scholarly journals Perivascular histamine receptors mediate vasosensory reflex responses elicited by thermal nociceptive stimuli in anaesthetised rat models

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
Ravindran Revand ◽  
Sanjeev K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Histamine Receptors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
Reflex Responses ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Anaesthetised Rat

Objectives: Reflex responses elicited by intra-arterial (i.a) instillation of nociceptive agents are known as vasosensory reflex responses. The present study was designed to demonstrate the vasosensory reflex responses evoked by thermal nociceptive stimuli in anaesthetised rat models and to examine the role of perivascular histamine receptors in mediating these responses. Materials and Methods: In this study, saline at different temperatures (0°C/30°C/55°C) was instilled retrogradely into the femoral artery to stimulate the perivascular nociceptive terminals and the respiratory movements, BP and ECG were recorded for 10 min. Experiments were performed in four groups of rats. Two groups were dedicated to study the temperature-induced reflex cardiorespiratory (CVR) responses after i.a instillation of cold (0°C) and warm saline (55°C). The responses in these groups were compared with the responses after instillation of normal saline at room temperature (30°C) in a separate group of rats that served as time matched control group. Another group of rats was pre-treated with pheniramine and the responses elicited by warm saline were studied. Results: Instillation of warm saline produced immediate (2–6 s) hyperventilatory, hypotensive and bradycardiac responses which were short-lived, while equivolume of normal saline at room temperature did not. Cold saline also elicited the CVR changes of similar quality as that of warm saline but of lesser quantity which were not significantly different from the control group. Pre-treatment with pheniramine significantly attenuated the warm saline-induced reflex responses. Conclusion: Activation of perivascular sensory nerve terminals by thermal nociceptive stimuli elicits vasosensory reflex responses altering CVR parameters. Perivascular histamine receptors play a significant role in mediating the temperature-induced vasosensory reflex responses.

scholarly journals The effects of feeding graded levels of whole cottonseed on semen characteristics and testicular profiles of Red Sokoto Bucks

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e50990
Author(s):  
Joy Iyojo Itodo ◽  
Rekwot Peter Ibrahim ◽  
Joseph Sankey Rwuaan ◽  
Tanga Aluwong ◽  
Bugau John Shiradiyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Gossypol ◽  
Semen Characteristics ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Whole Cottonseed ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Group D

The present work evaluated the effects of feeding graded levels of whole cottonseed on reproductive parameters of Red Sokoto bucks. Twenty Red Sokoto bucks were used for the experiment. After a 14-day pre-treatment period, bucks were assigned for 90 days to one of four isonitrogeneous treatments: control (diet A); 0 mg kg-1 of total gossypol, (diet B); 15% mg kg-1 of total gossypol, (diet C); 30% mg kg-1 of total gossypol and (diet D); 45% mg kg-1 of total gossypol. The mean percentage sperm gross motility was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in group D (45% WCS) compared to groups C (30% WCS) and A (control) at days 60, 75 and 90. The mean semen pH and reaction time were not significantly (p > 0.05) different among treatment groups. Semen colour of the bucks in the control group was majorly creamy, in group C (30% WCS) and B (15% WCS) creamy to milky and group D (45% WCS) colourless. The mean semen volume was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in groups C and A compared to group D (45% WCS) at days 60, 75 and 90. The mean semen concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in group D (45% WCS) when compared to group A (control) at days 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90. Group A (control) bucks had significantly (p < 0.05) higher percentage live sperm compared to those in group D (45% WCS) at days 45, 60, 75 and 90. Mean Sperm morphological abnormalities including detached head, free tail curved tail and midpiece droplets were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in group D (45%) than in group A (Control) at day 15 (for free tails) and day 90 (for all). Testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were higher in animals supplemented with up to 30% whole cottonseed. In conclusion, feeding bucks above 30% WCS resulted in more deleterious effects on the semen characteristics and testicular profile.

scholarly journals Enhanced preservation of vacuum-packaged Atlantic salmon by hyperbaric storage at room temperature versus refrigeration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana G. Fidalgo ◽  
Mário M. Q. Simões ◽  
Susana Casal ◽  
José A. Lopes-da-Silva ◽  
Ivonne Delgadillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Fragmentation Index ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Water Holding

AbstractHyperbaric storage at room temperature (HS/RT: 75 MPa/25 °C) of vacuum-packaged fresh Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) loins was studied for 30 days and compared to atmospheric pressure at refrigerated temperatures (AP/5 °C, 30 days) and RT (AP/25 °C, 5 days). Most of the fatty acids were not affected by storage conditions, with only a slight decrease of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) for AP samples, reflected in the lower polyene index values obtained and higher oxidation extent. For HS, a lower lipid oxidation extension and a slower increase of myofibrillar fragmentation index values were observed, when compared to AP samples. The volatile profile was similar for the HS and fresh samples, with the HS samples retaining fresh-like alcohols and aldehydes components, which disappeared in AP samples, mainly in AP/25 °C samples. The volatile profile for AP samples (5 and 25 °C) revealed mostly spoilage-like compounds due to microbial activity. Drip loss increased progressively during the 30 days of storage under HS, while a slight decrease of water holding capacity after 5 days was observed, increasing further after 30 days. Regarding textural properties, only resilience was affected by HS, decreasing after 30 days. So, HS/RT could represent an interesting extended preservation methodology of fresh salmon loins, since allows retaining important physicochemical properties for at least 15 days, while refrigeration after 5 days showed already volatile spoilage-like compounds due to microbial activity. Furthermore, this methodology allows additional considerable energy savings when compared to refrigeration.

scholarly journals Clinical outcomes of submassive pulmonary embolism thrombolysis—an Indian experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem U. Rehman ◽  
Mohd Iqbal Dar ◽  
Manish Bansal ◽  
R. R. Kasliwal
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Systolic Dysfunction ◽  
Massive Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Submassive Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Venous Thromboembolic ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Acute pulmonary thromboembolism is the most dangerous presentation of venous thromboembolic disease. The role of thrombolysis in massive pulmonary embolism has been studied extensively, but the same is not there for submassive pulmonary embolism. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of thrombolysis in acute submassive pulmonary embolism. This was a prospective, case-control, observational study. Patients presenting with acute submassive pulmonary embolism were divided into thrombolysis group and control group depending on whether they received thrombolysis plus anticoagulation or anticoagulation only, respectively. Results A total of 86 patients were included in the study. Forty-two patients were in the thrombolysis group, and 44 patients were in the control group. The mean ± SD age in the control and thrombolysis groups was 63.3 ± 14.7 and 56.4 ± 13.8 years, respectively. The two groups were well matched in sex distribution and associated comorbidities like COPD, active surgery, major trauma, and immobilization. On echocardiography, dilated RA/RV in pre-treatment vs. post-treatment was seen in 20 (45.5%) vs. 20 (45.5%) in the control group and 26 (61.9%) vs. 11 (26.2%) in the thrombolysis group. Similarly, RV systolic dysfunction in pre-treatment vs. post-treatment was seen in 24 (54.5%) vs. 21 (47.7%) in the control group and 22 (52.4%) vs. 8 (19.0%) in the thrombolysis group. Pulmonary artery pressure in pre-treatment vs. post-treatment was 64.4 ± 15.0 vs. 45.9 ± 9.9 mmHg in the control group and 68.3 ± 17.4 vs. 31.4 ± 6.9 mmHg in the thrombolysis group. In control vs. thrombolysis group, there were 5 vs. 1 death, 6 vs. 1 hemodynamic decompensation, and 6 vs. 1 patient needing mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Thrombolysis in submassive pulmonary embolism is associated with better right ventricular functions, lower pulmonary artery pressures, and comparable mortality rates.

scholarly journals In Vivo Protective Effects of Gallic Acid Isolated from Peltiphyllum Peltatum Against Sodium Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Erythrocytes

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Fazel Nabavi ◽  
Solomon Habtemariam ◽  
Antoni Sureda ◽  
Akbar Hajizadeh Moghaddam ◽  
Maria Daglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rat Erythrocytes ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Gallic acid has been identified as an antioxidant component of the edible and medicinal plant Peltiphyllum peltatum. The present study examined its potential protective role against sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes. Oxidative stress was induced by NaF administration through drinking water (1030.675 mg m-3 for one week). Gallic acid at 10 mg kg-1 and 20 mg kg-1 and vitamin C for positive controls (10 mg kg-1) were administered daily intraperitoneally for one week prior to NaF administration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase), and the level of reduced glutathione were evaluated in rat erythrocytes. Lipid peroxidation in NaF-exposed rats significantly increased (by 88.8 %) when compared to the control group (p<0.05). Pre-treatment with gallic acid suppressed lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities and glutathione levels were reduced by NaF intoxication by 54.4 %, 63.69 %, and 42 % (p<0.001; vs. untreated control group), respectively. Pre-treatment with gallic acid or vitamin C significantly attenuated the deleterious effects. Gallic acid isolated from Peltiphyllum peltatum and vitamin C mitigated the NaF-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes.

scholarly journals THE PARTICIPATION OF THE NITRERGIC PATHWAY IN INCREASED RATE OF TRANSITORY RELAXATION OF LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER INDUCED BY RECTAL DISTENSION IN DOGS

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Santos PALHETA ◽  
José Ronaldo Vasconcelos da GRAÇA ◽  
Armênio Aguiar dos SANTOS ◽  
Liziane Hermógenes LOPES ◽  
Raimundo Campos PALHETA JÚNIOR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Esophageal Motility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rectal Distension ◽  
Evaluation Protocol ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter Relaxation ◽  
Respective Control Group ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Pre Treatment

ContextThe rectal distension in dogs increases the rate of transitory lower esophageal sphincter relaxation considered the main factor causing gastroesophageal reflux.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was evaluate the participation of the nitrergic pathway in the increased transitory lower esophageal sphincter relaxation rate induced by rectal distension in anesthetized dogs.MethodsMale mongrel dogs (n = 21), weighing 10-15 kg, were fasted for 12 hours, with water ad libitum. Thereafter, they were anesthetized (ketamine 10 mg.Kg-1+ xylazine 20 mg.Kg-1), so as to carry out the esophageal motility evaluation protocol during 120 min. After a 30-minute basal period, the animals were randomly intravenous treated whith: saline solution 0.15M (1ml.Kg-1), L-NAME (3 mg.Kg-1), L-NAME (3 mg.Kg-1) + L-Arginine (200 mg.Kg-1), glibenclamide (1 mg.Kg-1) or methylene blue (3 mg.Kg-1). Forty-five min after these pre-treatments, the rectum was distended (rectal distension, 5 mL.Kg-1) or not (control) with a latex balloon, with changes in the esophageal motility recorded over 45 min. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Student Newman-Keuls test.ResultsIn comparison to the respective control group, rectal distension induces an increase in transitory lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Pre-treatment with L-NAME or methylene blue prevents (P<0.05) this phenomenon, which is reversible by L-Arginine plus L-NAME. However, pretreating with glibenclamide failed to abolish this process.ConclusionsTherefore, these experiments suggested, that rectal distension increases transitory lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in dogs via through nitrergic pathways.

To Compare Frequency of Sore Throat in Early Postop period in General Anesthesia and Endotracheal Intubation for Abdominal Surgeries who are given Dexamethasone and Normal Saline

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1227-1229
Author(s):  
R. Farooqi ◽  
T. Iqbal ◽  
M. S. Mehmood ◽  
Z. Y. Bhatti ◽  
F. Liaquat
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group I ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Group Ii

Aim: To Compare frequency of sore throat in early post operative period among patients undergoing general anaesthesia and endotracheal intubation for abdominal surgeries who are given dexamethasone and normal saline. Study Design: Randomized controlled study Setting: Department of Anesthesia/ ICU, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore Duration of study: Six months i.e. 25-09-2009 to 25-03-2010. Methodology: 120 patients undergoing elective general surgery on abdomen were selected. They were divided into two groups. Group I received dexamethasone 8mg (2ml) I/V pre-operatively and group II received 2ml normal saline I/V pre-operatively. Chi square test was used. Visual analogue (VAS) scale was used for recording sore throat. The VAS score ≤4 was considered as no sore throat and VAS scores>4 were considered as the sore throat. Results: Frequency of post-operative sore throat after the first 24 hours following GA and endotracheal intubation was lower in group (I) as compared to the control group (II). Eleven (20%) patients with dexamethasone had post-operative sore throat compared to thirty one (56.3%) patients in control group. (p<0.01). Conclusion: Pre-operative use of dexamethasone was associated with decreased incidence of post-operative sore throat. Keywords: Visual analogue scale (VAS), Post-operative sore throat, general anesthesia

scholarly journals Omeprazole and misoprostol for preventing gastric mucosa effects caused by indomethacin and celecoxib in rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Míriam Elias Cavallini ◽  
Nelson Adami Andreollo ◽  
Konradin Metze ◽  
Marina Raquel Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Gastric Cytoprotection ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Group B

PURPOSE: To evaluate and to compare macro and microscopically the intense injuries of the gastric mucosa of rats which were caused by NSAIDS celecoxib and indomethacin and the gastric cytoprotection with omeprazole and misoprostol. METHODS: The sample is formed by one hundred and fifty Wistar rats with average weight 200 g, distributed in four groups, such as: Group A, subdivided in groups A1 and A2 - pre-treatment with omeprazole (20 mg/rat) during seven days and on the 8th day - use of NSAIDS, concerning A1 (20 rats) were given celecoxib (1mg/rat) and A2 (20 rats) were given indomethacin. The Group B, subdivided in group B1 and B2 - pre-treatment with misoprostol (20mg/rat) during seven days and on the 8th day use of NSAIDS, concerning B1 (20 rats) were given celecoxib (1 mg/ rat) and B2 (20 rats) were given indomethacin (12.5 mg/rat). The Group C: were not given cytoprotection during seven days, from the 7th to the 8th day - fast of food and water ad libitum, on the 8th day of NSAIDS use, concerning C1 (20 rats) were given celecoxib, C2 (20 rats) were given indomethacin (12.5 mg/ rat), C3 (20 rats) were given celecoxib (200mg/rato), and Group D - control group, concerning 10 rats were observed during seven days ingesting food and water ad libitum. On the 9th day, the stomachs were taken out and were macro and microscopically evaluated for the identification of the gastric injuries. RESULTS: On the macroscopic studies, the groups A2, B2 and C2 presented a remarkable high number of injuries for cm² /animal, respectively 18.55 injuries for cm² /animal, 16.25 injuries for cm² /animal and 13.55 injuries for cm²/animal. On the microscopic studies, the percentage of the injured mucosa, presented expressive difference among the groups A1, B1, C1 when compared to the groups A2, B2, C2 (p<0.0001). The average of the length/injury and the average of the depth of the injuries did not present expressive statistics differences among the groups A2, B2 and C2. The average of the edema presented expressive statistics difference among the groups A2 and D; B2 and C2 and between C2 and D (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The indomethacin on the applied concentration causes a great number of macroscopic and microscopic injuries to gastric mucosa of rats when compared to celecoxib which does not cause lesions. Omeprazole and misoprostol on the applied concentrations do not present macroscopic and microscopic effectiveness on the gastric cytoprotection when applying indomethacin. Considering the microscopic analysis of the average of the edema, the group of animals, which was given misoprostol as cytoprotection, presented a lower average compared to the group which was given omeprazole.

scholarly journals TPPU Pre-Treatment Rescues Dendritic Spine Loss and Alleviates Depressive Behaviours during the Latent Period in the Lithium Chloride-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1465
Author(s):  
Weifeng Peng ◽  
Yijun Shen ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Jing Ding ◽  
Xin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Dendritic Spine ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Comorbid Depression ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 400 ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Pre Treatment

Epileptogenesis may be responsible for both of recurrent seizures and comorbid depression in epilepsy. Disease-modifying treatments targeting the latent period before spontaneous recurrent seizures may contribute to the remission of seizures and comorbid depression. We hypothesized that pre-treatment with 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, which has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects might rescue status epilepticus (SE)-induced dendritic spine loss and alleviate depressive behaviours. Rats were either pre-treated with TPPU (0.1 mg/kg/d) intragastrically or with vehicle (40% polyethylene glycol 400) from 7 days before to 7 days after SE that was induced with lithium chloride and pilocarpine intraperitoneally. Rats in the Control group were given saline instead. The forced swim test (FST) was performed on the 8th day after SE to evaluate the depression-like behaviours in rats. The results showed that seizures severity during SE was significantly decreased, and the immobility time during FST was significantly increased through TPPU pre-treatment. Moreover, pre-treatment with TPPU attenuated inflammations including microglial gliosis and the level of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the hippocampus; in addition, neuronal and dendritic spine loss in the subfields of hippocampus was selectively rescued, and the expression of NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, ERK1/2, CREB, and their phosphorylated forms involved in the dendritic spine development were all significantly increased. We concluded that pre-treatment with TPPU attenuated seizures severity during SE and depressive behaviours during the period of epileptogenesis probably by rescuing dendritic spine loss in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals Effects of Ketamine Gargle for Post-operative Sore Throat, Hoarseness of Voice and Cough Under General Anaesthesia- A Randomised Control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Chauhan ◽  
Ankit Mankad ◽  
Jigisha Mehta ◽  
Tejash H Sharma
Keyword(s):  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Introduction: Majority of the patient undergo endotracheal intubation for various time duration, when given general anaesthesia. Injury in airway mucosa or vocal cords due to endotracheal intubation can be a contributing factor. Ketamine without affecting local healing process has an anti-proinflammatory effect as it limits exacerbation of systemic inflammation. Aim: To study the role of ketamine gargles as a pharmacological measure in order to attenuate POST, HOV and cough followed by endotracheal intubation during surgeries under general anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled study was carried out for a duration of 22 months from the institutional ethical committee (Study Approval No. SVIEC/ON/MEDI/BNPG18/D19046), on 50 patients of American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II. They were allocated into two groups of 25 patients. Group (K): ketamine 50 mg in 29 mL 0.9% normal saline and Group (C): 30 mL 0.9% normal saline. Patients were advised to gargle for 30 seconds just 5 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia. Patients were intubated with appropriate size of the endotracheal tube and were extubated when fully awake and conscious. Pateints were shifted to postoperative ward and were kept in propped up position with oxygen. Pateints were assessed at 1,2,4,24 hours for incidence of POST, HOV and cough. Assessment was made as per the 4 point scale grading system. The statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-test, p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: In terms of POST grading in both K and C groups p-value was statistically significant (p<0.05) at 1 and at 2 hours postoperatively. In terms of HOV, in group K voice quality issues were reduced till 24 hours, (p<0.05). In terms of cough, in group K there was a significant reduction in complaints of cough till 4 hours postoperatively, (p<0.05). Conclusion: Ketamine gargles is effective in attenuating POST and cough till 2 hours and HOV till 4 hours postoperatively in patients following endotracheal intubation.

scholarly journals Effects of Shaoyao-Gancao-Fuzi Decoction on the Pharmacokinetics of CYP3A4-Mediated Tofacitinib in Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Lin ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
Sennan Shao ◽  
Wen Lin ◽  
Dan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Western Medicine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profiles ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cocktail Approach

Abstract Background: The combination of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine is commonly accepted in clinics in China. Shaoyao-Gancao-Fuzi decoction (SGFD) has been extensively used to dispel wind, eliminate dampness and treat paralysis. Tofacitinib is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. SGFD and tofacitinib could be used together for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Methods: A cocktail approach was employed to assess the effects of SGFD on the activities of CYP450s. After pretreatment for 2 weeks with SGFD, a cocktail solution was given to rats 24 h after the last dose of saline or SGFD. Additionally, the pharmacokinetic profiles of oral administration of tofacitinib in rats, with or without SGFD pre-treatment were investigated.Results: The results showed that SGFD could induce the activity of CYP1A2 and inhibit the activity of CYP3A4. Furthermore, SGFD could significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of tofacitinib. Compared with control group, the AUC0-∞ of tofacitinib was increased from 13669.53 ± 4986.83 to 28706.69 ± 9563.13 ng/mL*h (p < 0.01), and the Cmax was increased from 8359.66 ± 1512.22 to 11332.51 ± 2791.90 ng/mL (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The system exposure of tofacitinib was increased by SGFD. The mechanism might be through inhibiting the activity of CYP3A4 and reducing the metabolism of tofacitinib in rats. The study will provide better guidance for the safe clinical use of SGFD and tofacitinib.

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