scholarly journals VALIDASI BATAS ATAS BATAS BAWAH ESTIMASI DURASI GEDUNG KONSTRUKSI BERTINGKAT BERBASIS EARNED SCHEDULE

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Catherine Michellie Widjaja ◽  
Basuki Anondho
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Earned Value ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Project Duration ◽  
Project Completion ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Planning Project ◽  
Independent Population

Determination of estimated project completion is an activity that influenced the planning project since it can decide the success or failure of the project. However, duration is often not in accordance with prediction caused by uncertainty of the project. Calculation by probabilistic method is rated better than deterministic since probabilistic includes the uncertainty factor in its calculation. In addition, probabilistic method provides results in the form of intervals in upper to lower limit. In predicting project's final duration, the time-based Earned Schedule (ES) method is rated capable of overcoming the lack of cost-based Earned Value (EV). This research aims to determine the ongoing project’s upper and lower limit prediction duration using ES method through validation towards the completed project’s real duration. The average prediction of ongoing project duration will be calculated using ES by Microsoft Excel. The results will be validated towards the average real project duration using hypothesis tests of two independent population means. Result of average of upper limits indicates a valid value while the average of lower limits indicates a non-valid value with the upper limit value is 0.0025 week/m2 and lower limit is 0.0020 week/m2.Keywords: duration estimation; probabilistic; Earned Schedule; validation; upper limit and lower limit. AbstrakPenentuan estimasi penyelesaian proyek merupakan kegiatan yang berpengaruh dalam proses perencanaan karena dapat menentukan keberhasilan atau kegagalan proyek tersebut. Namun, durasi seringkali tidak sesuai dengan prediksi karena sifat ketidakpastian proyek. Perhitungan dengan metode probabilistik dinilai lebih baik daripada deterministik karena metode ini menyertakan unsur ketidakpastian dalam perhitungannya. Disamping itu, perhitungan probabilistik menyajikan hasil dalam bentuk interval yang dinyatakan dalam batas atas dan batas bawah. Dalam memprediksi durasi akhir proyek, metode Earned Schedule (ES) yang berbasis waktu dinilai mampu mengatasi kekurangan Earned Value (EV) yang berbasis biaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan nilai prediksi batas atas dan batas bawah proyek yang sedang berjalan dengan metode ES melalui validasi terhadap durasi nyata proyek yang sudah selesai. Rata-rata prediksi durasi proyek konstruksi yang sedang berjalan dihitung menggunakan metode ES dengan bantuan Microsoft Excel. Hasilnya kemudian divalidasi terhadap rata-rata durasi nyata proyek yang sudah selesai menggunakan uji hipotesis rata-rata sampel ganda. Hasil nilai batas atas proyek yang sedang berjalan dinyatakan valid dan nilai batas bawah dinyatakan tidak valid dengan nilai batas atas sebesar 0,0025 minggu/m2 dan batas bawah 0,0020 minggu/m2.

scholarly journals Kejadian Preeklampsia dan Faktor Risiko yang Mempengaruhinya

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Safrudin Tolinggi ◽  
Kasma Mantualangi ◽  
Nuryani Nuryani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Control Study

AbstractOne cause of maternal morbidity and mortality is preeclampsia. The purpose of this research was to determine the risk factors of preeclampsia. The type of research was observational analytic using a case control study to determine risk factors for the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women. The population in this study as many as 1182 people and the sample size of 168 people consisting of case and control samples. Sampling technique was used purposive sampling. Results was showed that analysis unvariate parity 1 and > 3 as many as 62,5%, the distance of pregnancy < 2 years and > 5 years as many as 35,7% and education < 9 years as many as 33,3%. Analysis bivariate with odds ratio values obtained OR = 1.052, with a lower limit value (0.563) and the upper limit (1.965) then parity was significant risk factor on the incidence of preeclampsia. Results of statistical bivariate analysis OR = 2.088, with a lower limit value (1.096) and the upper limit (3.978) then the distance pregnancy was significant risk factor on the incidence of preeclampsia. Results of statistical bivariate analysis odds ratio values obtained OR = 1.239, with a lower limit value (0.652) and the upper limit (2.354) then education was a significant risk factor on the incidence of preeclampsia. The conclusion of this study was the parity, gap of pregnancy and education were the risk factor for preeclampsia in pregnant women.Keywords; age, education, gap of pregnancy, parity, preeclampsiaAbstrakSalah satu penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas ibu adalah preeclampsia. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor risiko kejadian preeclampsia. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasional analitik dengan menggunakan rancangan case control study untuk mengetahui faktor risiko kejadian preeklampsia pada ibu hamil. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 1182 orang dan jumlah sampel 168 orang yang terdiri dari sampel kasus dan kontrol. Tehnik pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan analisis univariat paritas 1 dan > 3 sebanyak 62,5%, jarak kehamilan < 2 tahun dan > 5 tahun sebanyak 35,7% dan pendidikan < 9 tahun sebanyak 33,3%. Analisis bivariat dengan uji odds ratio diperoleh nilai OR=1,052, dengan nilai lower limit (0,563) dan upper limit (1,965) maka paritas merupakan faktor risiko yang bermakna terhadap kejadian preeklampsia. Hasil analisis statistik bivariat dengan uji odds ratio dengan nilai OR=2,088, dengan nilai lower limit (1,096) dan upper limit (3,978) maka jarak kehamilan merupakan faktor risiko yang bermakna terhadap kejadian preeklampsia. Hasil analisis statistik bivariat dengan uji odds ratio diperoleh nilai OR=1,239, dengan nilai lower limit (0,652) dan upper limit (2,354) maka pendidikan merupakan faktor risiko yang bermakna terhadap kejadian preeklampsia. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah paritas, jarak kehamilan dan pendidikan merupakan faktor risiko kejadian preeklampsia pada ibu hamil.Kata kunci; umur, jarak kehamilan, pendidikan, paritas, preeklmpsia

scholarly journals Calculation of SS, TN and TP Specific Concentration Factors for Land-Use Types Using a Simple Watershed Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Seiko Yoshikawa ◽  
Donglai Ma ◽  
Tadamasa Saito ◽  
Kenji Matsumori ◽  
Yuko Itoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
River Water ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Specific Concentration ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Concentration Factors

To contribute to the prediction of rainfall-related disasters, specific concentration factors that indicate the suspended solid (SS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) load intensities to river water for each land-use type were calculated using a simple watershed land-use model across Japan by applying the following multiple regression equation, according to the land-use ratios and published SS, TN and TP data. C=i=14aixi C: SS, TN and TP concentrations (mg L-1); ai: SS, TN and TP specific concentration factor for land use i; xi: ratio of land use i; land use: 1 paddy fields, 2 upland fields, 3 forests, 4 urban areas. The land-use ratios for watersheds, whose lower ends were observation points of river water quality, were determined by the GIS technique using a published database of DEM and LULC mesh data. The SS specific concentration factor was 15.4 (from a 95% lower limit value of 12.0 to a 95% upper limit value of 18.8), 11.5 (7.4 to 15.6), 3.9 (2.6 to 5.1), and 11.2 (9.2 to 13.2) for paddy fields, upland fields, forests and urban areas, respectively (n=5103). The TN specific concentration factor was 1.67 (from a 95% lower limit value of 1.34 to a 95% upper limit value of 2.01), 4.08 (3.64 to 4.51), 0.76 (0.67 to 0.90), and 3.57 (3.38 to 3.76) for paddy fields, upland fields, forests and urban areas, respectively (n=3256). The TP specific concentration factor was 0.146 (from a 95% lower limit value of 0.119 to a 95% upper limit value of 0.172), 0.172 (0.138 to 0.206), 0.044 (0.033 to 0.055), and 0.267 (0.253 to 0.282) for paddy fields, upland fields, forests and urban areas, respectively (n=3256). These specific concentration factors had regional tendencies, such as suburban or rural, intensive or extensive agriculture, and so on.

Skin exposure: requirements to methods determining active ingredient of pesticides in washings

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
V. N. Rakitskii ◽  
N. E. Fedorova ◽  
I. V. Bereznyak ◽  
N. G. Zavolokina ◽  
L. P. Muhina
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Safety Coefficient ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Calculated Risk ◽  
Nature Studies ◽  
Active Substances

The article presents results of studies exemplified by diquat on analysis concerning influence of lower limit value of quantitative assessment in washing sample for safety coefficient in exposure and in absorbed dose, if acting substance is absent in workplace ambient air samples and in dermal washings of workers. To control diquat in dermal washings, there is a method based on ion-pair liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (working wavelength 310 nm). To concentrate sample, cartridges for solid-phase extraction, containing ion exchange sorbent (Oasis MCX 6cc/500 mg), are used. Lower limit of assessment in washing sample — 0,15 micrograms. Experimentally set washing completeness is within range of 80–92%, standard deviation of repetition is 7,0% at most. The method created was tested in nature studies determining dermal exposure in workers subjected to 5 various preparations based on diquat dibromide when used for surface spraying from tractor and from aircraft. For lower limit of detection in washing sample (0,15 micrograms/washing), calculated risk value of exposure varied within 0,26–0,36; risk of absorbed dose was low — 0,23 (the allowable one ≤1). Findings are that present measuring methods which provide lower limit of detection 1 and 5 micrograms in washing sample could result in unallowable risk establishment even with absence of the substance in all samples of workplace air and dermal washings. The calculation formula suggested enables to give theoretic basis for requirements to lower limit of detecting active substances in dermal washing samples for evaluating risk of pesticides use in agriculture.

PNN and BP Neural Network Fault Diagnosis Research on Electronic Accelerator Pedal Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
Yuxiu Jiang ◽  
Xiaohuan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Fault Detection ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Bp Neural Network ◽  
Accelerator Pedal ◽  
Electronic Throttle ◽  
Measured Voltage ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Network Fault

Background: The working state of electronic accelerator pedal directly affects the safety of vehicles and drivers. Effective fault detection and judgment for the working state of the accelerator pedal can prevent accidents. Methods: Aiming at different working conditions of electronic accelerator pedal, this paper used PNN and BP diagnosis model to detect the state of electronic accelerator pedal according to the principle and characteristics of PNN and BP neural network. The fault diagnosis test experiment of electronic accelerator pedal was carried out to get the data acquisition. Results: After the patents for electronic accelerator pedals are queried and used, the first measured voltage, the upper limit of first voltage, the first voltage lower limit, the second measured voltage, the upper limit of second voltage and the second voltage lower limit are tested to build up the data samples. Then the PNN and BP fault diagnosis models of electronic accelerator pedal are established. Six fault samples are defined through the design of electronic accelerator pedal fault classifier and the fault diagnosis processes are executed to test. Conclusion: The fault diagnosis results were analyzed and the comparisons between the PNN and the BP research results show that BP neural network is an effective method for fault detection of electronic throttle pedal, which is obviously superior to PNN neural network based on the experiment data.

The Excavation of Eighteen Round Barrows near Shrewton, Wiltshire.

1984 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 255-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Green ◽  
Stephen Rollo-Smith ◽  
Elisabeth Crowfoot ◽  
Calvin Wells
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Linear Groups ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
The Village

The excavation of eighteen round barrows was undertaken by the late Charles Green during summer seasons from 1958 to 1960, in advance of their destruction by ploughing. The excavated barrows are members of two linear groups which occupy adjacent spurs to the east of the village of Shrewton in the modern parish of that name (fig. 1). One of the barrows investigated lies in Winterbourne Stoke parish. This western part of Salisbury Plain is termed the ‘Lower Plain’ comprising those areas having their ‘upper limit… between 400 and 450 feet OD and their lower limit where they overlook the valley trenches … between 250 and 300 feet O.D.’ (Gifford 1957, 6). In such a lower valley lie the modern villages of Shrewton and Rollestone, and through it flows the river Till, the nearest modern open water supply to the barrows. This connects the area to the River Avon via the Wylye and Nadder.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PIJAT BAYI TERHADAP LAMA TIDUR BAYI DI DESA DUWET KECAMATAN WONOSARI KABUPATEN KLATEN

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Warsini Warsini ◽  
Dyah Nugraini
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Infant Sleep ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Long Sleep ◽  
The Village

Background: Even the oldest massage is an activity used by humans to expelfatigue and stress. Lack of information and knowledge of parents of massage,makes many parents think a massage is not a scientific and natural form oftherapy for infants. Most mothers believe massage is necessary only when theirchild had flu and colds.Purpose of the study: To determine the effect of infant massage on infant sleepduration in the village of Duwet, Wonosari Subdistrict, Klaten Regency.The subject: The population in this study is a baby in the village of DuwetWonosari District of Klaten regency totaling 45 babies. Samples that met thestudy criteria and amounted to 20 babies. The sampling technique is simplerandom sampling.Methods: The data collection is done by the experimental method is bymeasuring how much sleep babies after intervention. Data were analyzed usingstatistical tests Independent t-test.The results: Long sleep in infants that give the infant massage is known that atleast 11 hours and a maximum of 18 hours with an average bed is 15.90 hours.Long sleep in infants who were not given the infant massage is known at least 12hours and a maximum of 17 hours with an average bed is 13.90 hours. Statisticalanalysis showed p: 3.967 with an upper limit 0.047 and lower limit 0.33.Conclusion: There is a statistically significant effect of infant massage with infantsleep duration (p: 3.967 with an upper limit 0.047 and lower limit 0.33).Keywords: infant massage, infant sleep duration

DEVELOPMENT AND DIAPAUSE IN PLEOLOPHUS BASIZONUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. 907-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Inverse Relation ◽  
Continuous Development ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Diapause Incidence

AbstractThe upper limit for continuous development of Pleolophus basizonus lies between 25° and 30 °C since all stages develop at the former temperature and larval mortality is complete at the latter temperature. The lower limit lies between 5.5° and 10 °C, since an eonymphal diapause occurs at 5.5 °C. Between these extremes, diapause incidence varies inversely with temperature. The photoperiod experience of the parent has no effect on diapause in the progeny when the latter are reared at 15° and 18 °C, but there is an inverse relation between parental photoperiod experience and progeny diapause incidence at 10 °C. Although larvae and pupae also survive 3 months at 2 °C, most individuals probably overwinter in eonymphal diapause and their diapause requirements are fulfilled in 3 weeks at 2 °C. The incidence and rate of post-diapause development is directly related to temperature.

Runner System Design Optimization for Multigated and Multicavity Injection Molds

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshi Jin
Keyword(s):  
Design Optimization ◽  
System Design ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
System Design Optimization

Abstract Runner system design for injection molds with multiple gates or multiple cavities often requires iterative analyses for optimized results, because the gate locations or cavity shapes may not be naturally balanced. In addition, in molds with symmetrical layouts, the required injection pressure may be unnecessarily high if the runners are poorly sized. In this paper, a scheme for quickly optimizing runner system design is presented. The objective of design optimization is to minimize the required injection pressure within the design space defined by a given total runner volume. Each runner segment can be given an upper limit and lower limit to define the range of runner cross sectional dimensional size. Application examples are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.

scholarly journals Multifrequency Observations of the Jet of 3C 273

1994 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 333-334
Author(s):  
H.-J. Röser ◽  
K. Meisenheimer ◽  
M. Neumann ◽  
R.G. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Background Model ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Radio Frequencies ◽  
Quasar 3C 273 ◽  
Good Agreement

Previously we have studied the jet of the quasar 3C 273 at optical and radio frequencies. In our first set of X-ray data with 17.2 ksec integration time obtained with the ROSAT HRI, the jet is easily visible extending out from the bright quasar core. The total number of counts in the jet lies in the range 200 to 300, depending on the details of the background model. This corresponds to an X-ray flux fv(2.9 × 1017 Hz) = 65 … 140 nJy (lower limit, synchrotron radiation α = −0.8 … upper limit, bremsstrahlung α = 0, NHI = 1.8 × 1020 cm−2), in good agreement with the value derived from the EINSTEIN observations.

scholarly journals A Novel Method of Developing Construction Projects Schedule under Rework Scenarios

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5710
Author(s):  
Guofeng Ma ◽  
Shan Jiang ◽  
Tiancheng Zhu ◽  
Jianyao Jia
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Real Estate Development ◽  
Design Structure Matrix ◽  
Project Duration ◽  
Project Completion ◽  
Design Structure ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Critical Chain

Construction projects have faced serious schedule delays caused by rework risks. However, it appears that traditional methods are of limited value in developing applicable project schedules. This study presents an analysis on construction projects schedule development under rework scenarios by a novel method named the improved critical chain design structure matrix (CCDSM). Research data are collected from a real estate development project in China. As a result, predictions of project completion duration and probability have been made. A reliable schedule considering information interactions has been developed and visualized. Rework impact areas of activities have been examined to quantitatively record the impact on project duration. To meet different demands, the method generates two more schedules setting different rework buffers. Furthermore, these activities have the potential of causing rework and have been quantified based on the calculation of two criticalities, providing an identification of rework-intensive works that should be payed close importance to, which have not be realized by previous methods. The results proved the feasibility and effectiveness of this method in developing a schedule for construction projects disturbed by rework, helping practitioners adopt measures to avoid rework-caused schedule delays and achieve sustainable development of such projects.

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