scholarly journals Crimson: More than a shade of red (dictionary definitions versus context use)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-37
Author(s):  
Igor Tolochin ◽  
Anna Tkalich
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

AbstractThe paper proposes a study of a sample of 1,000 contexts for crimson, both the adjective and noun, in COCA with the aim of pointing out the insufficient and inaccurate dictionary definitions of crimson. The paper reveals the ambivalent nature of the meaning of crimson and offers a model of the senses of the crimson-adjective, demonstrating also the relative frequencies of the homonymous nouns within each of the senses. The key point of the paper consists in revealing the complex semantic structure of this adjective and its homonymous noun involving a broad range of synesthetic responses to positive and negative experiences of crimson as a visual aspect of a situation represented by various contexts. The analysis also demonstrates a correlation between the different senses of crimson, both noun and adjective, and the specific genres of text.

scholarly journals Classification of interpersonal interaction verbs with semantics of mental influence

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (25) ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
Svetlana A. Blinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Interpersonal Interaction ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

The purpose of this article is to describe the verbs of interpersonal interaction with the semantics of mental influence in the English language and to consider the criteria for semantic classification, on the basis of which the selected verbs can be grouped. There is a large number of works devoted to the study of lexico-semantic, pragmatic, morphological and other features of individual subgroups of interpersonal interaction verbs (in particular, compulsion verbs, verbs of speech influence, etc.), however, no attempt has yet been made to identify, study and classify a group of interpersonal interaction verbs with the semantics of mental influence. The material of the study is dictionary definitions from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English and Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, as well as examples from the National British Corpus. The study describes in detail the procedure for selecting verbs of interpersonal interaction with the semantics of mental influence, identifies the features that are integral for this group of verbs, as well as the criteria for semantic classification, on the basis of which the selected verbs were divided into subgroups. Verbs of mental influence have a complex semantic structure. The signs «interpersonal interaction» and «impact on the object» are integral for the studied group of verbs. The sign of intentionality is not integral, but it is included in the semantic structure of most verbs of this group. In addition, the semantic structure of verbs of mental effects shows thatthe classification of verbs in this group may be an indication of the impact on a particular area of the psyche which indicates the correlation of the meanings of mental influence verbs with the findings of modern psychological theory

scholarly journals NOMINATIVE FIELD OF THE CONCEPT MARRIAGE AND ANALYSIS OF THE SYNONYMOUS RANGE OF ITS KEY UNIT

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (193) ◽  
pp. 218-224
Author(s):  
Nadiya Ivanenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
English Language ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Field Structure ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

The research focuses on the study of the actualization of the concept MARRIAGE in the context of the linguocognitive and linguocultural paradigm. The article analyzes the means of modeling the concept MARRIAGE in the British language picture of the world, its content, structure and cognitive interpretation. The concept-cognitive MARRIAGE is considered in the direction of anthropocentrism with consideration of modern achievements of cognitive linguistics, and also the place of this concept in construction of the British national picture of the world is defined. In the English language tradition, this social phenomenon is expressed through the lexical-semantic field of the concept MARRIAGE. The composition of other basic concepts of linguistic consciousness largely depends on the concept MARRIAGE. The article presents the results of etymological analysis. It plays a big role in determining the typology of culture and the need for this analysis helps to establish the source of origin of the conceptualizer. The analysis of dictionary definitions made it possible to investigate all the meanings of lexical units of the outlined nominative field. This allowed us to understand the nature and types of semantic structure of words that belong to different semantic groups and semasiological subclasses, as well as to look at the epidemiological relations of the key. In order to describe the complex structure of the organization of a multi-valued keyword, the notion of lexical-semantic variant is used. Basic characteristics of the concept MARRIAGE are possible to be found in the dictionary definitions and the complex structure of the concept is defined as a field structure, that is: denotative central content with semantic nucleus, peripherality and connotative surrounding.

Etymology and sememe analysis in translation

Babel ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
Hu Zhengmao
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
English Word ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Semantic Proximity ◽  
Semantic Evolution ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

It is common to see various Chinese translations of a single English word/phrase in practice. Etymological tracing attempts to diachronically study the origin and its historical successive changes in both form and meaning of a given word/phrase, the purpose of which is acquisition of a comprehensive understanding of its core information. Sememe analysis is atomization of semantic components and deep semantic structure of both source language and target language to examine the semantic proximity and possible affinity between the two. This paper takes “stakeholder” and its Chinese translations as a case in point, for which there occurred a diplomatic and linguistic stir between the U. S. and China. By studying its origin, semantic evolution and dictionary definitions, and conducting a contrastive sememe analysis upon its various Chinese versions against the original word, this paper expounds the operationality of the qualitative method of etymological tracing and the quantitative one of sememe analysis and concludes that both etymological tracing and sememe analysis are viable approaches to tackling similar issues as seen in the case of “stakeholder”.

scholarly journals Semantic development of the cognate nouns suit and suite 
in the English language

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
Mariya A.  Zakharova ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina A.  Isakovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Semantic Development ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

The paper presents the results of comparative analysis of the semantic structure of the lexemes suit and suite as intralingual cognates. The development of the main semantic clusters constituting the semanteme of suit are considered. The archisemes ‘feudal law’, ‘pursuit; prosecution, legal process’, ʻfollowing, train, suiteʼ and ʻset, seriesʼ that define the contemporary structure of the semanteme are considered on the basis of lexicographic material. The meanings that constitute the semanteme of suite are studied. The archisemes ‘set’ and ‘succession’ that determine further semantic derivation in the semanteme of suite have been identified in the course of analysis of the dictionary definitions and contextual uses of the lexeme. Lexicographic analysis of the material enabled to conclude that there was redistribution of particular word meanings between the semantemes of the earlier borrowing (suit) and the later one (suite), which in turn determined the course of further semantic development of the lexemes. The paper also considers some cases of inclusion of suite in particular systems of technical lexis. A possible course of further semantic derivation of the lexeme has been outlined.

PERCEPTUAL SIGNS IN THE STRUCTURE OF DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS OF BEVERAGES (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF UKRAINIAN, RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES)

2018 ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
M. Zhuikova ◽  
A. Yodlovska
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Perception ◽  
Verbal Description ◽  
Perceptual Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Perceptual Characteristics ◽  
Linguistic Structures ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

Particular attention in linguistics is given to ways of expressing a person’s sensory perception of the world and studying the means of linguistic actualization of this process by identifying the most typical linguistic structures and models. The perceptive sign is an important component of the interpretation, because a person gains knowledge about the world through his perception with the help of the senses. The article compares the verbal description of drinks in dictionaries of different languages, which includes the inserting of perceptual characteristics in the definition and the ratio of perceptual characteristics in the structure of definitions. We have investigated that a perceptual sign helps to identify more precisely the object being described and how it is presented in the dictionaries. The words from the thematic group “drinks” explode the sensory perceptions which are received through the perceptual channels of sensation (sight, taste, smell and hearing). In our opinion, the study of the means of verbalization of perceptual features, as well as their status in the definitions of lexeme, is important because of the anthropocentric orientation of modern linguistics.

scholarly journals Taboo. Political correctness. Euphemism. Correlation of concepts

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
Marianna Ivanovna Zvereva
Keyword(s):  
Political Correctness ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Modern Media ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

The inspiration source for writing this article became the detected in scientific literature fusion of terms and concepts denoted by them. The object of this research is the concepts of “taboo”, “political correctness” and “euphemism”. The subjects is the key characteristics: functional and semantic peculiarities that allow correlating these concepts. The analysis captures the contamination of dictionary definitions, as well as examples from the texts of modern media. The author examines such aspects of the topic, as the general characteristics of taboo, political correctness and euphemism, their semantic structure and function. Special attention is given to interpretation, search of the  meeting points, and demarcation of the notions. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time these concepts are being analyzed “in tandem”, and that taboo is viewed in relation to euphemism and political correctness as a linguistic phenomenon (word-taboo) and non-linguistic phenomenon (rule-taboo). The main conclusions consist in the following: firstly, reasoned confirmation of the diversity of the concepts of taboo, political correctness and euphemism; secondly, correlation between the word-taboo and euphemism as the “replaced” and “replacing”; and thirdly, the determination that rule-taboo and political correctness are two powerful boosts for creation and utilization of euphemisms.

Figurative derivational structure of mono- and polysemantic derivates as the subject of lexicography

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Т.Є. Гуцуляк
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Formal Semantic ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Semantic System ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

In the system of figurative means of the Ukrainian language, the derivative lexical units, which were formed on the basis of figurative motivational relations, occupy a significant place. An important role in the recording and preservation of such figurative derivatives in the lexical-semantic system of the Ukrainian language is given to lexicographic works of an interpretive type. Dictionary definitions are important for establishing formal-semantic links of derivative units with their motivational basis and for defining motivational features. However, lexicographic interpretations are not always informative enough, but sometimes too generalized, which complicates the interpretation of figurative content of lexical units. Therefore, the purpose of the proposed work provides an analysis of the problematic issues of the present lexicographic practice of describing the semantic structure of morphological derivatives with a figurativelymetaphorical internal form and outlining the ways of their solution. The subject of the study is the following mono- and polysemantic units of the Ukrainian language, which, according to their structural and semantic features, belong to the derivatives from the subjective adjectives and contain sememes with figurative meaning. In the article on the example of separate adjectives the attention is focused on the need to take into account the vocabulary definitions of the peculiarities of the motivational traits that influenced the morphological structure and the semantic structure of the derivative word. This will help to provide a holistic understanding of the sign, called figurative derivative, given the possibility of implementing various aspects of the motivational semantics. Among the problematic issues of lexicographic practice, the formulation of vocabulary definitions for derivatives from the subjective adjectives is considered and the need to consider the ability of the nounmotivator to form not only relative (or possessively relative) adjectives, but also qualitative ones. It is suggested that the value of qualitative sign be fixed as independent lexico-semantic variants (LSV), since they often arise as a result of word-forming processes and testify to other semantic ties with the creators’ base.

scholarly journals Зміни у значеннєвій структурі польських фразеологізмів із семою ‘вік людини’ у словникових дефініціях і текстах

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Христина [Khrystyna] М. [M.] Ніколайчук [Nikolaĭchuk]
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
National Corpus ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

Changes in the Semantic Structure of Polish Idioms with the Seme ‘age of man’ in Dictionary Definitions and TextsThis article analyses changes in the semantic structure of 204 Polish idioms (with variants) including the seme ‘age of man’. Differences in the codification of these idioms in dictionaries from 1958–1969 and those published after 1989 are discussed with reference to the reflection of the temporal meaning in the definitions. On the basis of their contextual use in the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) and the Internet (74,981), it was established that 35% of the idioms in focus are recessive units. The study also reveals that 43% of the 2,129 analysed innovations are expansive units, which have undergone semantic changes. Zmiany w strukturze semantycznej polskich frazeologizmów zawierających sem ‘wiek człowieka’ w definicjach słownikowych i tekstachW artykule przeanalizowano zmiany w strukturze znaczeniowej 204 polskich frazeologizmów (z wariantami) zawierających sem ‘wiek człowieka’. Pokazano różnice w kodyfikacji omawianych frazeologizmów w słownikach z lat 1958–1969 i słownikach wydanych po 1989 roku ze względu na odzwierciedlenie w definicji znaczenia temporalnego. Na podstawie użyć kontekstowych w NKJP oraz Internecie (74 981) ujawniono, iż 35% badanych frazeologizmów stanowią jednostki recesywne. Spośród przeanalizowanych 2129 innowacji wyróżniono 43% jednostek o charakterze ekspansywnym, w których zaszły zmiany znaczeniowe.

Minimizing Carry-Over Effects After Treatment Failure and Maximizing Therapeutic Outcome

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mareile Hofmann ◽  
Nathalie Wrobel ◽  
Simon Kessner ◽  
Ulrike Bingel
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Administration Route ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Analgesic Treatment ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Carry Over

According to experimental and clinical evidence, the experiences of previous treatments are carried over to different therapeutic approaches and impair the outcome of subsequent treatments. In this behavioral pilot study we used a change in administration route to investigate whether the effect of prior treatment experience on a subsequent treatment depends on the similarity of both treatments. We experimentally induced positive or negative experiences with a topical analgesic treatment in two groups of healthy human subjects. Subsequently, we compared responses to a second, unrelated and systemic analgesic treatment between both the positive and negative group. We found that there was no difference in the analgesic response to the second treatment between the two groups. Our data indicate that a change in administration route might reduce the influence of treatment history and therefore be a way to reduce negative carry-over effects after treatment failure. Future studies will have to validate these findings in a fully balanced design including larger, clinical samples.

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