scholarly journals Global steel production in the first two decades of the 21st century: a period of economic fluctuations and attempts to control globalisation processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-82
Author(s):  
Roman Matykowski ◽  
Anna Tobolska
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Geographical Pattern ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Strong Concentration ◽  
Leading Position

Based on World Steel Association statistical data, this study brings together changes in the geographical pattern of global steel production in the first two decades of the 21st century and its fluctuations during economic and social crises. The analysis indicates a strong concentration of production in several countries, and among them, China has become the leader in the last two decades. Since 2017, it has produced more than half of all steel globally, and in 2019 its annual production exceeded one billion tonnes. In 2020 the largest Chinese concern, China Baowu Group, ousted ArcelorMittal from its leading position in the ranking of the world’s largest steel concerns. Such an intense concentration of steel production in one country and the strategies of internal consolidation of Chinese steel producers are a clear signal that China is taking control of the global market for this raw material, essential for many economic sectors.

scholarly journals The COOL-Process—A Selective Approach for Recycling Lithium Batteries

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Sandra Pavón ◽  
Doreen Kaiser ◽  
Robert Mende ◽  
Martin Bertau
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Cool Process ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Selective Approach ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Housing Materials

The global market of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has been growing in recent years, mainly owed to electromobility. The global LIB market is forecasted to amount to $129.3 billion in 2027. Considering the global reserves needed to produce these batteries and their limited lifetime, efficient recycling processes for secondary sources are mandatory. A selective process for Li recycling from LIB black mass is described. Depending on the process parameters Li was recovered almost quantitatively by the COOL-Process making use of the selective leaching properties of supercritical CO2/water. Optimization of this direct carbonization process was carried out by a design of experiments (DOE) using a 33 Box-Behnken design. Optimal reaction conditions were 230 °C, 4 h, and a water:black mass ratio of 90 mL/g, yielding 98.6 ± 0.19 wt.% Li. Almost quantitative yield (99.05 ± 0.64 wt.%), yet at the expense of higher energy consumption, was obtained with 230 °C, 4 h, and a water:black mass ratio of 120 mL/g. Mainly Li and Al were mobilized, which allows for selectively precipitating Li2CO3 in battery grade-quality (>99.8 wt.%) without the need for further refining. Valuable metals, such as Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Mn, remained in the solid residue (97.7 wt.%), from where they are recovered by established processes. Housing materials were separated mechanically, thus recycling LIB without residues. This holistic zero waste-approach allows for recovering the critical raw material Li from both primary and secondary sources.

Reasons for the prevalence of acute pancreatitis in medical students

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Ж.Б. Турлыгазы ◽  
Д.Ж. Байдиллаева ◽  
Р.А. Бакриев ◽  
А.Б. Канатаева ◽  
А.Г. Шымырбай ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Abdominal Surgery ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Gender Characteristics

Острый панкреатит за последнее десятилетие занимает лидирующие позиции в практике абдоминальной хирургии, уступая место лишь острому аппендициту. А так же имеет ряд осложнений с неблагоприятными исходами. По данным литературы определено около 120 факторов, способные привести к развитию острого панкреатита. В данной статье преведены статистические данные социологического опроса, указывающие на ряд факторов способных привести к развитию данной патологии, частота их влияния, гендерные особенности а так же связи их между собой. Over the past decade, acute pancreatitis has taken a leading position in the practice of abdominal surgery, giving way only to acute appendicitis. It also has a number of complications with unfavorable outcomes. According to the literature, about 120 factors have been identified that can lead to the development of acute pancreatitis. This article presents the statistical data of a sociological survey, indicating a number of factors that can lead to the development of this patho logy, the frequency of their influence, gender characteristics, as well as their relationship with each other.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF IRON SAND PROCESSING INTO SPONGE IRON IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY OF STEEL RAW MATERIALS

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sovian Aritonang ◽  
Jupriyanto Jupriyanto ◽  
Riyadi Juhana
Keyword(s):  
Steel Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Sponge Iron ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Iron Sponge ◽  
The Government

<p>The number of iron sand reserves is mostly spread in the coastal waters of Indonesia, from the coast of Sumatra, the southern of Java to Bali, the beaches of Sulawesi, beaches in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), and the northern coast of Papua. Total reserves for ore are 173,810,612 tons and metal as much as 25,412,652.62 tons. But its utilization was not optimal because PT. Krakatau Steel, and PT. Krakatau Posco has produced steel plates only 24,000 to 36,000 tons per year. While the need for steel plates for the shipping industry each year requires 900,000 tons per year. With the need for raw material for steel plates in the form of iron sponges with Fe ≥ 60%, PT. Krakatau Steel is still imported from abroad. The proof is PT. Krakatau Steel before and during the year 2000 still imported Iron Ore Pellets from the countries of Sweden, Chille and Brazil for 3,500,000 tons per year. This condition is the cause of the national steel industry unable to compete with the foreign steel industry because imported raw materials are subject to import duties. This is an opportunity to build a steel raw material company because all this time the steel raw material industry in Indonesia has only two companies. This condition encourages the manufacture of iron sponges, with the process of making iron sponges with technology adapted to installed production capacity. This study analysed the manufacture of iron sponges using Cipatujah iron sand, as raw material for the manufacture of iron sponges, with the results obtained in the form of iron sponges with the highest levels of Fe ≥60.44%. This can be used for the purposes of raw materials for steel making PT. Krakatau Steel (PT. KS), because so far PT. KS claims that Fe &lt;60% local sponge iron products. This can encourage the independence of steel raw materials, which impacts on the independence of the defence industry. But the government must also protect and prioritize steel raw materials for national production for national steel production. With the national government steel industry, the consortium of vendors supplying raw material (iron sponge) to maintain the quality and supply of continuous sponge iron.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: iron sand, iron pellet, iron sponge</p>

scholarly journals Development of a method for targeted financing of economy sectors through capital investment in the innovative development

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (13 (113)) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Iaroslava Levchenko ◽  
Peter Losonczi ◽  
Igor Britchenko ◽  
Radostin Vazov ◽  
Olga Zaiats ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Innovative Potential

The problem of targeted financing of economic sectors is considered. The method of targeted financing of sectors of the economy through investment in innovative development is proposed. On the basis of statistical data on the performance indicators of the sectors of the economy, the calculation of indicators of their innovative potential was carried out, based on the volume of sold innovative products (goods, services) by type of economic activity. In order to stimulate sectors of the economy by investing in innovative development, it is proposed to introduce targeted financing of the latter. The problem of quantitative assessment of targeted financing of economic sectors by means of investment in innovative development based on an integrated approach has been solved. According to the results obtained, sectors of the economy that are identified as the most risky and have the potential for innovative development fall under targeted financing. The proposed technique was tested by an experimental method. On the basis of an integrated approach for the indicators of the riskiness of the economic sector and the indicator of the innovative potential of the economic sector, targeted financing for 3 sectors of the economy (namely: P, N, M, L and J) was determined. Sector P will receive more targeted funding, while sectors N, M, L and J will receive less targeted funding, respectively. The size of these parts will be 47.30 %, 22.31 %, 13.48 %, 9.56 % and 7.34 %, respectively, of 100 % S. The results of the study are of practical interest for government bodies (local, territorial, etc.) in the distribution of funds according to the vector of targeted financing of sectors of the economy through investment in innovative development. Practically valuable for researchers who deal with issues of financial security, targeted financing and public administration

MIGRATIONS - JOURNEYS OF THE BROKERS - IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE THREATS TO THE SECURITY OF 21ST CENTURY EUROPE

2021 ◽  
Vol XV - Wydanie specjalne ◽  
pp. 223-238
Author(s):  
Anna Piotrowska ◽  
Marian Kopczewski ◽  
Julia Nowicka ◽  
Zbigniew Ciekanowski
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Third World ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Illegal Immigration ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
The Eu

Contemporary and future threats to Europe in the 21st century constitute an important element of the European Union's security policy. Ongoing wars, terrorism, religious fanaticism and extreme poverty in third world countries led to a drastic wave of refugees that flooded Europe. The article presents the problem of threats related to the increasing migration, as well as the activities of the European Union aimed at preventing the migration crisis. The issue of Syrian refugees fleeing in desperation to Europe, a Europe that does not necessarily welcome them with open arms, was raised. The aim of the presented study is to analyze the situation of contemporary Europe in the context of threats related to the phenomenon of migration. Statistical data published by the most important institutions of the EU Member States, including data related to crimes committed by citizens who are not indigenous people of Europe, were thoroughly analyzed. Eurostat research, data disseminated by the Federal Criminal Police Office in Germany or statistics published by the Italian Istat were used. The conclusions from the above research allowed to verify the hypothesis that the migration crisis is a factor in the multifaceted destabilization of contemporary Europe, and the phenomenon of migration should be considered in this context. Due to the limited volume of the article, the author of the publication presented the most important legal bases regulating legal and illegal immigration, which will facilitate the understanding of the European Union's operation on the issue of interest to us.

The Potential Role of the Software Industry in Supporting Economic Development

2018 ◽  
pp. 7259-7269
Author(s):  
Sherif H. Kamel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Software Industry ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
Production Complex ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Local Companies

Emerging information technologies provide a solid and promising platform to support economic development. In that respect, the information and communication technology sector has been one of Egypt's strongest economic sectors with increasing prospects for job creation, productivity, scalability, impact and growth. One of the subsets of ICT, the software industry, is gradually becoming more visible, stronger and mature in terms of output and impact both locally and beyond. Software is arguably the best entry platform for developing nations, like Egypt, into the global ICT production complex. Local companies and startups in the software development space have started their operations over the last decade trying to capture a segment of the regional and global market opportunities. This article assesses the developments in the software industry in Egypt and the potential role it can play as a contributor to economic development through the establishment of an export-oriented outsourcing software industry capitalizing on one of Egypt's primary resources, human capital.

scholarly journals International Forest Governance and Policy: Institutional Architecture and Pathways of Influence in Global Sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 7010
Author(s):  
Metodi Sotirov ◽  
Benno Pokorny ◽  
Daniela Kleinschmit ◽  
Peter Kanowski
Keyword(s):  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Forest Governance ◽  
Policy Integration ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Global Sustainability ◽  
Regulatory Governance ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Domestic Influence

This paper reviews the design of the international forest governance and policy, and analyses its impacts in addressing deforestation and forest degradation as global sustainability issues. Informed by literatures on international relations, regulatory governance of global commodity production, and international pathways of domestic influence, key arrangements are aggregated into six types, and mapped in terms of their main aims, instruments, and implementation mechanisms. Key analytical dimensions, such as the actors involved (state–private–mixed), the character of legal authority (legally binding–non-legally binding), and the geopolitical scope (global–transnational) helped to identify the potential and limitations of arrangements. They were assessed and compared in terms of their main pathways of influence such as international hard-law rules, cross-sectoral policy integration, non-legally binding norms and discourses, global market mechanisms, and direct access through capacity building. Our results reveal important challenges in the design and implementation, and in the pathways of influence, of the forest governance arrangements, including major inconsistencies with forest-adverse economic sectors. We conclude about the need for coherent international forest-related policy cooperation and integrative actions in agriculture, bioenergy, and mining to enhance the prospects of achieving the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

Project Management Assessment Methods

2011 ◽  
pp. 321-357
Author(s):  
Mysore Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Project Management ◽  
Small Business ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Continuous Quality Improvement ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Continuous Quality

In this chapter, the author describes how one can implement and incorporate creative techniques to design, develop, document and disseminate a systematic process for conducting assessment, whether it be in a multinational corporation or it be in a small business environment. The author accomplishes this by providing models, samples and established guidelines for effectively using assessment results for continuous quality improvement. The author focuses on the importance of adopting modern techniques and stresses that technology should not be viewed just as a growing trend. The author shows how technology can be intelligently implemented as an invaluable assessment tool that can quickly identify areas for improvement so that a given corporation can continue to climb the ladder of success in a competitive global market of the 21st Century.

scholarly journals BUDAYA BAHARI DAM TRADISI NELAYAN DI INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Yunandar Yunandar
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Maritime Culture ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Relationship

There are at least five phenomena which mark the complexity of maritime culture and fisherman tradition in Indonesia; social group of the maritime society, the development of economic sectors concerning sea products, social hierarchy in the daily maritime activities, the relationship between the elements of maritime culture and life sectors of the society, and the continuation and alteration of maritime culture's elements. In order to acquire a deep study on the complexity of maritime culture, there are several concepts used in this paper: Koentjaraningrat's concept of "three forms of culture", Sanjek's concept of "the dynamic culture and creation", and Vadya's concept of "contextual progressive explanatory method". The forms of maritime culture include the system of culture, belief, institution, and production technology. Meanwhile, the dynamics of maritime culture and fisherman tradition is determined not only by the internal factors but also the external forces, such as, innovation on technology, government policy, university interventions, nongovernmental organizations, donor institution, and regional, national, and even global market. Apparently, those external forces have brought negative impacts on the life of maritime society, marked by the decrease of economic prosperity, natural resources and sea environment. The negative impacts can be avoided by applying community-based management in the development of maritime culture

Modern Approaches to Efficient Use of Mn-Containing Raw Material in Steel Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 770 ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.I. Nokhrina ◽  
I.D. Rozhihina ◽  
I.E. Proshunin ◽  
I.E. Hodosov ◽  
V.G. Osipova
Keyword(s):  
Steel Production ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Chemical Concentration ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Metallic Manganese

A flow diagram of complex concentration of polymetallic manganese-containing ores of the Altai-Sayan new deposits is developed. Process conditions of recovery of valuable components by chemical concentration are determined. The results of use of high-quality concentrates of manganese, ferrum and nickel at manufacture of steel and metallic manganese are included.

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