scholarly journals THE LEXIS OF BUSINESS CHINESE LANGUAGE: SEMANTIC DESCRIPTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
K. A. Ulyanova

Business Chinese is a tool for trade and economic cooperation between Russia and China. During such interaction the lexical choice problem depending on the circumstances of a specific communication situation comes to the fore. This article deals with the business Chinese special words as a part of the lexical system of business Chinese. The author attempts to integrate Russian and Chinese researchers’ approaches to the classification of business vocabulary. The main kinds of word formation are described for words from the second part of the “List of the common business Chinese words”. 1422 words from the second part of the “List” became the subject of content analysis in order to determine the frequency of usage and relative frequency for word-formation elements. The author provides some ways of synonymic and antonymic rows formation, illustrates the specificity of polysemy and homonymy in business Chinese. The stylistic features of such special words as terms, neologisms, loan words, clichés, elements of Classical Chinese (wenyan), formulas of politeness, euphemisms are analyzed. This paper reflects the main trends in the development of business Chinese lexical system: the evolution of the words’ content plane in terms of words transition from the sphere of business communication to the wide usage and vice versa. The subject field of “entrepreneurial activity” is presented in the form of a frame system that makes it possible to model the sequence of word usage in business communication. The lexical choice in business Chinese is made by native speakers considering stylistic differentiation of words according to the status of the addresser and the addressee.

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2(14)) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Halyna Volodymyrivna Zadorozhnia ◽  
Yurij Anatoliyovych Zadorozhnyi ◽  
Ruslana Оlexandrivna Kotsiuba

Urgency of the research. Study of the problem of implementation of monetary obligations in the field of banking relations is determined by violation of the principle of equity in relation to individuals. Target setting. The state has actually removed from the regulation of credit relations in the field of ensuring the fulfilment of monetary obligations that arise between the individual and the bank. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Many modern scientists (I. Bezklubyi, T. Bodnar, A. Dzera, A. Kolodiy, V. Lutz, I. Opadchiy and others) studied the institution of the fulfilment of monetary obligations. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Behind attention of scientists was left the issue of protecting the rights of individuals who have monetary obligations to the bank and do not have the status of the subject of entrepreneurial activity. The research objective. The purpose of the article is to develop legislative proposals taking into account international and foreign practice in the aspect of protecting the rights of individuals who have monetary obligations to the bank. The statement of basic materials. Specifics of legal regulation of contractual relations is determined between banks and recipients of funds in the aspect of liability for late fulfilment of monetary obligations, propositions to the legislation were substantiated. Conclusions. It is offered to solve the problem of violation of the principle of fairness in the aspect of fulfilment of monetary obligations in the field of banking relations through legislative changes.


2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-18
Author(s):  
Natalia Kołaczek

Abstract Compounding seems to be the most productive word formation process in Swedish on the basis of “new words’ lists” (Swedish: nyordslistor) registered by the Language Council of Sweden (Svenska Språkrådet). The subject of the research was the productiveness of compounds and their comprehensibility for the native speakers. The material for the corpus analysis showing the productivity of compounds consisted of 353 compound words from the lists from years 2000 – 2012. With help of a survey where pupils from a secondary school in Tingsryd in Småland were asked to define 17 compounds from “new words’ list” 2008 a conclusion could be drawn that compound words are short-lived, ephemeral constructions. The analysis has shown the big pace of changes that the lexicon undergoes and the linguistic creativity of language users as well as their strong need to create new terms. The results can evoke questions about the effectiveness of communication in relation to the features of new words. The article is based on my unpublished master’s thesis.


Author(s):  
Nadezhda A. Shamova ◽  

This article explores the natural enlargement of English vocabulary of the subject field «cinematography», describes contemporary ways of word formation and their peculiarities in English cinema discourse. The following word formation patterns were viewed: affixation, composition, blending, shortening and derivational neologisms. Each pattern was illustrated by the examples from the corpus that comprises 1051528 words and from additional modern resources. The total amount of the analyzed material was 298 terms. A graphical representation of the results was given and a conclusion was drawn about the most productive word formation patterns, namely affixation (46% of the 5 word-building patterns) and shortening (28% of the 5 word-building pattern groups). The most frequent affixation patterns were the ones with -er / -or suffix (42% / 30% of all affixation patterns) and with pre- prefix (21% of all affixation patterns). The least frequent were derivational neologisms due to their highly specific character. The role of extra-linguistic factors influencing the changes of the studied terminology group is emphasized. The obtained results demonstrate dynamic development of the cinema terminology influenced by various linguistic and extralinguistic factors.


Author(s):  
Aleksandra A. Janić

The subject of this paper is the status of Serbian adjectival derivational suffixes with initial j in comparison to their variants with initial lj, nj, and also without an initial consonant. Azbučnik prideva u srpskoj prozi dvadesetog veka by Miroslav Josić Višnjić was used as a corpus. The most favourable possible scenario for adjectival derivational suffixes ‑jan, -j(a)n, ‑jav, ‑jast, ‑ji, ‑jiv, ‑jal(a)n, ‑jar(a)n, -jat, -jev, ‑jevit, -jikav, -jin, ‑jit, ‑juškast and their distribution were analysed regarding the phonological characteristics of the final consonant of a derivational base they are combined with. These derivational suffixes with initial j in Serbian are the most stable with n and l at the end of a base (n + j from a derivational suffix > the phoneme nj, l + j from a derivational suffix > the phoneme lj), but they are rarely visible on the surface structure of adjectives (cf. pasji). In word formation analyses, adjectives with derivational bases with final nj, lj and other palatal and palatalised consonants can be morpho-phonologically explained with derivational suffixes with an initial j, but some of them also with initial nj, lj or without initial consonant.


Author(s):  
I. D. Farion

Purpose and tasks. The purpose is to actualize the linguistic heritage of S. Karavanskyi as a basis for further prescriptive linguistic research. Among the tasks is the analysis of spelling and lexicographic codification in the works of a linguist. The object of our study is the linguistic heritage of Sviatoslav Karavanskyi, who after more than 30 years of Moscow-Stalin concentration camps and 37 years of American emigration carried, preserved and motivated the specific linguistic norm of the constantly destroyed Ukrainian language and its native speakers. The subject of our research is spelling and lexicographic codification of the first third of the XX-XXI century in the works of S. Karavanskyi. When processing the material, we use the analytical and descriptive method. Conclusions and prospects of the study. Spelling issues in the works of S. Karavanskyi have a substantiated ideological basis, which is to reflect the spelling of specific rather than assimilative (“destructive”) features caused by the occupation and totalitarian regime of the 30-80s of the XX century. Spelling assimilation and the necessity to remove it is to change the phonetic-morphological and syntactic structure of the Ukrainian language, in particular phonetic, morphological, word-formation and syntactic changes. The lexicographic codification of the linguist is evidenced by his two fundamental works: “Practical Dictionary of Synonyms of the Ukrainian Language” and “RussianUkrainian Dictionary of Complex Vocabulary”. The main methodological basis for compiling these dictionaries is the specificity of Ukrainian vocabulary in its resistance to codification in dictionaries of “pseudo-language” imposed on Ukrainians during the ethnocide policy and exposing Soviet lexicography as the main “tool of Ukrainian linguicide”. Among the prospects of our study is a holistic linguistic and political portrait of a linguist and socio-political figure.


2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Finkbeiner

The status of identical constituent compounds (ICCs) (e.g. Künstler-Künstler, ‘artist-artist’) is discussed controversially in the morphological literature on German. In this paper, it is claimed that ICC formation is a productive word formation pattern in German. In the first part of the paper, I investigate the formal, semantic and pragmatic properties of ICCs in German. Based on this description, I discuss in more detail two conflicting claims about their meaning constitution: the ‘prototype reading claim’ and the ‘context-dependency claim’. I argue that ICCs do not behave differently, in principle, from canonical N+N compounds with respect to context-dependency. Based on a discussion of selected theoretical models of nominal compounds, an approach is sketched that takes into account not only semantic and contextual, but also stored conceptual and experiential knowledge as main sources of knowledge in ICC interpretation. In the second part of the paper, the results of a pilot experimental study are presented in which 40 native speakers were asked to paraphrase a set of context-free German ICCs. The findings clearly indicate that ICCs are systematically interpretable in isolation, with a significant preference for ‘prototype’ (e.g. Winter-Winter: ‘very cold winter’) and ‘real’ readings (e.g. Holz-Holz: ‘real wood, not artificial wood’).


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Natalia Atnabayeva ◽  
Vladimir Baltachev ◽  
Yekaterina Troynikova ◽  
Lilia Khasanova

The theory that nominative processes extended through centuries to systematic formations of special terminological meanings of professional Old and Middle English marine terminological vocabulary had already been explained in different ways based on an evidential linguistic material. There is no doubt of the historical and philosophical approaches employed to describe the ancient language representation of the native speakers’ world, as well as of the role and degree of their participation in the formation of nominations inclusive of those of ancient seafaring vehicles. Having been referenced repeatedly, both conceptually and through documents, they had confirmed their right to exist.  In several topical articles, terminological units have already been represented by a synonymous series of proper nominations for the seafaring vessels (boats/ships) of various types by respective lexically-organized terms according to their word-formation, structural and content design in the Old and the Middle English. Despite the apparent decline of interest towards the subject of historical nominations in general, and the history of the English Marine language in particular,thereare unsettled challenges in the field. Specifically, more clarity is required regarding the incentives, degree of participation and the role of extralinguistic (human) factor in the history of a vessel-name formation, as well as in the mode of operation of the nominative apparatus for the above marine terms with respect to the of intralinguistic (language) factors involved.


Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Tereshchenko ◽  

The article touches upon the problem of attracting persons controlling the debtor in the light of the clause on the interpretation of paragraph 3.1 of Art. 3 of the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies”, which was made by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the Resolution of May 21, 2021 No. 20-P. In particular, the Constitutional Court indicated that the conclusion made in the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation related to the subject matter of this case cannot in itself be considered as excluding the application of the same approach to the distribution of the burden of proof in cases where another subject acts as a creditor, rather than an individual, the obligation of the company to which arose not in connection with the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by the creditor. Illustrating the grounds for ambiguous interpretation laid down in such a phrase, the author concludes that a narrow approach is still preferable, when the clause is interpreted in favor of only such a creditor who is “another subject, the obligation of the entity to which arose not in connection with carrying out entrepreneurial activity”. According to the author, such a conclusion is not only consistent with the idea of fairness in the distribution of the burden of proof in terms of the status of creditors, but is generally consistent with the general prohibition on taking advantage of unfair behavior.


Author(s):  
N. N. Rodigina ◽  
I. S. Kozlova

The  article  substantiates  the  relevance  of  studying  the  everyday  life of the Siberian journalists in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The authors offer approaches to its study, determine the content of basic concepts.A combination of several not internally contradictory approaches to the study of everyday life of the professional community of journalists in the provinces of the Russian Empire located behind the Urals seems to be productive.First, we relate the topic of our research interests with subject field of anthropology of  professions,  which  are  characterized  by  attention  to  issues  about  the  criteria for belonging to the professional community, assessment of the status of the profession by professionals and society, relations between different actors within the professional group, conflicts and forms of self-organization of professionals.Second, the topic requires an appeal to the works of historians of everyday life. The definition   of   the   subject   area   of   everyday   life   by   N.   L.   Pushkareva and S. V. Ljubichansky  as  well  as  theoretical  provisions  by  A.  Ludtke  are  used as a baseline. In relation to the reality under study, the concepts of «journalists» and «Siberian journalist» are revealed, come conclusions about the specificity of formation of socioprofessional group of Siberian journalists in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries are made. 


Virittäjä ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaarina Pitkänen-Heikkilä

Artikkeli tarkastelee eläintaksonomisen sanaston kehittämistä suomen kieleen 1800-luvulla. 1800-luvun sanastotyötä tarkastellaan käyttäen aineistona kolmeatoista julkaistua tietokirjaa vuosilta 1856–1881. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään myös niiden arvosteluja sekä kääntäjien ja kirjoittajien esipuheita ja kirjeenvaihtoa. Pohjatekstien ja käännösten sekä vieraskielisten termien ja niiden suomennosten vertailu tuovat esiin sanastonkehittäjien työssä vaikuttaneet normit. Myös oheistekstit kertovat näistä konventioista ja varsinkin siitä, kuinka hyvin kääntäjät itse tiedostivat ne. Kirjeenvaihto paljastaa yhteistyöverkostot ja avaa kirjoitusprosessia, kun taas kirja-arviot kertovat teosten ja niiden sanaston saamasta vastaanotosta. Artikkelissa myös verrataan eläintieteellisessä sanastonkehittelyssä 1800-luvulla vaikuttaneita normeja 2000-luvun alun laajaan sanastoprojektiin, jossa nisäkäsnimistö sai runsaasti uusia nimiä ja jolloin myös monia vanhoja nimiä muutettiin. Tutkimus osoittaa, että sanaston aukkojen täyttämisen keinot olivat 1800-luvun tietokirjatyössä melko erilaiset kuin 2000-luvun nimistöhankkeessa. Uudet keinot ovat johtaneet usein läpinäkymättömiin termeihin: käännöslainojen (esim. imettävät eläimet < ruots. däggande djur) sijaan suositaan lainasanoja (esim. kolokolot < engl. colocolos), ja yhdistämisen ja johtamisen sijaan on käytetty runsaasti uudenlaisia sananmuodostuskeinoja, muun muassa lyhentämistä (häntähekot ← pitkähäntähedelmälepakot) ja kontaminaatioita (jyystiäiset ← jyrsijäpäästäiset). 2000-luvun sanastotyössä vaikuttaneita normeja tarkastellaan nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan omien periaatteiden ja toteutuneen työn lisäksi siinä laajassa keskustelussa, jota käytiin vuodesta 2008 alkaen niin Luonnontieteellisen keskusmuseon verkkosivustolla kuin lehdistössäkin. Artikkeli osoittaa, että osa sanastotyötä ohjaavista käytänteistä on sellaisia, jotka ovat vaikuttaneet työhön 1800-luvulla ja vaikuttavat nykyisinkin. Aiheita, jotka ovat puhuttaneet sekä varhaisnykysuomen ajalla että nykyisessä digisuomen ajassa, ovat vakiintuneisuus, vierasperäisyys, läpinäkyvyys, loogisuus, selkeys, taksonominen systemaattisuus ja sanastotyön tekijän asiantuntijuus. Artikkeli osoittaa, että tietokirjojen kirjoittajien ja suomentajien valinnat ovat merkittäviä erikoisalan sanastotyölle ja että tieteellisellä sanastolla ja sen suomentamisella on oma normistonsa. Normeista poikkeaminen voi herättää laajan julkisen keskustelun, kuten kävi kymmenen vuotta sitten.   Norms in the translation of scientific vocabulary into Finnish: The development of zoological vocabulary in the 19th and 21st centuries The article examines the development of zoological vocabulary in Finnish and norms influencing the formation of scientific vocabulary, particularly during the 19th century. By examining 13 non-fiction books published between 1856 and 1881 and their associated source texts, the article explores the translation and development of scientific vocabulary within the discipline of zoology. In addition, this vocabulary-developing project is explained using paratexts: book reviews, forewords by writers or translators, and correspondence between actors. The comparison of source and target texts reveals the many solutions that authors and translators have employed and the conventions they have absorbed. These paratexts reveal norms and conventions, as well as translators’ awareness of these norms. The correspondence between actors reveals collaboration networks and opens up the word formation process, whereas book reviews provide much information about how readers received such new vocabularies. The vocabulary project in 19th-century zoology is here compared to the reformation of Finnish mammal nomenclature at the beginning of the 21st century. This study demonstrates that the methods of filling the vocabulary gaps in the scientific Finnish of the 21st century differ conclusively from the methods used in the 19th century. During the 19th century, loan translations (e.g. imettävät eläimet < Swed. däggande djur) were typical, and new words were formed transparently, primarily by compounding and deriving from existing domestic material. Contrastingly, the vocabulary creation methods of the 21st century have produced words that are more opaque: loan words (e.g. kolokolot < Engl. colocolos) have been formed instead of loan translations and semantically unclear abbreviations (häntähekot ← pitkähäntähedelmälepakot), and blends (jyystiäiset ← jyrsijä-päästäiset) have been formed alongside many miscible compounds and derivations. The comparison of paratexts shows that the same subjects were discussed in the period of early modern Finnish as during the current days of modern Finnish. The discussion makes many norms visible, e.g. the establishment, transparency, logicality, clarity, taxonomical systematicity and expertism of authors and translators. Vocabulary must be understandable, clear and transparent; logicality and taxonomical systematicity are also required. Established vocabulary should be retained. The developers of scientific vocabularies require expertise in both the source language and the subject field. The article demonstrates that, with regard to special vocabulary, authors’ and translators’ choices are significant, and the translation of scientific vocabulary has norms of its own – and can therefore lead to broad public discussion.


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