scholarly journals Effects of Using Hazelnut Husk, Wood Shaving and of the Mixture at Different Thicknesses on Broiler Performances, Some Organ Weights, Foot-Pad Dermatitis and Litter Traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1399-1404
Author(s):  
Musa Sarıca ◽  
Kadir Erensoy
Keyword(s):  
Stocking Density ◽  
Litter Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
Litter Traits ◽  
Hazelnut Husk ◽  
Wood Shaving ◽  
Foot Pad ◽  
The Cost

This study was carried out to determine the effects of the use of hazelnut husk (HH), wood shavings (WS) and the mixture of 50% hazelnut husk + 50% wood shavings (MIX) in two different thicknesses (4 and 8 cm) as a litter material in broiler production. The experiment was carried out as a factorial experimental design (3 litter type and 2 thickness) and stocking density was 10 chickens per m2. At 6 wk. of age, the effect of litter types and thicknesses on broiler live weights, feed efficiency, and livability, were not significant. Also, no differences were found in terms of gizzard, digestive tract, abdominal fat and edible internal organ weight percentages. While carcass yield varied between litter groups, there was no difference between litter thicknesses. The litter moisture levels at the end of the trial were not affected the litter type and litter thickness, while the foot pad dermatitis (FPD) rates were significantly affected. The highest FPD levels were determined in the HH litter and 4 cm thickness. As a result, the use of HH, WS and MIX of them with a thickness of 4 and 8 cm had no effect on other traits except for FPD levels. It has been observed that these litter materials may be used successfully in broiler production and use of 8 cm thickness litter has minor positive effects except that the cost of litter has doubled.

scholarly journals Feasibility of using fallen tea leaves as litter in broiler rearing

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-54
Author(s):  
S Chakma ◽  
MY Miah ◽  
A Ara ◽  
MH Kawsar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Wood Shaving ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Cost

One hundred eighty straight run day old Cobb-500 broilers were reared on rice husk, sawdust, wood shaving and chopped tea leaves litter up to 35 days of age. The broilers were fed ad libitum. At 35 days the body weight of chicken reared on sawdust attained the highest body weight (p<0.01) than other litters. FCR was the best on saw dust. The moisture content of different litters did not differ significantly. Oocyst population in rice husk was found to be higher (p<0.01) than those on other litters, except those reared on wood shaving. Moisture content of litters and oocyst population were positively correlated at 14 and 35 days and negatively correlated at 21 and 28 days of age. The litter cost per broiler and per kg broiler was the highest on rice husk (RH), intermediate on sawdust (SD), Wood shavings (WS) and the lowest on chopped fallen tea leaves (CFTL). It was concluded that it may be possible to minimize the cost of litter by using CFTL.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i1.11978

scholarly journals The effect of stocking density on certain broiler welfare parameters

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenka Skrbic ◽  
Z. Pavlovski ◽  
M. Lukic ◽  
L. Peric ◽  
N. Milosevic
Keyword(s):  
Stocking Density ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Walking Ability ◽  
Total Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
Gait Score ◽  
Foot Pad

In broiler production, stocking density, i.e. floor surface per chicken, is very important welfare factor which directly and indirectly influences and determines the level of growth of chicken body weight, but it is also related to other welfare indicators. Objective of the paper was to define the broiler welfare in different stocking densities by evaluation of their walking ability (gait score), feathering, incidence and degree of hock burns, foot pad lesions, and by determination of the biochemical blood parameters (glucose concentration, total cholesterol concentration), as indicators of condition of stress. One day old chickens of Hubbard genotype were housed in boxes in floor rearing system, in 3 stocking densities and 5 repetitions of each treatment. Treatment A scored stocking density of 10 birds/m2; treatment B, 13 birds/m2 and treatment C, 16 birds/m2. Results of the trial indicate absence of significance of differences between trial groups of broilers in regard to their walking ability, condition of skin and legs, and stress indicators. In general, broiler welfare in all trial groups was satisfactory. However, determined tendencies of worsening of the condition of litter, increase of the frequency of lower scores for walking ability (gait score), hock burns and foot pad lesions which occur with increase of stocking density, indicate the importance of this rearing factor and need to define limiting stocking densities from the aspect of broiler welfare but also economical efficiency of production. .

scholarly journals Rearing, bird type and pre-slaughter transport conditions of broilers II. Effect on foot-pad dermatitis and carcass quality

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris Villarroel ◽  
Ivan Francisco ◽  
Miguel A. Ibáñez ◽  
Martin Novoa ◽  
Paula Martínez-Guijarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Transport Distance ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Foot Pad ◽  
Feed Conversion Rate

A multivariable linear model was used to analyse the incidence of carcass quality defects over one year in a commercial database that included 1,856 flocks of Ross broilers (9,188 shipments, 1,975,420 carcasses inspected). The incidence of foot-pad dermatitis (FPD), scratches and wing and back haematomas was scored and analysed in terms of the effects of transport distance, arrival time to the slaughterhouse, waiting time at the slaughterhouse, maximum outside temperature on the day of transport, feed conversion rate, stocking density, bird type (yellow-skinned females or males, white-skinned females or males and roaster females), thinning (birds transported after thinning, birds remaining after thinning, and non-thinned flocks), bed litter type (rice hulls, chopped straw or wood shavings), and ventilation system (dynamic, static or tunnel). The incidence of FPD was significantly (p<0.001) lower at higher maximum temperatures and higher in flocks with a higher feed conversion rate. FPD also increased with stocking density (kg/m2) and was, on average, 5.0% higher in males than females. Regarding thinning, FPD was 13% lower in birds transported after thinning. Birds raised on chopped straw had more FPD (49.3%), followed by wood shavings (31.1%). Scratches were higher at higher temperatures and increased with transport distance. Birds transported after thinning had 5.8% more scratches than non-thinned birds, while increased stocking density (kg/m2) on the farm tended to increase scratches. Back haematomas were 32.6% higher in birds that were thinned, while wing haematomas increased with stocking density (kg/m2). Back haematomas were also 23.7% higher in males and more common in white-skinned birds.

Cost of apical dominance in two monocarpic herbs, Erysimum strictum and Rhinanthus minor

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari-Pekka Huhta ◽  
Juha Tuomi ◽  
Pasi Rautio
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Vegetative Biomass ◽  
Branch Development ◽  
Rhinanthus Minor ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Number Of Branches

Apical dominance is advantageous in conditions favoring rapid growth in height and unbranched architecture. The cost of apical dominance, on the other hand, should be expressed in conditions where fecundity increases along with an increasing number of branches. Apical damage can be used to measure such costs: when suppressed meristems are released from apical inhibition, the vegetative and reproductive productivity of initially unbranched plants should increase owing to the regrowth and increased branch development following damage. We studied these regrowth responses in two monocarpic herbs, Erysimum strictum P. Gaertn., B. Mey., and Scherb. and Rhinanthus minor L., after both apical damage (10% of the shoot cut) and more extensive damage (50 and 75% cutting). Both species tolerated apical damage, although severe damage had detrimental effects on the performance of both, especially R. minor. Apical damage had positive effects on most of the measured performance parameters of Erysimum. However, the success of seed germination collapsed, presumably due to delayed flowering and less successful pollination. The response was parallel in Rhinanthus; apical damage affected neither the vegetative biomass nor fecundity, but heavier damage, especially 75% clipping, led to severe reductions in most performance measures. The differences in regrowth responses are presumably due to the different habitat requirements of the species. Rhinanthus prefers relatively dense vegetation and starts to branch and produce flowers after a certain threshold in height has been reached, whereas Erysimum prefers gaps in vegetation. In this species, unbranched architecture may be favored in closed vegetation and branched architecture in less competitive habitats. In both species, fruit production correlated positively with the number of branches in both control and clipped plants, which is consistent with the assumption of the cost of apical dominance.Key words: apical dominance, competition, damage, meristem, overcompensation, regrowth.

scholarly journals Conspecific and heterospecific grass litter effects on seedling emergence and growth in ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246459
Author(s):  
Henrike Möhler ◽  
Tim Diekötter ◽  
Geeltje Marie Bauer ◽  
Tobias W. Donath
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Litter Type ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Jacobaea Vulgaris ◽  
Grass Litter ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Biomass Plant

Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. or common ragwort is a widespread noxious grassland weed that is subject to different regulation measures worldwide. Seedling emergence and growth are the most crucial stages for most plants during their life cycle. Therefore, heterospecific grass or conspecific ragwort litter as well as soil-mediated effects may be of relevance for ragwort control. Our study examines the effects of conspecific and heterospecific litter as well as ragwort conditioned soil on seedling emergence and growth. We conducted pot experiments to estimate the influence of soil conditioning (with, without ragwort), litter type (grass, ragwort, grass-ragwort-mix) and amount (200 g/m², 400 g/m²) on J. vulgaris recruitment. As response parameters, we assessed seedling number, biomass, height and number of seedling leaves. We found that 200 g/m² grass litter led to higher seedling numbers, while litter composed of J. vulgaris reduced seedling emergence. Litter amounts of 400 g/m² had negative effects on the number of seedlings regardless of the litter type. Results for biomass, plant height and leaf number showed opposing patterns to seedling numbers. Seedlings in pots treated with high litter amounts and seedlings in ragwort litter became heavier, grew higher and had more leaves. Significant effects of the soil conditioned by ragwort on seedling emergence and growth were negligible. The study confirms that the amount and composition of litter strongly affect seedling emergence and growth of J. vulgaris. Moreover, while conspecific litter and high litter amounts negatively affected early seedling development in ragwort, those seedlings that survived accumulated more biomass and got taller than seedlings grown in heterospecific or less dense litter. Therefore, ragwort litter has negative effects in ragwort germination, but positive effects in ragwort growth. Thus, leaving ragwort litter on pastures will not reduce ragwort establishment and growth and cannot be used as management tool.

scholarly journals KNOWLEDGE GAP DAN ADAPTASI LINGKUNGAN KERJA KARYAWAN LOKAL DI HOTEL MILIK ASING

KRITIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-193
Author(s):  
Janio Abilio Madeira Soares ◽  
Titi Susilowati Prabawa
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Depth Interviews

This research is meant to explore how local employees who work in International hotels in Dili, the capital city of Timor Leste adapt to the working environment. Without enough knowledge about hospitality, they acquire the skills through the knowledge transfer from the senior workers and through learning by doing. This research uses qualitative approach. In order to obtain data, in-depth interviews were done with 16 employees of the two hotels under research, i.e., Novo Turismo Hotel and Timor Plaza hotel. The research finds that kinship value in their working environment helps to accelerate transfer knowledge for the employees in Novo Turismo Hotel dan Timor Plaza. The process brings positive effects to training fund, potentials of internal conflicts and the cost of damages caused by the negligence of local employees.

scholarly journals THE COST OF NEGATIVE INCOME TAX AS A FISCAL MEASURE TO TACKLE POVERTY IN NORTH MACEDONIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Velkovska
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Income ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Negative Income Tax

This paper makes an effort to evaluate the cost of negative income tax as a fiscal measure aiming to tackle the persistent high poverty rate in Macedonia. Poverty, income inequality and unemployment are expected to rise all around the world due to the pandemic corona virus outbreak and the subsequent economic crisis. Governments around the world have already implemented measures similar to universal basic income with the purpose of increasing household consumption and stimulating aggregate demand but also to mitigate the devastating effects that the recent unfavorable economic developments have on the citizens living in poverty or are at the risk of poverty. However, shrinking fiscal spaces of small economies could be an obstacle to implement such policies. Compared to universal basic income, negative income tax is a less costly policy option that targets the population living in poverty instead of providing payments to everyone regardless of their income. The analysis based on the available data is indicating that implementing such policy would cost as much as 9.7 billion MKD per year, which is 4% of the planned state budget revenues for Y2020, 8% of the planned social transfers for Y2020 and 29% of the funds that the state has made available for tackling the COVID 19 crisis so far. In addition, the negative income tax could trigger various positive effects on the economy. Since poor people spend almost all of their income, it could be expected that implementing negative income tax would rise household consumption. According to the empirical analysis in this paper, household consumption is in highest correlation to GDP growth in Macedonia compared to the other explanatory variables (government consumption, investments, import and export).

Conceptual Model of the Subject of Circular Economy in the Context of Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Roman Ivanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Wave Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with certain issues of the introduction and functioning of the circular economy, the introduction of which allows you to obtain positive environmental, economic and social effects. It is noted that it is characterized by the emergence of synergistic effects in the conditions of development of ecological and economic systems, which create conditions for their advancement towards a state of sustainable development. A model of the subject of a circular economy in the context of sustainable development, which reflects the transformative essence, wave nature and cyclical nature of economic processes within the framework of the wave-particle concept of the formation of economic behavior, is proposed and analyzed. The model is formulated in accordance with the methodological principles of describing material flows, which are based on the phenomenological assumption that their kinetics is isomorphic to the dynamics of a continuous medium. The presented construct was named “economic dipole”. The model is built in the state space, the coordinates of which characterize the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the studied subject. The model reflects the self-organizing nature of the management of a circular economy entity, the balance between production and consumption and cyclical movement within the framework of such a circular economy business model as resource recovery. It minimizes the cost of resources by increasing the efficiency of production through reverse flows. The adequacy and information content of the model was checked by analyzing the fields of speed and motivation, the connection of which in the context of sustainable development is represented by the equation of maintaining overall motivation, which consists of a motivating and compensating component. It is shown that the subject of the circular economy is more motivated for sustainable development and overcoming the negative consequences of production than for maintaining the existing state, which reflects the key positive effects of introducing a circular economy.

scholarly journals Why licensing authorities need to consider the net value of new drugs in assigning review priorities: Addressing the tension between licensing and reimbursement

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 140-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher McCabe ◽  
Karl Claxton ◽  
Anthony O'Hagan
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Priority Review ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Do So

Pharmaceutical regulators and healthcare reimbursement authorities operate in different intellectual paradigms and adopt very different decision rules. As a result, drugs that have been licensed are often not available to all patients who could benefit because reimbursement authorities judge that the cost of therapies is greater than the health produced. This finding creates uncertainty for pharmaceutical companies planning their research and development investment, as licensing is no longer a guarantee of market access. In this study, we propose that it would be consistent with the objectives of pharmaceutical regulators to use the Net Benefit Framework of reimbursement authorities to identify those therapies that should be subject to priority review, that it is feasible to do so and that this would have several positive effects for patients, industry, and healthcare systems.

scholarly journals Effects of a Partially Perforated Flooring System on Ammonia Emissions in Broiler Housing—Conflict of Objectives between Animal Welfare and Environment?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 707
Author(s):  
Carolin Adler ◽  
Alexander J. Schmithausen ◽  
Manfred Trimborn ◽  
Sophia Heitmann ◽  
Birgit Spindler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nh3 Emission

A partially (50%) perforated flooring system showed positive effects on health- and behavior-based welfare indicators without affecting production performance. Ammonia (NH3) is the most common air pollutant in poultry production, with effects on animal welfare and the environment. The objectives of animal welfare and environmental protection are often incompatible. Therefore, this study addresses the question of how a partially perforated flooring system affects NH3 emissions. According to German regulations, three fattening periods were carried out with 500 Ross 308 broilers per barn (final stocking density: 39 kg m−2). The experimental barn was equipped with an elevated perforated area in the supply section, accessible by perforated ramps. The remaining area in the experimental barn and the control barn were equipped with wood shavings (600 g m−2). Besides the different floor types, management was identical. Air temperature (Temp), relative air humidity (RH), NH3 concentration, and ventilation rate (VR) were measured continuously. Furthermore, dry matter (DM) content, pH, and litter quality were assessed. Towards the end of the fattening periods, the NH3 emission rate (ER) of the partially perforated flooring system was higher compared with that of the littered control barn (all p < 0.001). This effect is mainly caused by the higher NH3 concentrations, which are promoted by the lack of compaction underneath the elevated perforated area and the increase in pH value under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the partially perforated flooring system offers different approaches for NH3 reduction that were previously not feasible, potentially contributing equally to animal welfare and environmental protection.

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