scholarly journals THE RETROSPECTIVE OF THE PHONOSEMANTISM FORMATION AND PHONOSEMANTIC REALITIES IN ENGLISH

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11(79)) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
Tetiana Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Object Perception ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Thinking Process ◽  
Human Thinking

The scientific search for phonosemantic realities, carried out in modern promising areas of linguistic research, contributes to the determination of language cognitive capabilities. In the study of language, linguists actively use new principles, which require integration from different sciences to understand language carrier and diverse aspects of the human thinking process, to extensively analyse a wide range of language functions, and to profoundly explain linguistic phenomena. Phonosemantics is now a certain linguistic branch of psycholinguistics, which has gone through several stages of its formation. In practice, its foundation and principles have become the cornerstone of linguistic reasoned searches for the connection between sound and meaning in a multi-genre discourse. There are two approaches to the study of phonosemantism. Researchers' experiments confirm the existence of primary or elementary phonosemantism, showing the dependence of symbolic meaning on the acoustic-articulatory characteristics of sound. Secondary sound-symbolism arises as a result of the speaker's desire to reveal the correlation between the sonority of a word, develops in accordance with the phonetic laws of a particular language and its meaning. Both points of view need to be analyzed only in conjunction, since secondary, or contextually, phonosymbolism is possible due to the existence of the so-called primary, or elementary phonosymbolism. This phenomenon is due to the ability of the human brain to establish an associative relationship between sound and meaning, between objectivity and polymodality of human perception. Experiments have shown that the subject image is polymodal. The polymodal nature of object perception, in turn, presupposes the emergence of auditory images based on the action of only visual stimuli, and vice versa: visual images are born on the basis of auditory stimuli. The results of this study are well-argued evidence of the constancy of the associative meanings of the phonemes of the modern English language.

scholarly journals The formation of metalanguage skills among bilingual elementary schoolers as a linguodidactic strategy of teaching three languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
Vilena Yakovlevna Unarova
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary School Teachers ◽  
English Language ◽  
First Graders ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Bilingual Students ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chuvash Republic ◽  
Teachers And Parents

The subject of this research is the method of formation of metalanguage skills among the bilingual elementary schoolers by means of the native (ethnic), Russian and English languages. The object of this research is the process of teaching native (ethnic), Russian and foreign languages in elementary school. Particular attention is given to the examination of prerequisites of formation of metalanguage skills, creation of conceptual grounds and methodology of their formation as a linguodidactic strategy of interconnected teaching of three languages in the conditions of contact bilingualism in the Russian regions. The preliminary survey conducted among the elementary school teachers  and teachers of English language demonstrated that they experience certain difficulties in organization of methodical work on implementation of interconnected teaching of languages. For the purpose of development of scientifically substantiated methodology of formation of metalanguage skills and experimental determination of its effectiveness, a comprehensive research was conducted in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) and Chuvash Republic, which included surveying teachers and parents, recitation of first graders, written tasks for multilingual and bilingual students of elementary school. The scientific novelty consists in identification of peculiarities of the formation of metalanguage skills among bilingual children, as well as main difficulties associated with learning several languages in elementary school. In accordance with ontolinguistic, psycholinguistic and cognitive approaches, the author develops and substantiates a linguodidactic complex on the interconnected formation of metalanguage skills among bilingual students of elementary schools.

scholarly journals A Lexicographic Description of the Concept “Anger”

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Y.V. Yarovikova
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Cognitive Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inner World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Further Development

The paper seeks to outline the content of the concept “anger” as it is represented both in print and online lexicographic resources. The study is based upon the data gained directly from mono- and bilingual thesauruses, dictionaries of etymology, phraseology and idioms. The subject of the study is the semantic structure of the lexeme “anger” that names the corresponding concept in the English language. Etymological, definitional and contextual analyses revealed the lexeme’s diachronic transformations that underlie its semantics in Modern English. The data obtained in the analyses also contributed to identifying a wide range of usual cognitive characteristics that constitute the notional component of the concept. The choice of this issue is determined primarily by linguists’ continuing interest in representing a person’s interior by language means. The findings of the study make a contribution to the further development of issues relating to the linguistic expression of the human inner world in Modern Germanic languages from linguocognitive and anthropological perspectives.

Simulation of neural network for determination of technical state of internal state engine (ICE)

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
K. Sovin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Technical State ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Human Thinking

The article considers Artificial Intelligence (AI), which is science and technology, where the idea of modeling the processes of human thinking by using the capabilities of the computer is laid down. Machine learning, which can be imagined as a set of certain algorithms and methods that allow computers to be trained to obtain specific conclusions for the subject matter on the basis of available data. Neural networks are controlled by complex mathematical functions and solve problems of increased complexity using mathematical models built on analytical or other methods. Efficient neural network is reduced to creation of optimal solution as a result of analysis and conversion of incoming parameters of network for determination of technical state of ICE engine.

scholarly journals To the problems of difference in interpretations of the plot of D. D. Shostakovich’s ballet “The Limpid Stream”

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Daria Khokhlova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
English Language ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Peer Reviews ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Subject

The object of this research is the plot of D. D. Shostakovich’s ballet “The Limpid Stream”. The subject is the interpretation of this plot in the versions of F. G Lopukhov (1935) and A. O. Ratmansky (2003), as well as peer review on these spectacles. The goal of this work consists in determination of the crucial for the concepts of ballet masters differences of libretto (as a literary foundation of the plot) in the three versions of the ballet, and comparison of perception of the plot in the year of its first staging and at the present. The considered problematic required application of historical approach – attraction of the materials and articles for the period of 1935-1936. The historiographical analysis allowed translating and examining one of the most recent peer reviews on the spectacle – the English-language reviews on the “Limpid Stream” of Ratmansky, presented on the London tour of Bolshoi Theatre in August 2019. The article also utilizes practical experience of author’s work with Ratmansky and participation in the aforementioned tours (performing the role of Zina).The main tool for solution of the set problem became the comparative analysis of the varieties of libretto (authors – Lopukhov and Piotrovsky) of the three versions of ballet “The Limpid Stream”. It is concluded that the first versions of ballet were popular among the public, but aroused negative or ambiguous feedback, which led to the removal of spectacle from the repertoire. The last version is regularly performed in the repertoire of Bolshoi Theatre, including on the tour, being well regarded by the public and sophisticated British critics.

scholarly journals Semantic content of indefinite pronouns in the English literary texts

Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 148-155
Author(s):  
Larisa Georgievna Popova ◽  
Lyubov' Mikhailovna Shatilova ◽  
Nadezhda Viktorovna Samarina
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Functional Linguistics ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Indefinite Pronouns

The goal of this article lies in analysis of the semantics of indefinite pronouns of the English language, which form the core of the semantic field of uncertainty from the perspective of functional linguistics. The subject of this research is the semantic content of English indefinite pronouns in the literary and publicistic texts. The relevance of this work is defined by the lack of works in both domestic and foreign modern linguistics dedicated to indefinite pronouns of the English language. The scientific novelty consists systematization of indefinite pronouns in form of semantic field and determination of possible varieties of uncertainty through the semantics of this group of pronouns in the English literary texts. It is established that in literary texts, the indefinite pronouns of the core of the semantic field of uncertainty of the English language are used for conveying quite very peculiar; however, the key components are uncertainty and generality in evaluation of the unfolding events. Uncertainty can be explicit or conditional. Generality also correlates with uncertainty, leaving out particularities. The absence of particularities is the main semantic indicator of the use of nuclear indefinite pronouns in the literary texts.

scholarly journals An experimental investigation of thermal conduction through vapours

1935 ◽  
Vol 150 (870) ◽  
pp. 287-308 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conduction ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Mercury Vapour ◽  
Gas Laws ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bromine Vapour

Both the viscosity and the thermal conductivity of a gas are, according to Maxwell’s Law, independent of pressure over a wide range. This law is deduced by the application of the kinetic theory to a gas that obeys the gas laws, and there is, for real gases under normal conditions, abundant experimental evidence of its truth. In the case of vapours, however, the position is very different. The viscosities of various vapours have been made the subject of several investigations, but there is little direct evidence that the viscosity of an almost saturated vapour does not vary with its pressure. For instance, Rankine, in his work on the viscosity of bromine vapour, found that, although similar values could be obtained by different methods—using widely different pressure conditions—when the vapour at these pressures was at a temperature several degrees higher than its condensing point, definite irregularities were obtained when it was only slightly superheated. The same irregularties were noticed by Braune, Basch, and Wentzel for bromine vapour and, to a less extent, are apparent in their work on mercury vapour. Similar effects appear in the determination of vapour viscosities by Braune and Linke. Again, in C. J. Smith’s account of his experiments on the viscosity of water vapour it is admitted that, although the results, which were obtained under con­ditions of considerable superheating, agree fairly well with those of Speyerer for almost saturated steam, the methods of calculation depend, in both cases, on the validity of the gas laws when applied to the vapour. On the other hand, it has been shown by Boyd in work on the viscosities of nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure that the respective viscosities are increased by as much as 25 and 10% by an increase of pressure of about 100 atmospheres.

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS OF A CRIMINAL OFFENCE – PERSECUTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (91) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Aldona Kipāne
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Constituent Elements

From January 1, 2018, amendments to the Criminal Law, which provide criminal liability for the persecution of a person, came into force in Latvia. The constituent elements of persecution are defined as a specific form of violence.The aim of the paper is to describe the constituent elements of persecution based on the theory and practice of criminal law. During the study, the author provides a framework of the criminal law theory and outlines the elements of the persecution. The object of the study is the criminal relations, which arise from the persecution of another person. The subject of the study is the criminal legal framework to be followed for the determination of criminal liability. The following legal interpretation methods and approaches have been used in the study: grammatical, systematic, teleological, and historical, as well as analytical method for analysing doctrine and practice of criminal law. Doctrines of criminal law, national legislation, and the sources of legal literature relevant to the aim of the paper have been in the study, too.The analysis carried out leads to the conclusion that persecution covers a wide range of socio-psychological behaviour that manifests in the sacrifice’s victimization and specific harm caused to him/her. Persecution is an active illegal, threatening activity in the form of repeated or lasting tracking, surveillance of another person, expressing threats or unsolicited communication with such a person, if victim have had reasonable grounds to fear for their safety or the safety of their relatives

scholarly journals The specificity of political lexicon in the English language

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Elina Rasimovna Nasibullaeva
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Current Stage ◽  
Political Term

The subject of this research is the political lexicon in the English language. The article examines the criteria fir determination of political lexicon, provides definitions of this term to various scholars, frames the definition of political lexicon, and highlights its peculiarities in the English language. The author also explores the question on the relationship between political lexicon and political (sociopolitical) terminology; defines the concept of “political term”; describes the main means and methods of enriching political lexicon in the English language. The following methods were applies in the course of study: general scientific method for collection of the existing literature on the topic; systematization and generalization for formulation of fundamental concepts of research; random sampling for selecting the examples; contextual analysis for determining the peculiarities of functionality of phrases within the system of English political lexicon and mass media; as well as translational analysis. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this article allows establishing the status of political theme within the lexical system of English language, since for the current stage of development of linguistic a promising trend is the determination of morphogenetic linguistic phenomena. The author also describes the main means of enriching the lexicon on the example of research material, which allows reflecting the development trends of political lexicon in the modern English language.

scholarly journals Language means of representation of the chronotope of Chaos in a series of novels “The Chronicles of Amber” by Roger Zelazny

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Alla Yur'evna Beletskaya ◽  
Sergei Vladimirovich Mangushev
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Realistic Perception ◽  
Characteristic Features

This article examines the problem of representation of chronotope using language means. The object of this research is a series of novels “The Chronicles of Amber” by Roger Zelazny in English language. The subject of this research is the lexical units and stylistic techniques used by R. Zelazny for visualization of representation of the chronotope of Chaos. The article substantiates attribution of this series of novels to postmodernist based on the analysis of characteristic features of the text and realization of the ideological concept. The goal of study lies determination of the universal principles of representation of spatial-temporal continuum of the Chaos, as well as establishment of dependence of the choice evaluative connotation of language means on personality of the narrator. The work is conducted at the intersection of linguistics and literary studies. The novelty consists in recognition of the leading role of chronotopic subject in determining tonality of representation of the chronotope. The main conclusion is defined by the fact that the key principle of representation of spatial and temporal components of the chronotope of Chaos in R. Zelazny’s series of novels is the destruction of realistic perception of space and time. It was also established that change of voice of the narrator leads to the shift of evaluative paradigm. An extremely negative attitude of the first narrator to the Courts of Chaos as a representative of the chronotope of Chaos, expressed through the negatively connoted epithets, is justified by its affiliation to Amber as a representative of the Order. Dual position of the second narrator leads to the change in tonality of description of physical personification of the chronotope of Chaos. Counterbalance of negatively and positively connoted lexical units creates the effect of objectivity, essential for realization of ideological content of the novel.

scholarly journals Archaisms in D. Lyndsay’s play of the Early Modern English period “A Satire of the Three Estates”: problem of identification and stylistic assessment

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Alina Alekseevna Khavronich
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
English Language ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Statistical Interpretation ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
Approximate Frequency ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment

The subject of this research is the method of identification and problem of statistical interpretation of archaic lexis in literary texts of the Early Modern English period, namely in D. Lyndsay’s play “A Satire of the Three Estates”. The article discusses the capacity of attracting the data from diachronic corpus and corpus-based dictionaries for determination of archaic elements in literary works of the XVI century. Leaning on the commentaries of reputable philologists of the Early Modern English period and modern research, the article explores the trends of relevant perception pertaining to introduction of archaisms into the literary text by the authors of that time. An algorithm is proposed for identification of outdated units in literary material, created on Scottish (considering the obsolescent character of this dialect), based on juxtaposition of the approximate frequency indexes of reproduction of the element in the Early Modern English and Scottish sections of Helsinki corpus, as well as data from the corpus-based dictionaries of Middle English and Scottish. For stylistic assessment of archaisms in the play of D. Lyndsay, the author applies the method of linguo-stylistic analysis, in which linguistic element is viewed from the contextual perspective. The scientific novelty is substantiated by the fact that for solution of the problem of analysis of archaisms in the texts of Early Modern English period, the author elaborates an algorithm that allows clarifying if a unit is obsolescent in a specific moment of development of the English language. It is established that the prevalent proportion of words in Lyndsay’s play was not archaic within the framework of Scottish dialect; and only few of the involved units were outdated at the moment of creation of text in the standard Early Modern English. The archaisms determined in the play allows stating the Lyndsay considered archaisms a part of elevated lexis. The practical values of this work is defined by the possibility to apply the proposed algorithm for detecting archaisms in any literary text of the Early Modern English period, as well as conduct stylistic assessment of archaisms from the perspective of the trends of their perception by the authors of the XVI century.

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