghi ◽  
Peter Noehammer ◽  
Bruce Kilgour
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Road Salt ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Chloride Mass Balance ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Abstract Occurrence of increasing chloride concentrations in urban streams of cold climates, mainly due to road salt application, has raised concerns on its adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, there is a need for a better understanding of processes associated with road salt application and subsequent discharge into the environment in order to develop management practices to minimize detrimental effects of chlorides. The chloride mass analysis for the Highland Creek watershed based on four years of hourly monitoring data indicates that approximately 60% of the chlorides applied on the watershed enter streams prior to subsequent salting period, 85% of which occurs during the period between November and March. Contribution of private de-icing operations on chloride mass input within Highland Creek watershed was estimated to be approximately 38%, indicating its significance in overall chloride mass balance. Salt application rates, as well as chloride output in the streams, vary spatially based on land use, influencing chloride concentrations in surface waters. The estimated groundwater chloride concentration of 275 mg/L indicates that some aquatic organisms in Highland Creek would potentially be at risk even outside the winter period under dry weather flow conditions.

In the Light and on the Road

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Crabtree
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Early America ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Women's Ministry ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cultural Expectations ◽  
Female Autonomy ◽  
On The Road ◽  
One Year ◽  
Gendered Expectations

Patience Brayton (1734–94), a Quaker itinerant minister from Rhode Island, completed two extended journeys: one year-long trip covering the American seaboard and a four-year trek through Ireland and Britain. These journeys required her to leave her husband and young children, navigate hazardous travel conditions, endure incapacitating illnesses (often alone), and contend with those hostile to women’s ministry. This chapter contrasts these feats with post-Revolutionary ideas about the weakness of women’s bodies and minds, arguing Brayton’s narrative resolved this conflict by reiterating her own discomfort with these anomalous experiences and by attributing her strength and success to God. Thus, although her journal documented myriad examples of female autonomy and authority, descriptions of her travels, absences, illnesses, and silences conformed to gendered expectations. While ‘in the light’ Quaker women may have stretched gender norms in early America, they could not escape the gendered boundaries of cultural expectations while ‘on the road’.

Infiltration of de-icing road salts in aquifers: the Trois-Rivières-Ouest case, Quebec, Canada

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2186-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Locat ◽  
Pierre Gélinas
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Zone ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Linear Source ◽  
Pumping Wells ◽  
Road Salts ◽  
Hydrogeological Investigation ◽  
Spring Snowmelt ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

The results of an extensive hydrogeological investigation of the effects of de-icing road salts on Highway 55 near Trois-Rivières-Ouest indicate that a salt lens with chloride concentrations exceeding 800 mg/L exists below the highway. Maximum chloride concentration at the nearby pumping wells, not exceeding 140 mg/L, is reached only in late summer, whereas the maximum chloride infiltration follows the spring snowmelt. About 1 year's worth of road salts is retained in the unsaturated zone. The salt lens, in the upper part of the aquifer beneath the highway, has developed to a thickness of 8 m and a width of 400 m and constitutes a linear source of salts for the aquifer. The shape of this lens is distorted by the action of the pumping wells, and the lens is partly depleted by the end of the summer. Because of the particular characteristics of the aquifer at the site studied and the exploitation methods, no long-term threat to the water quality is foreseen.

Column Study on the Effect of Nitrate and Chloride on TCE Removal by Granular Iron

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 1642-1646
Author(s):  
Xue Qiang Zhu ◽  
Bao Ping Han ◽  
Guo Jun Wu ◽  
Xiao Qing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pitting Corrosion ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Inorganic Anions ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
Column Study ◽  
Granular Iron ◽  
High Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

The effects of individual inorganic anions (nitrate and chloride) on the reactivity of granular iron were investigated using plexiglass columns packed with granular iron. The results show that TCE removal decreases apparently with increasing nitrate concentration due to competition for reactive sites. Chloride exhibits dual-effect on the TCE removal by Fe0. In the studied condition, the TCE dechlorination is enhanced at the low chloride concentration due to pitting corrosion and is dampened at the high chloride concentrations such as 59.98 and 110.45 mg/L as Cl-.

scholarly journals Application of Novel Machine Learning Techniques for Predicting the Surface Chloride Concentration in Concrete Containing Waste Material

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2297
Author(s):  
Ayaz Ahmad ◽  
Furqan Farooq ◽  
Krzysztof Adam Ostrowski ◽  
Klaudia Śliwa-Wieczorek ◽  
Slawomir Czarnecki
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Gene Expression Programming ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Structures located on the coast are subjected to the long-term influence of chloride ions, which cause the corrosion of steel reinforcements in concrete elements. This corrosion severely affects the performance of the elements and may shorten the lifespan of an entire structure. Even though experimental activities in laboratories might be a solution, they may also be problematic due to time and costs. Thus, the application of individual machine learning (ML) techniques has been investigated to predict surface chloride concentrations (Cc) in marine structures. For this purpose, the values of Cc in tidal, splash, and submerged zones were collected from an extensive literature survey and incorporated into the article. Gene expression programming (GEP), the decision tree (DT), and an artificial neural network (ANN) were used to predict the surface chloride concentrations, and the most accurate algorithm was then selected. The GEP model was the most accurate when compared to ANN and DT, which was confirmed by the high accuracy level of the K-fold cross-validation and linear correlation coefficient (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and root mean square error (RMSE) parameters. As is shown in the article, the proposed method is an effective and accurate way to predict the surface chloride concentration without the inconveniences of laboratory tests.

Letter to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-906
Author(s):  
Aubrey Milunsky
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Pancreatic Insufficiency ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Letter To The Editor ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Sweat Sample ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

The patient reported in the foregoing letter is of particular interest in view of the recent observations on patients with tnisomy 21 and cystic fibrosis. The multiple possibilities that could explain the clinical presentation have no doubt been considered by the authors. However, the description of "hypoplastic thrombocytopenia" and later pancytopenia in this patient, associated with pancreatic insufficiency, leads to the serious consideration of Shwachman's syndrome (pancreatic insufficiency and bone marrow dysfunction). The wide discrepancy between the sodium and chloride concentrations in the sweat reported in their letter indicates that evaporation of water may have occurred from the sweat sample, leading to an apparently higher sodium and chloride concentration.

scholarly journals State of Heavy Metals Pollution of Flooded Agricultural Land in the North Part of Republic of Srpska

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Tihomir Predić ◽  
Petra Nikić Nauth ◽  
Bojana Radanović ◽  
Alen Predić
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
The North ◽  
North Part ◽  
Grid Points ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

This paper presents the results of the research of soil contamination in flooded area located at the confluence of Bosna and Sava rivers. The sampling was performed according to a network of points Etrs89 reference European Network based on grid points of 500 m x 500 m. The total number of soil samples was 31 and 13 samples of sediment-mud. In the soil samples and sediment-mud samples various parameters were analyzed: pH H2O and 1 M KCl, humus (method by Tjurin), and the readily available phosphorus and potassium (AL method). The interpretation of total content of heavy metals in the soil was conducted according to Dutch Soil Remediation Circular (2009). The samples were analyzed for the total content of heavy metals: Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu (aqua regia digestion, AAS) and the elevated concentrations of Ni. However, Ni content in mud was from 240.5 mg/kg to 294.5 mg/kg, in soil it was from 128.9 mg/kg to 452.1 mg/kg. All mud samples were alkaline, and 79% of soil samples were alkaline and of neutral reaction. The analysis indicated that the flood in May 2014 was not caused by soil contamination with heavy metals, which however contributed to the increase of the overall content of these elements in the soil.

scholarly journals Seasonal content of heavy metals in the "soil–feed–milk–manure" system in horse husbandry in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 2947-2956
Author(s):  
Nazym Kozhanova ◽  
Nurzhan Sarsembayeva ◽  
Bozena Lozowicka ◽  
Zhassulan Kozhanov
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mixed Feed ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Horse Manure ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Living Organisms

Background and Aim: The quality of food, especially animal-based food, is crucial for human health. However, the quality of milk and other animal products has become an acute cause for concern in Kazakhstan . Technogenic dispersion of heavy metals (HMs) causes adverse effects on living organisms and creates unfavorable conditions for the existence of humans, animals, and plants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of several HMs in samples of soil, horse feed (hay, mixed feed, and bran), mare's milk, and manure to assess bioaccumulation and possible adverse effects on the bodies of horses. An additional purpose was to identify areas with acceptable conditions for obtaining environmentally safe horse breeding products in the agricultural zones of the Almaty region, Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods: Samples were obtained from two farms in the Almaty region in 2020 (spring, summer, and autumn). In total, 72 soil samples were analyzed, which were taken from the upper humus horizon to the depth of the arable layer. Eighty-six samples were taken from the feed of horses. Green feed was represented by perennial and annual grasses (alsike clover, Medicago sativa, sweet yellow clover, as well as pea and oat mix). Barley and wheat bran stored in the warehouses of the farm were sampled for the research as feed supplements. The mixed feed comprised components such as maize and sunflower. In addition, 46 samples of mare's milk and 28 samples of horse manure were collected. The HM analysis was performed in the laboratory of the Kazakh-Japanese Innovation Center. The residual amounts of HMs were determined using an absorption spectrometer with a voltammetric analyzer. The content of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) in all the studied samples of soil, feed, mare's milk, and manure did not exceed the threshold limit values (TLVs), suggesting that the intake of these toxic elements into the human body with food was low. Results: The average Cd concentration was in the range of 0.29-0.31 mg/kg in soil samples and in the range of 0.20-0.27 mg/kg in feed samples. In milk, the Cd concentration varied from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/L and was lower in summer and higher in fall. The total average Cd content in horse manure was 0.1844 mg/kg. The concentration of Pb in soil samples ranged from 1.09 to 1.30 mg/kg with the lowest value in spring and the highest in fall. In the feed, the concentration of Pb varied from 0.14 to 0.76 mg/kg and in milk from 0.03 to 0.15 mg/L. The average concentrations of Hg and As in soil samples averaged 0.022 and 0.019 mg/kg, respectively, and were within the TLVs. Conclusion: In the study areas, the calculated transition rates in the soil–feed–milk–manure system revealed that the greatest transition of HMs was observed for Pb and Cd, and a smaller migration was observed for Hg and As. The tendency of accumulation of trace elements continued in the feed.

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