scholarly journals Copro-prevalence and risk factor assessment of gastrointestinal parasitism in Indian domestic pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sharma ◽  
N. K. Singh ◽  
H. Singh ◽  
S. S. Rath
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Quantitative Examination ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to determine copro-prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and their associated potential risk factors in pigs of Punjab (India). A total of 839 faecal samples were collected from pigs of all age group and sex from different agro-climatic zones of Punjab covering all seasons and subjected to qualitative and quantitative examination. Among the samples examined, 28.4 % were positive for gastrointestinal parasites and their respective prevalences were Ascaris suum (11.1 %), coccidia (9.41 %), Trichuris suis (6.43 %), Balantidium coli (4.5 %), amphistome (3.33 %), strongyle (2.14 %) and Ascarops strongylina (1.78 %). Upon sporulation of coccidian positive samples, 8 species of Eimeria were recorded (Eimeria polita, E. spinosa, E. scabra, E. perminuta, E. suis, E. debliecki, E. neodebliecki and E. porci). Among the various risk factors analysed, season, agro-climatic zones and managemental practices had a signifi cant (p<0.05) effect on gastrointestinal parasitism of pigs. Quantification of the infection levels in various seasons and age groups revealed the highest mean egg per gram in rainy season (1966. 6± 1146.5) and grower pigs (1457.1 ± 500.4). Coproculture analysis revealed the presence of larvae of Hyostrongylus rubidus and Oesophagostomum species. The results of the current study would be of immense help in formulation and implementation of control strategies for effective control of gastrointestinal parasitism in pigs.

scholarly journals Prevalence of diarrhoea, and associated risk factors, in children aged 0-5 years, at two hospitals in Umuahia, Abia, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Adanma Florence Nwaoha ◽  
Camelita Chima Ohaeri ◽  
Ebube Charles Amaechi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Government ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
And Control

Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of infectious mor­bidity and mortality in children under five years of age. This study aimed at identifying the most common parasites and potential risk factors for diarrhoea among children 0-5 years attending Abia State Specialist hospital and Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, in south east­ern Nigeria. We used 400 faecal samples from children with diarrhoea –and 200 without– in combination with hospital-based case control and a questionnaire Stool samples were processed with direct normal saline and formal-ether sedimentation method for parasitological stud­ies. More males than females were infected in nearly all age groups in both diarrhoeal and control groups (X2=23.04, df=1, P<0.05: X2=11.52, df=1, P<0.05 respectively). Amachara had more infections (X2=0.15, df=1, P< 0.05). January had the highest rate of infection (22.5%). Main clinical features were watery depositions over 3 times a day, diarrhoea lasting for days, fever, vomiting, and dehydration. Mothers learned about the problem through health workers, television and in medical centers. Risk correlated with mother’s education, occupation, latrine type, waste water disposal, hand washing, kitchen cleaning; sources and storage of water; and bottle milk (P< 0.05).Ignorance greatly con­tributed to the spread of parasitic disease in the area: the government should improve education and other strategies to alleviate the spread of the disease..

scholarly journals Breed and environmental factors influencing prevalence of helminths in sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dafur ◽  
S. T. Mbap ◽  
C. C. Tok ◽  
J. J. Okoh
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
West African ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Birth Type

Gastrointestinal parasites impose severe constraints on sheep production worldwide. lnformation on prevalence of helminthosis in the ovine species could provide a useful guide towards effective control. Investigated in this study was helminthosis prevalence in some Nigerian sheep. The sheep included initial 64 yearlings (12 each of Balami, BL, and Uda, UD, and 20 each of Yankasa, YK and West African Dwarf, WAD, in a sex ratio of 1:1 per breed) and their 156 offspring. Faecal samples were collected from the sheep six-weekly over a period of 3 years and examined for the presence of various helminth species using the modified McMaster technique. Total helminths, Strongyles, Strongyloides, Moniezia, Trichuris and Nematodirus prevalence were 95.9, 87.3, 38.2, 60.6, 45.0 and 46.4%, respectively. Based on prevalence, breeds and seasons ranked (p < 0.05) thus: YK = WAD > BL > UD and late rainy> early rainy> late dry > early dry. Females and older sheep (≥ 4months) had higher (p < 0.05) prevalence than males and lambs (< 4months), respectively. Prevalence increased with decreased body condition score (BCS). Year, birth type and parity did not influence prevalence. It is concluded that there is high prevalence of helminthosis in the study area, with variation between breeds, sex, age groups and seasons. These variations could be exploited through selective breeding and cross breeding to control the disease with or without minimal use of anthelminthics.     Les parasites gastro-intestinaux imposent de sévères contraintes à la production ovine dans le monde. Les informations sur la prévalence de l'helminthose chez les ovins pourraient fournir un guide utile pour une lutte efficace. La prévalence de l'helminthose chez certains moutons nigérians a été étudiée dans cette étude. Les moutons comprenaient au départ 64 yearlings (12 chacun de Balami, BL et Uda, UD, et 20 chacun de Yankasa, YK et West AfricanDwarf, WAD, dans un rapport de masculinité de 1 : 1 par race) et leurs 156 descendants. Des échantillons de matières fécales ont été prélevés sur les moutons six fois par semaine sur une période de 3 ans et examinés pour la présence de diverses espèces d'helminthes en utilisant la technique modifiée de McMaster. La prévalence totale des helminthes, Strongyles, Strongyloides, Moniezia, Trichuriset Nematodirus était de 95.9, 87.3, 38.2, 60.6, 45.0 et 46.4%, respectivement. Sur la base de la prévalence, des races et des saisons classées (p <0.05) ainsi : YK = WAD>BL> UD et pluvieux tardif> pluvieux [email protected] 13 précoce> sec tardif> sec tôt. Les femelles et les moutons plus âgés (≥ 4 mois) avaient une prévalence plus élevée (p<0.05) que les mâles et les agneaux (<4 mois), respectivement. Laprévalence augmentait avec la diminution du score de l'état corporel (le 'BCS'). L'année, letype de naissance et la parité n'ont pas influencé la prévalence. Il est conclu qu'il existe uneprévalence élevée d'helminthose dans la zone d'étude, avec des variations entre les races, lesexe, les groupes d'âge et les saisons. Ces variations pourraient être exploitées par unesélection sélective et des croisements pour lutter contre la maladie avec ou sans utilisationminimale d'anthelminthiques.

scholarly journals Toxocara cati and other parasitic enteropathogens: more commonly found in owned cats with gastrointestinal signs than in clinically healthy ones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora L. Ursache ◽  
Adriana Györke ◽  
Viorica Mircean ◽  
Mirabela Oana Dumitrache ◽  
Andrei Răzvan Codea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Flotation Method

Abstract Gastrointestinal parasites are involved in the health and wellbeing of cats and some of them, due to their zoonotic character represent a problem for the public health. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of parasitic infections in cats with digestive symptoms. Faecal samples collected from 137 cats were analysed by the flotation method using sodium chloride saturated solution. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites was 56.6%. GI parasites were significantly (p=0.005) more common in cats with digestive symptoms (69.8%) than in clinically healthy ones (23.0%). Toxocara cati (40.2%) was the most frequently identified GI parasite, followed by Cystoisospora spp. (10.2%), Ancylostoma tubaeforme (3.7%), Taenia spp. (2.2), Giardia duodenalis (2.2%), and Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts (0.7%). T. cati (53.3%, p<0.0001) and Cystoisospora spp. (15.6%, p<0.001) were significantly more frequently diagnosed in cats with digestive symptoms. Lack of deworming in the last three months (OR: 15.9), outdoor access (OR: 13.8), the presence of digestive symptoms (OR: 5.4), and young age (OR: 4.2) were identified as risk factors for T. cati infection by logistic regression analysis. Regardless of the age, symptoms like vomiting, diarrhoea, and inappetence were positively associated with T. cati.

Larvicidal activity ofBacillus thuringiensisvar.israelensisCry11Aa toxin againstHaemonchus contortus

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 143 (12) ◽  
pp. 1665-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA PAULA DE SOUZA STORI DE LARA ◽  
LUCAS BIGOLIN LORENZON ◽  
ANA MUÑOZ VIANNA ◽  
FRANCISCO DENIS SOUZA SANTOS ◽  
LUCIANO SILVA PINTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Control Group ◽  
E Coli ◽  
New Class ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Group A ◽  
Sheep Production

SUMMARYEffective control of gastrointestinal parasites is necessary in sheep production. The development of anthelmintics resistance is causing the available chemically based anthelmintics to become less effective. Biological control strategies present an alternative to this problem. In the current study, we tested the larvicidal effects ofBacillus thuringiensisvar.israelensisCry11Aa toxin againstHaemonchus contortuslarvae. Bacterial suspensions [2 × 108colony-forming units (CFU) g−1of the feces] ofB. thuringiensisvar.israelensisand recombinantEscherichia coliexpressing Cry11Aa toxin were added to naturallyH. contortusegg-contaminated feces. The larvae were quantified, and significant reductions of 62 and 81% (P< 0·001) were, respectively observed, compared with the control group. A 30 mL bacterial suspension (1 × 108CFU mL−1) ofB. thuringiensisvar.israelensisand recombinantE. coliexpressing Cry11Aa toxin were then orally administered to lambs naturally infected withH. contortus. Twelve hours after administration, feces were collected and submitted to coprocultures. Significant larvae reductions (P< 0·001) of 79 and 90% were observed respectively compared with the control group. The results suggest that the Cry11Aa toxin ofB. thuringiensisvar.israelensisis a promising new class of biological anthelmintics for treating sheep againstH. contortus.

Seroprevalence and genotype of Chlamydia in pet parrots in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.-Z. ZHANG ◽  
X.-X. ZHANG ◽  
D.-H. ZHOU ◽  
S.-Y. HUANG ◽  
W.-P. TIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Chlamydia Psittaci ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Indirect Haemagglutination ◽  
Pet Birds ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Genotype A

SUMMARYParrots are one of the most popular pet birds in China, and can harbour Chlamydia which has significance for human and animal health. We investigated, by indirect haemagglutination assay, the seroprevalence of Chlamydia infection in four species of parrots, namely budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), lovebirds (Agapornis sp.), cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and Alexandrine parakeets (Psittacula eupatria) that were collected from Weifang and Beijing cities, North China and explored the association between potential risk factors and chlamydial seropositivity. We further determined the genotype of Chlamydia in 21 fresh faecal samples based on the ompA sequence by reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships. Of the 311 parrots examined, 35·37% (95% confidence interval 30·06–40·68) were seropositive, and species, gender, age, season and geographical location were identified as risk factors. Two PCR-positive samples represented Chlamydia psittaci genotype A. The occurrence of C. psittaci genotype A in the droppings of two pet parrots in China suggests potential environmental contamination with Chlamydiaceae and may raise a public health concern.

scholarly journals Schistosoma mansoni infection and risk factors among fishermen at Lake Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadesse Menjetta ◽  
Daniel Dana ◽  
Serkadis Debalke
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
The Status ◽  
Hook Worm

Schistosomiasis/Bilharziasis is one of the neglected tropical parasitic diseases caused by different species of genus schistosoma. Among the species, S.mansoni (causative agents of intestinal schistosomiasis) is one of the causes of severe intestinal parasitic infections with high public and medical importance in Ethiopia. There is scarcity of information about the status of S.mansoni infection among the fisherman in the present study area and in the country at large. Therefore this study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of S.mansoni infection among fishermen at Lake Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the fishermen from April to June 2013 in Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 243 fishermen were included by Systematic Random Sampling from the lists of the fishermen members in the registration book of fishermen associations in the Hawassa Town. Data on socio-demographic features and risk factors were collected by using semi-structured questionnaires. Stool samples were collected and processed using Kato-Katz thick smear techniques and examined between 30- 40 minute for hook worm and after 24 hours for S.mansoni and other soil transmitted helminths (STHs). The overall prevalence of S.mansoni among the fishermen was 29.21% (71/243) and the mean intensity of infection was 158.88 eggs per gram (EPG). The prevalence of intestinal helminths including S.mansoni was 69.54% (169/243). Moreover, the prevalence of soil transmitted helminths (STHs) were 40.74% (99/243), 35.80% (87/243) and 5.76% (14/243) for A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm species, respectively. Almost similar prevalence of S.mansoni, 31.82%, 31.75%, 31.94% were recorded in age groups of 15-19, 20-24 and 25-29 years, respectively. Fishermen who are swimming always were 2.92 times [95% CI: 1.554, 5.502] more likely to acquire S.mansoni infection than other water contacting habit of the study participants. The results of current investigation indicated the moderate endemicity of S.mansoni among the fishermen at Lake Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Fishermen could be the potential risk group for S.mansoni infection and might be responsible for the transmission of S.mansoni to other segments of the communities. Since high prevalence of STH were recorded among the fishermen, integrated prevention and control strategies from different sectors might be important to tackle the problem. Key words: S.mansoni, Soil transmitted helminths, Fishermen, Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium spp. on dairy farms in Bogor

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Arifin Budiman Nugraha ◽  
Umi Cahyaningsih ◽  
Etih Sudarnika
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Area Data

Cryptosporidial infection is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in humans and livestock worldwide. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and to identify potential risk factors associated with shedding of oocysts in Bogor. A total of 308 faecal samples were collected from 136 calves less than 6 months, 44 from those 6-12 months and 128 from those than 12 months. Data of factors potentially associated with the likelihood of Cryptosporidium spp. infection were recorded (i.e., enviromental status, size of herd, and herd management). Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst was identified by using modified acid fast (Ziehl Neelsen) staining technique and microscopically examined under 400x magnifition. Results showed that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Bogor was 21.1% (CI 95%; 16.5%-25.6%). The highest prevalence was 29% (CI 95%; 26.8%-31.7%) in cattle aged less than 6 months. The oocysts abundance were around <5 oocysts per microscopy visual area. Data was analyzed using logistic regression models.  Statistical analysis showed that there were association between cryptosporidiosis and calves aged less than 6 months with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.7 (CI 95%; 1.5-5.2) times compared with cattle aged more than 12 months.

scholarly journals The Characteristics, Dynamics, and the Risk of Death in COVID-19 Positive Dialysis Patients in London, UK

Kidney360 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 1226-1243
Author(s):  
Dalvir Kular ◽  
Irina Chis Ster ◽  
Alexander Sarnowski ◽  
Eirini Lioudaki ◽  
Dandisonba C.B. Braide-Azikiwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Performance Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Dialysis Vintage ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

BackgroundPatients on dialysis with frequent comorbidities, advanced age, and frailty, who visit treatment facilities frequently, are perhaps more prone to SARS-CoV-2 infection and related death—the risk factors and dynamics of which are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the hospital outcomes in patients on dialysis infected with SARS-CoV-2.MethodsData on 224 patients on hemodialysis between February 29, 2020 and May 15, 2020 with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed for outcomes and potential risk factors for death, using a competing risk-regression model assessed by subdistribution hazards ratio (SHR).ResultsCrude data analyses suggest an overall case-fatality ratio of 23% (95% CI, 17% to 28%) overall, but that varies across age groups from 11% (95% CI, 0.9% to 9.2%) in patients ≤50 years old and 32% (95% CI, 17% to 48%) in patients >80 years; with 60% of deaths occurring in the first 15 days and 80% within 21 days, indicating a rapid deterioration toward death after admission. Almost 90% of surviving patients were discharged within 28 days. Death was more likely than hospital discharge in patients who were more frail (WHO performance status, 3–4; SHR, 2.16 [95% CI, 1.25 to 3.74]; P=0.006), had ischemic heart disease (SHR, 2.28 [95% CI, 1.32 to 3.94]; P=0.003), cerebrovascular disease (SHR, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.20 to 3.72]; P=0.01), smoking history (SHR, 2.69 [95% CI, 1.33 to 5.45]; P=0.006), patients who were hospitalized (SHR, 10.26 [95% CI, 3.10 to 33.94]; P<0.001), and patients with high CRP (SHR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.10 to 1.67]) and a high neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (SHR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04], P<0.001). Our data did not support differences in the risk of death associated with sex, ethnicity, dialysis vintage, or other comorbidities. However, comparison with the entire dialysis population attending these hospitals, in which 13% were affected, revealed that patients who were non-White (62% versus 52% in all patients, P=0.001) and those with diabetes (54% versus 22%, P<0.001) were disproportionately affected.ConclusionsThis report discusses the outcomes of a large cohort of patients on dialysis. We found SARS-CoV-2 infection affected more patients with diabetes and those who were non-White, with a high case-fatality ratio, which increased significantly with age, frailty, smoking, increasing CRP, and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio at presentation.

scholarly journals Assessment of Risk Factors of African Swine Fever in India: Perspectives on Future Outbreaks and Control Strategies

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1044
Author(s):  
Mousumi Bora ◽  
Durlav Prasad Bora ◽  
Mohan Manu ◽  
Nagendra Nath Barman ◽  
Lakshya Jyoti Dutta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Near Future

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important transboundary diseases of pigs. ASF has been identified in India for the first time in domestic pigs from outbreaks reported in two of the northeastern states, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in 2020. A total of 11 ASF outbreaks in different regions killed over 3700 pigs and devastated the economy of small-scale livestock owners of both the states. Considering the first outbreak of ASF in India, a generic risk assessment framework was determined to identify potential risk factors that might favor future emergence of the disease. Based on the Indian scenario, we considered population density of host, farming practice, availability of biological vectors and wildlife reservoirs, epidemiological cycles, and international trade to analyze the possibility of future outbreaks of ASF and chances of establishment of endemism. On critical analysis of the identified risk factors associated with ASFV transmission, we observed that the risk factors are well preserved in the Indian geography and might participate in future outbreaks, further disseminating the disease to nearby countries. Since no vaccine is currently available against ASF, the domestic and the wild pigs (wild boars and the endangered pygmy hogs native to India) of this region are under constant threat of infection. For the near future, this region will have to continue to rely on the implementation of preventive measures to avoid the devastating losses that outbreaks can cause. The various adaptive control strategies to minimize the risks associated with the transmission of ASF, keeping our views to Indian settings, have been described. The risk-analysis framework presented in the study will give a further understanding of the dynamics of disease transmission and will help to design control strategies and corresponding measures to minimize the catastrophic consequences of ASF disease.

scholarly journals A spatio-temporal geodatabase of mortalities due to respiratory tract diseases in Tehran, Iran between 2008 and 2018: a data note

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elahe Pishgar ◽  
Alireza Mohammadi ◽  
Nasser Bagheri ◽  
Behzad Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Respiratory Tract Diseases ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The City

Abstract Objectives Respiratory tract diseases (RTDs) are among the top five leading causes of death worldwide. Mortality rates due to respiratory tract diseases (MRRTDs) follow a spatial pattern and this may suggest a potential link between environmental risk factors and MRRTDs. Spatial analysis of RTDs mortality data in an urban setting can provide new knowledge on spatial variation of potential risk factors for RTDs. This will enable health professionals and urban planners to design tailored interventions. We aim to release the datasets of MRRTDs in the city of Tehran, Iran, between 2008 and 2018. Data description The Research data include four datasets; (a) mortality dataset which includes records of deaths and their attributes (age, gender, date of death and district name where death occurred), (b) population data for 22 districts (age groups with 5 years interval and gender by each district). Furthermore, two spatial datasets about the city are introduced; (c) the digital boundaries of districts and (d) urban suburbs of Tehran.

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