scholarly journals TRADISI NGENINGANG RAGA RING CATUSPATA PADA TUMPEK KUNINGAN DI DESA PAKRAMAN KEBONJERO KECAMATAN PUPUAN KABUPATEN TABANAN (Perspektif Pendidikan Agama Hindu)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Luh Gede Era Pradnyadewi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Goal Attainment ◽  
The Core ◽  
The People ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Traditional Function ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Village

<p><em>Tradition ngeningang raga is one form of tradition that is done by hereditary by the Hindu in the Village Pakraman Kebonjero, carried out every six months precisely at Tumpek Kuningan in catuspata Village Pakraman Kebonjero. This research aims to knowing (1) the procession of the tradition of ngeningang raga ring catuspata at Tumpek Kuningan in Pakraman Kebonjero Village, Pupuan Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency, (2) the traditional function of ngeningang raga ring catuspata at Tumpek Kuningan for the people of Pakraman Kebonjero Village, Pupuan District, Tabanan regency (3) tradition ngeningang raga ring catuspata on Tumpek Kuningan in Pakraman Kebonjero Village, Pupuan District, Tabanan Regency viewed from the perspective of Hindu religious education. </em><em></em></p><p><em>Results theresearch shows (1) the procession of ngeningang raga ring catuspata tradition at Tumpek Kuningan in Pakraman Kebonjero Village, Pupuan Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency (a) the initial stage of preparation tradition preparation ngeningang raga, (b) the core stage of implementation tradition ngeningang raga, (c) final stage of implementation tradition ngeningang raga ring catuspata at Tumpek Kuningan in Pakraman Kebonjero Village, Pupuan Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency. (2) the function of the tradition of ngalingang raga ring catuspata at Tumpek Kuningan in Pakraman Kebonjero Village, Pupuan Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency (a) functioning adaptation, (b) functioning goal attainment, (c) integrity, (d) functioning latency. (3) The tradition of ngeningang raga ring catuspata at Tumpek Kuningan in Pakraman Kebonjero Village, Pupuan Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency viewed from the perspective of Hindu religious education (a) tradition ngeningang raga viewed from the material, (b) the tradition of ngeningang raga is viewed, (c) the tradition of ngeningang raga viewed from the aesthetic, (d) the tradition of ngeningang raga viewed from the religious.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p>

scholarly journals TARI SAKRAL TUGLENG-TUGLENG DALAM UPACARA NGUSABA SAMBAH DI DESA PAKRAMAN KASTALA KECAMATAN BEBANDEM KABUPATEN KARANGSEM (Prespektif Pendidikan Agama Hindu)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Novi Savitri ◽  
I Ketut Mardika ◽  
I Made Luwih
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
The Public ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
Research Interview ◽  
The Village ◽  
Sacred Dance ◽  
The Universe

<p>The sacred dance found in the Ngusaba Sambah ceremony in the village of Pakraman Kastala, Bebandem district of karangasem district is the sacred dance of Tugleng-tugleng. Tugleng-tugleng sacred dance is a tradition that must be implemented every Ngusaba Sambah in the village of Pakraman Kastala, Bebandem district, Karangasem district has been completed. Until now with the present (modern) period is still maintained as a tradition from generation to generation. This dance aims to request the safety of the village of pakraman kastala and is a complement of the ceremony as a form of gratitude to God Almighty to clean the mala (Bhuta Kala) after the completion of Usaba Sambah ceremony.</p><p>The issues discussed are 1) How is the procession of implementing Tugleng-tugleng sacred Dance? 2). What is the function of the sacred dance of Tugleng-tugleng, and what kind of Hindu religious education is contained in the sacred dance of Tugleng-tugleng at the Ngusaba Sambah ceremony in the village of Pakraman Kastala? The general objective of this research is to provide an understanding of Tugleng-tugleng sacred dance at Ngusaba Sambah in Desa Pakraman Kastala to the public in general and society. Knowing the procession of implementation, function, and know the value of Hindu religious education contained in the Tugleng-Tugleng Sacred Dance in Desa Pakraman Kastala.</p><p>This research uses phenomenology theory, structural functional theory, and value theory. In collecting data using several techniques that is by observation to place of research, interview to society which is assumed to know and study of library. The Tugleng-tugleng Sacred Dance consists of the stages, ie Nyineb Ida Betara Puseh, absent krama and megibungan, collecting and animating firewood, metabuh, and Tugleng-tugleng Dance Procession.</p><p>The function of the Tugleng-Tugleng Sacred Dance for the people of Pakraman Kastala village in general is as a form of Sraddha Bhakti and the gratitude of society to the creator. In addition, to clean themselves from elements of Mala (Bhuta Kala) attached to each krama. Tugleng-Tugleng Sacred Dance is an implementation of Tri Hita Karana's teaching that is: Tatwa value. The value of Susila based on Tri Kaya Parisudha are: Kayika, Wacika, and Manacika. And the Value of Ceremony (Ritual) in Tugleng-tugleng Sacred Dance, As already known that the universe and its contents were created by Ida Sang Hyang Widhi through yadnya</p>

PENINGKATAN KOMPETENSI PENGGUNAAN BAHASA INDONESIA BAKU BAGI SISWA MADRASAH ALIYAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Lalu Jaswadi Putera ◽  
Muh. Khairussibyan ◽  
Riries Sugianto
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Abstrak: Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mengenalkan siswa pada ragam-ragam bahasa Indonesia dan meningkatkan kompetensi mereka dalam menggunakan bahasa Indonesia baku. Kami melakukan beberapa kegiatan yang kami bagi ke dalam tiga tahapan mulai dari tahap awal (observasi) sampai tahap akhir (evaluasi). Pada tahap awal kami mengumpulkan informasi menggunakan wawancara, kuesioner, dan latihan diagnostic test. Pada tahap inti, kami memberikan penyuluhan tentang ragam-ragam bahasa dan aturan tatabahasa Indonesia baku. Pada tahap akhir, kami melakukan evaluasi melalui kegiatan sharing session dan post-test untuk mengetahui tingkat pemahaman siswa setelah penyuluhan. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan adanya antusiasme siswa yang tinggi mengikuti kegiatan dan peningkatan kompetensi menjawab soal-soal tatabahasa Indonesia yang sebelumnya tidak dipahami dan disalahgunakan.Abstract: This activity aims to introduce students to the variety of Indonesian languages and to improve their competence in using Indonesian standard language. We carried out three stages of activities from the initial stage to the final stage. In the initial stage, we collected information by interview, questionnaires, and diagnostic tests to gain information about the students' problems in using the language. At the core stage, we presented materials on the variety of Indonesia languages and the correct use of grammatical rules. In final stage, we made evaluation through sharing session and post-test. 

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM (PAI) BERBASIS CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL), SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PEMBELAJARAN GURU, DI SMP KOTA MALANG

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romlah .
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Traditional Learning ◽  
The Core ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Learning Scenarios ◽  
Contextual Teaching

Fakultas Agama Islam UMMABSTRACTThis research is motivated by the reality of the learning process of the Islamic ReligiousEducation (PAI), which allegedly still using traditional learning models so that provideless traction on the implications for students 'lack of internalization of religious teachingin students' self. To that end, CTL approach (Contextual Teaching and Learning) isassumed to be able to make learning more meaningful and PAI is able to encouragestudents to make Islamic teachings in their daily living. The aim of this study (first stage)is to describe the learning profile of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in junior highschool in Malang. Qualitative approach used in this study, key informant PAI firstgrade’s teacher and Principal or Chief Principal. The curriculum at each school inMalang (SMP 13, 18 and SMP Muhammadiyah I Malang). While the data collectiontechnique used observation, interviews, documentation, and after the data was analyzedwith descriptive and qualitative. Results from this study indicate that teachers at all threejunior high PAI Malang has been made: (1) planning the learning, such as Prota, Prosem,Syllabus, RPP. (2) learning scenarios, starting from the initial stage, the core and cover.(3) Problem faced by teachers in the learning of the PAI include methods, media, largeclass group, students' backgrounds are diverse IQ capabilities and lack of textbooks andworksheets by student.Kata Kunci : Pembelajaran PAI,Perangkat pembelajaran, PendekatanCTL

scholarly journals PELAKSANAAN UPACARA MALANCARAN SESUUNAN DEWA BAGUS RATU AYU DI DESA PAKRAMAN KEPAON, KOTA DENPASAR (PERSFEKTIF PENDIDIKAN AGAMA HINDU)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Luh Eka Prawitarini ◽  
I Wayan Darna ◽  
. Marsono
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The People ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Religious Theory ◽  
The Village ◽  
Value Of Education

<p>Every area in Bali has a variety of traditions that have been preserved to this day. There is a unique that is only available in the area. Tradition is then carried out from generation to generation so that it becomes distinctive from each region. One of the traditions related to the religious rituals performed in the village of Pakraman Kepaon Suwung Kauh is Malararan Tradition Sesuunan Dewa Bagus Ratu Ayu. Malancaran word can be defined as a walk, the Malancaran Ceremony is a series of ceremonies of its implementation by accompanying all the Sesuunan that disungsung around the village area and at each end of the village area dedicated upakara yadnya. Malancaran ceremony is a form of bhuta yadnya ceremony in the hope that people can avoid the disease outbreak. This ceremony is routinely carried out by the villagers of Pakraman Kepaon Suwung Kauh every holy day of kajeng kliwon enyitan once every 30 days as a form of yadnya ceremony in the preservation of community tradition. Things that want to be studied from the phenomenon are (1) How is the process of performing the Malancaran Ceremony Sesuunan Dewa Bagus Ratu Ayu Desa Pakraman Kepaon ?, (2) How Malancaran Ceremony Function Dewa Bagus Adaptation of Ratu Ayu, Desa Pakraman Kepaon ?, (3) Educational Value What Hindu religion is contained in the ceremony Malancaran Sesuunan Dewa Bagus Ratu Ayu Desa Pakraman Kepaon?. Theories used to analyze the above problems are: Religious Theory of Koentjaraningrat, Structural Functional Theory of Triguna and Theory Value of Artadi. Techniques used to collect data are: participant observation, structured interview, literature study and document recording.</p><p>The results of this study indicate that: (1) In the Ceremony Malancaran Sesuunan Dewa Bagus Ratu Ayu in the village of Pakraman Kepaon initially is a show because it is religus make barong and rangda become sacral and Sesuunan jagat. The ceremony of "Malancaran" Sesuunan Dewa Bagus Ratu Ayu is held on the holy day of kajeng kliwon enyitan right on sandikala (late evening) is a revelation from god in the past to expel bhuta kala and melt epidemic diseases that occurred in suwung kauh area through "Malancaran" Dewa Bagus Ratu Ayu is maintained by the people of suwung kauh until now. (2) The function of the Malraran Ritual of Sesuunan Dewa Bagus Ratu Ayu in Pakraman village kepaon is: religious function, harmony function. Cultural preservation function. (3) The values of Hindu religious education contained in the ceremony Malancaran Sesuunan Dewa Bagus Ratu Ayu Pakraman village kepaon suwung kauh South Denpasar district, Denpasar City namely: the value of character education, the value of aesthetic education, the value of health education, the value of education yadnya, the value of education atmanastuti.<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals NILAI ESTETIKA TARI DAMPENG PADA MASYARAKAT MUARA PEA DESA BUKIT HARAPAN KABUPATEN ACEH SINGKIL

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Novali Sihotang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Preservation ◽  
Satisfaction Score ◽  
Aesthetic Theory ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The Public ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
The People ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Village ◽  
Poetry And Music

Dampeng dance is a dance that tumbuhdanberkembang in Aceh Singkil. Dampengcustomary sudahpadatahun inimerupakantarian 1986. The purpose of this study isto discuss the dampeng dance from the perspective of aesthetic value.The theory used in this research is the aesthetic theory of Dhrasono whichcontains about: motion, fashion poetry and music. This theory is a reference tostrip existing problems in Dampeng dance.When the study to discuss Dampeng dance performed during the three months,from mid-December 2015 to February 2016. The research in the village of BukitHarapan. Subdistrict Gunung Meriah. The population is two persons namelyspeakers and artists, who know about the culture Singkil. Samples are numberedtwo people are a resource and artists in the district of Aceh Singkil.Teknik datacollection include observation, interviews, literature study and documentation.Dampeng aesthetics of the dance are the motions of martial that have governancerules, the satisfaction score and the value of togetherness for the people of AcehSingkil. Having yangtinggi excellent value for people who feel that the danceSingkil Dampeng is partly art and cultural preservation is still there and is stillknown to the public sampek Aceh Singkil. Dance dampeng also has aesthetic infashion is clothing with the colors of firm and soft, the color of clothing also hascharacter. It's all evidence of their love of their culture. Of these colors Singkilcommunity admire and maintain Dampeng dance clothing for use by generationsto always be worn when dancing.

scholarly journals PEMUJAANN PATUNG GANESA DALAM UPACARA PERNKAHAN DI DESA PETANDAKAN KECAMATAN BLELENG KABUPATEN BULELENG

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Jul Budi Wijayanti ◽  
I Ketut Mardika ◽  
I Made Luwih
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Function Theory ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Social Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wedding Ceremony ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Religious Theory ◽  
The Village

<p><em>The statue is positioned as art, and the puja in Petandakan Village is the God of Yajna. namely the statue of Ganesha in the wedding ceremony. which is implemented to pay the debt (nyegaraain) for women who married out of the village of Petandakan pay for worship (nyegarain) which is still held until now. In order to run a household is always healthy and given a family fortune. And contains the value of Hindu religious education. The problems that will be discussed are: (1) How to implement Ganesha worshiping ceremony in Wedding ceremony in Petandakan Village Buleleng District Buleleng Regency, (2) whether the function of worship of Ganesha statue in wedding ceremony in Petandakan Village Buleleng District Buleleng Regency, (3) ) The values that are contained in the worship of the statue of Ganesha in the wedding ceremony in Petandakan Village Buleleng Sub-district of Buleleng Regency, The research aims to find out (1) how the procession of worshiping the statue of Ganesha in the wedding ceremony in Petandakan Village Buleleng Sub-district Buleleng Regency, (2) worship of the statue of Ganesha in a wedding ceremony in Petandakan Village Buleleng District Buleleng Regency, (3) Hindu religious education values contained in the worship of Ganesha statue in the wedding ceremony, Theories used to analyze the problem formulation are: (1) Religious theory of Koentjaraningrat. (2) Function theory is used to dissect the formulation of Rorbet Darmodihajo problem, (3) Value theory. Values that contain the meaning of bernar and sound the value of the beauty of Darji Darmodihajo in Ni Luh Kinten's research. The methods used are observation, interview, and documentation study. </em></p><p><em>The results showed (1) the procession of the implementation of the statue of Ganesha sculptor in the wedding ceremony of the exact time of its implementation. Ganesha worship facility in the wedding ceremony, the leader of the worship ceremony of the statue of Ganesha in the wedding ceremony contained in the worship of the statue of Ganesha Ganesha is (2) the function contained in the worship of the statue of Ganesha in the wedding ceremony, the religious function as sujud devotion to Ida Sang Hyang Widi Wasa . Sosil function is used in order to interact with the surrounding community, the aesthetic function of the taste art value as a characteristic of a work contained in the worship of the statue of Ganesha in the wedding ceremony, the function of psychology is the moral or activities contained in the worship of the statue of Ganesha in a wedding ceremony. (3) the value of sanctity is the state of a clean place is spiritual, the ethical value of custom or custom, the value of ceremony that is in the process of execution on the establishment of Ganesha statue in the wedding ceremony, the social value contained is a togetherness of a collection of individuals.</em></p>

scholarly journals The Role of Education of Islamic Education Institutions on Religious Moderation in The Community of Perbutulan Village, Sub-District, Sumber, Cirebon District

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Labisal Fitri Al Qolbi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Forestry Society ◽  
The People ◽  
The Village

Islamic educational institutions are places that can help people instill and develop Islamic teachings and values. In Islamic teachings, there is a teaching of moderatism that teaches a middle position or can be said to be not fanatical or excessive in thinking and acting. The education of Islamic education institutions in the village of Perbutulan plays a role in moderate religious education, influencing changes in social and religious behavior in community life as well as on priority fiqh problems that exist in the kelurahan of perutulan. As well as the role of Islamic education institutions in the attitudes of the people of the kelurahanperutulan towards differences in views between fellow Islamic educational institutions. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method by collecting data through interviews with those involved in Islamic education institutions and filling out online questionnaires to the community per month. The role of Islamic education institutions in the kelurahan towards religious moderation is as an introduction that in religion one has to respect one another, practice religion according to the guidance of the Al-Qur'an and the Sunnah. The Forestry Society does not argue over the differences between fiqh that exist in the community perutulan. with the existence of Islamic education institutions in perutulan can help people in carrying out daily life with religious knowledge that has been taught.

scholarly journals EKSISTENSI TAPAKAN BARONG DAN RANGDA DI DESA PAKRAMAN MENDOYO DANGIN TUKAD KECAMATAN MENDOYO KABUPATEN JEMBRANA (PERSPEKTIF PENDIDIKAN AGAMA HINDU)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
I Putu Oka Wibawa
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
The People ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Sacred Object ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
Religious Theory ◽  
The Village

<p><em>To connect with Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa Hinduism people need media means to spark sradha and bhaktinya. As well as the existence of Tapakan Barong and Rangda in Pakraman Mendoyo Dangin Tukad Village. This Barong and Rangda is believed and believed by the community and the penyungsung to provide safety and protection for the village.</em></p><p><em>The problems that will be discussed are: (1) How is the existence of Tapakan Barong and Rangda, (2) How Functions of Tapakan Barong and Rangda, (3) What values of Hindu religious education are contained in Tapakan Barong and Rangda. This study aims to determine (1) the existence of Tapakan Barong and Rangda, (2) Tapakan Barong and Rangda Function, (3) The value of Hinduism religious education contained in Tapakan Barong and Rangda.</em></p><p><em>Theories used to analyze the problem are: Religious Theory of Koenjaraningrat, Structural Functional Theory of Talcott Parsons, The Theory of Value of Kaelan. The subjects of this research are the people of Desa Pakraman. Data collection methods are participant observation, structured interview, literature and documentation. The collected data was analyzed by qualitative descriptive analysis method with reduction measures, presentation, data and conclusion.</em></p><p><em>The results showed (1) The existence of Tapakan Barong and Rangda is a sacred object that is used as media to worship Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa and its manifestation in the form of barong and rangda. (2) Tapakan Barong and Rangda function based on Hinduism religion education, among others, Religious Function, Social Function, Educational Function. (3) The values of Hinduism Religious Education contained in Tapakan Barong and Rangda are: Basic Value, Instrumental Value, Praxis Value, and Value of Aesthetic Education.</em><em></em></p>

O casă, o poveste. Casă țărănească din satul Sucutard, comuna Geaca, județul Cluj - Parcul Etnografic „Romulus Vuia”

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 216-231
Author(s):  
Carmen Raicu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
The Core ◽  
The People ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Peasant Family ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Way

The aim of describing the house from Sucutard village, exhibited in the The National Ethnographic Park “Romulus Vuia” in Cluj-Napoca, is to better understand the way of living for a peasant family in a Transylvanian village, in the second half of the XIXth century and the first half of the XXth century. In this respect, I interviewed the family descendants, who lived in this house themselves during their childhood and early teenage years. Their personal experience made this research closer to the reality and gave a sense of authenticity. The interviews took place both in the village, on the very ground where the house was originally built and also in the actual place, where it has been moved in 1966. The house is described in close relation with the people that lived in it – moments in which important events with historical figures took place in its yard, the close connection with all the other peasants in the village, their occupations, their day-to-day life inside and outside the house, traditions. Each part of the house and also the surroundings have some story connected to the the way it was used or built. This travel back in time is important in order to see some of the values that were at the core of the peasants’ life in the northern Transylvanian villages and that remained the same, although there were huge changes in the status of the region. In the related period of time, from 1878 up to 1966, the region was part of Hungary during the Austro-Hungarian Dualism up to 1918, part of Romania up to 1940, part of Hungary up to 1944 and again part of Romania afterwords. Of course all this course of events affected the village but in their house and in their yard, the peasants continued to live, in essence, as they always did.

scholarly journals Apokaliptik Sastra dalam Tradisi Kebo-Keboan Desa Alas Malang, Banyuwangi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-155
Author(s):  
Maulfi Syaiful Rizal ◽  
Vina Walida
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The People ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Village ◽  
Method Approach ◽  
Research Show

A tradition that offers a magical element in its implementation always attracts the human senses. This magical element is one of the sacred factors in a tradition. One tradition that is thick with elements of sacredness is the tradition of boredom in the village of Alas Malang, Banyuwangi. Therefore, this research is written as an effort to maintain the existence of the kebo-keboan tradition so that it is in line with the development of the tourism world in Banyuwangi and to explain apocalyptic values ​​in a tradition called kebo-keboan. This apocalyptic value is a form of harmony between humans and nature in the implementation of the boredom tradition. This research is a qualitative descriptive study using ethnographic method approach. The data in this research is the speech or behavior of the people of Alas Malang Village related to apocalyptic elements. In collecting data, researchers used observation and interview techniques. Meanwhile, in analyzing the data, the researcher took several steps, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show the stages in the implementation of the kebo-keboan tradition which are divided into three, namely the opening, the core in the form of the earth ider, and the closing. Literary apocalyptic in the cultural tradition is described in the figure of Mbah Buyut Karti who is considered a hero, the agricultural environment and pageblug as an apocalyptic environment, and whisik as a vision or prophecy.

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