scholarly journals Fler Huvuden Väntas Falla

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Ewa Walatek
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Thinking Ability ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to give a detailed analysis of the semantics of the Swedish body part term huvud (head). The study covers all types of linguistic units including the component huvud (idioms, compounds), both conventionalized everyday expressions and occasional uses. The theoretical basis of the analysis is the cognitive theory of metaphor and metonymy formulated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). A large part of semantic extensions of huvud are associated with the head as the upper part of the human body, containing the brain and sense organs. These features lead to metonymies: HEAD FOR THINKING ABILITY AND PERCEPTION and metaphor HEAD IS POSITION OF COMMAND. The head itself is conceptualized metaphorically as a CONTAINER in which thoughts, memories, emotional and physical states are stored.

scholarly journals Word-formative Nomination in the English Terminology of the Mixed Martial Arts

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-233
Author(s):  
N. V. Dronyakina ◽  
D. A. Starykh
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Mixed Martial Arts ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

The research featured the English terms related to the sphere of mixed martial arts (MMA) and their word-formation. A detailed analysis of the structure of MMA terms made it possible to distinguish one-, two-, three-, four-, and polycomponential terminological units. One-componential terms were represented by linguistic units expressed by a word with different morphemic composition. Two-componential terms were represented by word-combinations with a noun, an adjective, or a verb (or its forms) as their core elements. Via complex contraction, three- and four-componential terminological units could be transformed into abbreviations. The polycomponential terminological units were few and expressed by gerund word-combinations. The research also revealed related principles of nomination and formation: semantic, morphological, and syntactical. The semantic way was realized via indirect nomination, i.e. metaphor and metonymy. The morphological way was represented by affixation, compounding, and abbreviation. The syntactic way was used to coin the MMA terms expressed by word combinations and gerund word-combinations. The paper focuses on the dominant models and the key types of terminological word-combination, e.g. substantive and attributive

scholarly journals Accidents are caused, they do not happen

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-9
Author(s):  
Mahesh Chand Meena ◽  
Nidhi Sachedeva ◽  
Mukta Rani ◽  
Yashoda Rani
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Rear Wheel ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Wheeled Vehicles ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The head, being the most vulnerable part of human body, is the most commonly injured body part in accidents, especially those involving road traffic. In an unusual case, the deceased succumbed to internal injuries of the brain that resulted from the neck being constricted with the loose end of a dupatta. The woman was pillion riding a motorbike when the loose end of the dupatta got entangled in the rear wheel of the motorbike. As a result, her neck was constricted by the dupatta and wentunnoticed. This paper comments on the safety of wearing the traditional style dressing of Indian women while riding on two wheeled vehicles. Additionally, this paper suggests it be mandatory to wear helmets for all pillion riders in order to prevent such mishaps in future.

scholarly journals Tinjauan Kritis Neurosains Terhadap Konsep Qalb Menurut Al-Ghazali

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-87
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nasruddin ◽  
Abdul Muiz
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spiritual Intelligence ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

The human body was created very special by God. inside there is a special body part in the form of the brain, and neuroscience is the science that discusses in full the brain from various scientific disciplines. In the study of Islam, qalb is the most important part in the good and bad quality of human faith which is studied in depth in Sufism to the purity of the soul. And Imam Al-Ghazali became one of the Sufi figures who explained in detail about the Qalb. That neuroscience views qalb in Islam as part of the human brain, on the functional basis between the brain and qalb both receive information, spiritual intelligence / qalbiah, spiritual, controlling / coordinating center of the body, and emotional. The brain and qalb, according to Al-Ghazali, both have similarities in the four elements namely controlling the body, knowledge, emotions, and spirituality. And the difference between the two, namely the two different dimensions between the scientific and divine dimensions, so the benchmarks of truth are very different.

Bio-material human body part (palm fingers) based electronic FET transistor

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Shiv Prasad Kosta ◽  
Y.P. Kosta ◽  
Jitendra Prasad Chaudhary ◽  
Piyush R. Vaghela ◽  
Harsh Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Human Body Part ◽  
Bio Material

A Theoretical Basis for Emergent Pattern Discrimination in Neural Systems Through Slow Feature Extraction

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2979-3035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Klampfl ◽  
Wolfgang Maass
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Pattern Discrimination ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Discrimination Capability ◽  
The Brain

Neurons in the brain are able to detect and discriminate salient spatiotemporal patterns in the firing activity of presynaptic neurons. It is open how they can learn to achieve this, especially without the help of a supervisor. We show that a well-known unsupervised learning algorithm for linear neurons, slow feature analysis (SFA), is able to acquire the discrimination capability of one of the best algorithms for supervised linear discrimination learning, the Fisher linear discriminant (FLD), given suitable input statistics. We demonstrate the power of this principle by showing that it enables readout neurons from simulated cortical microcircuits to learn without any supervision to discriminate between spoken digits and to detect repeated firing patterns that are embedded into a stream of noise spike trains with the same firing statistics. Both these computer simulations and our theoretical analysis show that slow feature extraction enables neurons to extract and collect information that is spread out over a trajectory of firing states that lasts several hundred ms. In addition, it enables neurons to learn without supervision to keep track of time (relative to a stimulus onset, or the initiation of a motor response). Hence, these results elucidate how the brain could compute with trajectories of firing states rather than only with fixed point attractors. It also provides a theoretical basis for understanding recent experimental results on the emergence of view- and position-invariant classification of visual objects in inferior temporal cortex.

scholarly journals Wrist and finger motor representations embedded in the cerebral and cerebellar resting-state activation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiki Kusano ◽  
Hiroki Kurashige ◽  
Isao Nambu ◽  
Yoshiya Moriguchi ◽  
Takashi Hanakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Finger Movements ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Brain Activity Pattern ◽  
Motor Representations ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSeveral functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that resting-state brain activity consists of multiple components, each corresponding to the spatial pattern of brain activity induced by performing a task. Especially in a movement task, such components have been shown to correspond to the brain activity pattern of the relevant anatomical region, meaning that the voxels of pattern that are cooperatively activated while using a body part (e.g., foot, hand, and tongue) also behave cooperatively in the resting state. However, it is unclear whether the components involved in resting-state brain activity correspond to those induced by the movement of discrete body parts. To address this issue, in the present study, we focused on wrist and finger movements in the hand, and a cross-decoding technique trained to discriminate between the multi-voxel patterns induced by wrist and finger movement was applied to the resting-state fMRI. We found that the multi-voxel pattern in resting-state brain activity corresponds to either wrist or finger movements in the motor-related areas of each hemisphere of the cerebrum and cerebellum. These results suggest that resting-state brain activity in the motor-related areas consists of the components corresponding to the elementary movements of individual body parts. Therefore, the resting-state brain activity possibly has a finer structure than considered previously.

scholarly journals Somatic Lexemes in the Kartvelian Linguistic Space

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Rusudan Asatiani ◽  
Natia Dundua ◽  
Marine Ivanishvili
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
The People ◽  
Inner Organs ◽  
Core Vocabulary ◽  
Linguistic Units

Comparative-historical study of languages makes it possible to represent the diachronic process of structuring the world and forming the corresponding concepts. The abovementioned process is inherently integral and reflected in such socio-cultural areas of human life as language, art, religion, farming, ethno-traditional customs, culture (in its broadest sense), etc. The proto-language reconstructed as a result of the comparative-historical study and the picture of its diachronic development provide some information about the genetic relations between the people speaking the corresponding related languages, about their original homeland and the directions of their historical migrations, about their knowledge, ideas and representations. This time we have analyzed the semantic field of the lexemes denoting the human body parts, which are reconstructed at the Proto-Kartvelian language and exist in the contemporary Kartvelian languages (Georgian, Megrelian, Laz, and Svan) and some dialects (notably, Gurian, Rachian, Xevsurian, and Kiziqian). Our goal is to reveal the semantic structure of the mentioned field, to analyze the respective concepts as well as to outline processes of the development and the establishment of corresponding tokens (resp. lexemes). Vocabulary denoting a human body (resp. Somatic lexemes), its parts and inner organs is a constituent part of the basic core vocabulary of a language and presumably ought to be fixed in the ancient times’ reflecting data. Analysis of the lexical units, which have been reconstructed either at the Common-Kartvelian or Georgian-Zan level on the basis of regular sound correspondences between the Kartvelian languages, allows us to highlight the main course of forming and developing the linguistic units we are concerned with; namely, the accumulation of “knowledge” had been carried out due to the process of differentiation and detailed elaboration of the human body anatomy and respectively, the corresponding semantic field, somatic vocabulary, had been underway to be enriched based on the relation of cognitively interpreted markedness. Language changes and development, formation of new categories and concepts, and consequently, creation of new linguistic units is mainly carried out as the result of detailed elaboration, further specification and partition of unmarked categories: an unmarked category undergoes the division-differentiation on the basis of formally marked oppositions that leads to the formation of new linguistic units and structures and reflects the dynamic picture of enhancement of linguistic cognition of the universe. Dialectic material enriches the semantic space even more and specifies and fills the meanings of lexemes to be studied.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence throughout the human body and brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Chertow ◽  
Sydney Stein ◽  
Sabrina Ramelli ◽  
Alison Grazioli ◽  
Joon-Yong Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Clearance ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
The Brain

Abstract COVID-19 is known to cause multi-organ dysfunction1-3 in acute infection, with prolonged symptoms experienced by some patients, termed Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC)4-5. However, the burden of infection outside the respiratory tract and time to viral clearance is not well characterized, particularly in the brain3,6-14. We performed complete autopsies on 44 patients with COVID-19 to map and quantify SARS-CoV-2 distribution, replication, and cell-type specificity across the human body, including brain, from acute infection through over seven months following symptom onset. We show that SARS-CoV-2 is widely distributed, even among patients who died with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19, and that virus replication is present in multiple extrapulmonary tissues early in infection. Further, we detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in multiple anatomic sites, including regions throughout the brain, for up to 230 days following symptom onset. Despite extensive distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in the body, we observed a paucity of inflammation or direct viral cytopathology outside of the lungs. Our data prove that SARS-CoV-2 causes systemic infection and can persist in the body for months.

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